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Lv N, Wang L, Zeng M, Wang Y, Yu B, Zeng W, Jiang X, Suo Y. Saponins as therapeutic candidates for atherosclerosis. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1651-1680. [PMID: 38299680 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Drug development for atherosclerosis, the underlying pathological state of ischemic cardiovascular diseases, has posed a longstanding challenge. Saponins, classified as steroid or triterpenoid glycosides, have shown promising therapeutic potential in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Through an exhaustive examination of scientific literature spanning from May 2013 to May 2023, we identified 82 references evaluating 37 types of saponins in terms of their prospective impacts on atherosclerosis. These studies suggest that saponins have the potential to ameliorate atherosclerosis by regulating lipid metabolism, inhibiting inflammation, suppressing apoptosis, reducing oxidative stress, and modulating smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, as well as regulating gut microbiota, autophagy, endothelial senescence, and angiogenesis. Notably, ginsenosides exhibit significant potential and manifest essential pharmacological attributes, including lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-oxidative stress effects. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the pharmacological attributes of saponins in atherosclerosis, with particular emphasis on their role in the regulation of lipid metabolism regulation and anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, saponins may warrant further investigation as a potential therapy for atherosclerosis. However, due to various reasons such as low oral bioavailability, the clinical application of saponins in the treatment of atherosclerosis still needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuan Lv
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Luming Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Miao Zeng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yijing Wang
- School of Nursing, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyun Zeng
- Oncology Department, Ganzhou people's hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanrong Suo
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Ganzhou people's hospital, Ganzhou, China
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Wu Z, Lee S, Kang B, Lee S, Koo K, Lee J, Lim S. Determination of Luteolin 7-Glucuronide in Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Leaf Extracts from Different Regions of China and Republic of Korea and Its Cholesterol-Lowering Effect. Molecules 2023; 28:7007. [PMID: 37894485 PMCID: PMC10609570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lowering blood cholesterol levels is crucial for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. To develop Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. leaves as a functional food with a cholesterol-lowering effect, in this study, we collected P. frutescens (L.) Britt. leaves from different regions of China and Republic of Korea. On the basis of the extraction yield (all components; g/kg), we selected P. frutescens (L.) Britt. leaves from Hebei Province, China with an extract yield of 60.9 g/kg. After evaluating different concentrations of ethanol/water solvent for P. frutescens (L.) Britt. leaves, with luteolin 7-glucuronide as the indicator component, we selected a 30% ethanol/water solvent with a high luteolin 7-glucuronide content of 0.548 mg/g in Perilla. frutescens (L.) Britt. leaves. Subsequently, we evaluated the cholesterol-lowering effects of P. frutescens (L.) Britt. leaf extract and luteolin 7-glucuronide by detecting total cholesterol in HepG2 cells. The 30% ethanol extract lowered cholesterol levels significantly by downregulating 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase expression. This suggests that P. frutescens (L.) Britt leaves have significant health benefits and can be explored as a potentially promising food additive for the prevention of hypercholesterolemia-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (Z.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Sangyoun Lee
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea;
| | - Beomgoo Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (B.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Sookyeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (Z.W.); (S.L.)
- Institute of Korean Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyochul Koo
- COSFarm Co., Ltd., Corporate Research Institute, 3F 162, Saeteo-gil, Seonggeo-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si 12446, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jaeyong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (B.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Soonsung Lim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (Z.W.); (S.L.)
- Institute of Korean Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
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Fenton NM, Nguyen TB, Sharpe LJ, Brown AJ. Refining sugar's involvement in cholesterol synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159266. [PMID: 36528253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism and cholesterol synthesis are often regarded in isolation. Increasing evidence not only links these pathways but also suggests glucose catabolism regulates cholesterol synthesis. Uptake of glucose increases cholesterol production. However, the precise mechanism by which this occurs is not fully understood and is likely to involve many aspects of cellular pathways participating in energy sensing, cholesterol regulation, and synthesis. Here, we review some interesting links between cholesterol synthesis and glucose metabolism. Given glucose breakdown produces energy (both via glycolysis and its products through oxidative phosphorylation), and considering cholesterol synthesis is an energetically demanding process, it would seem logical that glucose metabolism impacts cholesterol synthesis. The energy sensing kinase AMPK carefully monitors energy supply to induce or suppress cholesterol synthesis as needed. Akt, activated by the insulin signalling cascade, regulates key transcription factors involved in lipid metabolism. The insulin signalling pathway also activates machinery involved in the deubiquitination of a key cholesterol synthesis enzyme. Moreover, glucose metabolites, acetyl-CoA, and GlcNAc are substrates for protein acetylation and N-glycosylation, respectively, and can stabilise proteins involved in cholesterol synthesis. As glucose and cholesterol dysregulation are both associated with numerous diseases, understanding the mechanisms of how glucose metabolism and cholesterol synthesis intersect may offer new avenues for therapeutics that make use of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Fenton
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Tina B Nguyen
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Laura J Sharpe
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Novel Anti-Cancer Products Targeting AMPK: Natural Herbal Medicine against Breast Cancer. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020740. [PMID: 36677797 PMCID: PMC9863744 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a common cancer in women worldwide. The existing clinical treatment strategies have been able to limit the progression of breast cancer and cancer metastasis, but abnormal metabolism, immunosuppression, and multidrug resistance involving multiple regulators remain the major challenges for the treatment of breast cancer. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) can regulate metabolic reprogramming and reverse the "Warburg effect" via multiple metabolic signaling pathways in breast cancer. Previous studies suggest that the activation of AMPK suppresses the growth and metastasis of breast cancer cells, as well as stimulating the responses of immune cells. However, some other reports claim that the development and poor prognosis of breast cancer are related to the overexpression and aberrant activation of AMPK. Thus, the role of AMPK in the progression of breast cancer is still controversial. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of AMPK, particularly the comprehensive bidirectional functions of AMPK in cancer progression; discuss the pharmacological activators of AMPK and some specific molecules, including the natural products (including berberine, curcumin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, ginsenosides, and paclitaxel) that influence the efficacy of these activators in cancer therapy; and elaborate the role of AMPK as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Ginsenosides Rg1 and CK Control Temozolomide Resistance in Glioblastoma Cells by Modulating Cholesterol Efflux and Lipid Raft Distribution. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1897508. [PMID: 36276866 PMCID: PMC9583863 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1897508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background Cholesterol efflux and lipid raft redistribution contribute to attenuating temozolomide resistance of glioblastoma. Ginsenosides are demonstrated to modify cholesterol metabolism and lipid raft distribution, and the brain distribution and central nervous effects of whose isoforms Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, and CK have been identified. This study aimed to reveal the role of Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, and CK in the drug resistance of glioblastoma. Methods The effects of ginsenosides on cholesterol metabolism in temozolomide-resistant U251 glioblastoma cells were evaluated by cholesterol content and efflux assay, confocal laser, qRT-PCR, and Western blot. The roles of cholesterol and ginsenosides in temozolomide resistance were studied by CCK-8, flow cytometry, and Western blot, and the mechanism of ginsenosides attenuating resistance was confirmed by inhibitors. Results Cholesterol protected the survival of resistant U251 cells from temozolomide stress and upregulated multidrug resistance protein (MDR)1, which localizes in lipid rafts. Resistant cells tended to store cholesterol intracellularly, with limited cholesterol efflux and LXRα expression to maintain the distribution of lipid rafts. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, and CK reduced intracellular cholesterol and promoted cholesterol efflux in resistant cells, causing lipid rafts to accumulate in specific regions of the membrane. Rg1 and CK also upregulated LXRα expression and increased the cytotoxicity of temozolomide in the presence of cholesterol. We further found that cholesterol efflux induction, lipid raft redistribution, and temozolomide sensitization by Rg1 and CK were induced by stimulating LXRα. Conclusions Ginsenosides Rg1 and CK controlled temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma cells by regulating cholesterol metabolism, which are potential synergists for temozolomide therapy.
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Frigerio J, Tedesco E, Benetti F, Insolia V, Nicotra G, Mezzasalma V, Pagliari S, Labra M, Campone L. Anticholesterolemic Activity of Three Vegetal Extracts (Artichoke, Caigua, and Fenugreek) and Their Unique Blend. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:726199. [PMID: 34887750 PMCID: PMC8650624 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.726199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic-related diseases, in particular hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia, are a thorn on the side of the national health institutes around the globe. Indeed, liver lipid and cholesterol dysregulation could lead to atherosclerotic plaque formation and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, statin administration and monacolin K consumption are the main therapies proposed to counter this alarming connection, but relevant side effects are known. To overcome this issue, safe nutraceutical formulations and/or vegetal extracts, endowed with anticholesterolemic activity, could be instrumental in hypercholesterolemia prevention and treatment. In the present work, the anticholesterolemic efficacy of three vegetal extracts used in traditional medicine (artichoke, caigua, and fenugreek), their unique blend (ACFB), and the monacolin K-containing red yeast extract (RYR), was investigated with an in vitro approach based on hepatic cell line HepG2. The impact on cholesterol of the three extracts, their blend, and RYR were investigated by determining hepatocyte total and free cholesterol and bile acids biosynthesis. According to our results, the anticholesterolemic activity of the vegetal extracts was confirmed, and a novel choleretic activity of caigua extract was evidenced. ACFB showed to be safer than RYR while showing a similar effect on total and free cholesterol and bile acids synthesis compared to it. The anticholesterolemic activity of the blend was obtained with lower vegetal extract concentrations compared with the single vegetal extract, potentially indicating an additive effect between the extracts. In conclusion, the vegetal extracts and their blend, ACFB, are safe and are endowed with anticholesterolemic activity, potentially providing complementary therapies to the statin-based ones for hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Frigerio
- FEM2-Ambiente, Milano, Italy
- Zooplantlab, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Erik Tedesco
- ECSIN-European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, ECAMRICERT SRL, Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Benetti
- ECSIN-European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, ECAMRICERT SRL, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Stefania Pagliari
- Zooplantlab, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Labra
- Zooplantlab, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Campone
- Zooplantlab, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
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Li H, Yu XH, Ou X, Ouyang XP, Tang CK. Hepatic cholesterol transport and its role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 83:101109. [PMID: 34097928 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a quickly emerging global health problem representing the most common chronic liver disease in the world. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease represents the leading cause of mortality in NAFLD patients. Cholesterol metabolism has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of both NAFLD and atherosclerosis. The liver is the major organ for cholesterol metabolism. Abnormal hepatic cholesterol metabolism not only leads to NAFLD but also drives the development of atherosclerotic dyslipidemia. The cholesterol level in hepatocytes reflects the dynamic balance between endogenous synthesis, uptake, esterification, and export, a process in which cholesterol is converted to neutral cholesteryl esters either for storage in cytosolic lipid droplets or for secretion as a major constituent of plasma lipoproteins, including very-low-density lipoproteins, chylomicrons, high-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins. In this review, we describe decades of research aimed at identifying key molecules and cellular players involved in each main aspect of hepatic cholesterol metabolism. Furthermore, we summarize the recent advances regarding the biological processes of hepatic cholesterol transport and its role in NAFLD and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China
| | - Xiang Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Xin-Ping Ouyang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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Wang J, Wang N, Ge Z, Ding B, Bi Y, Li W, Hong Z. Effect of Improving Dietary Structure on Serum 25(OH)VitD₃ Level in Hypertensive Patients in a Chinese Rural Area. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e929218. [PMID: 33888673 PMCID: PMC8078025 DOI: 10.12659/msm.929218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, we explored the effect of an improved dietary pattern on 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)VitD3] level in hypertensive patients in a rural setting and investigated the possible mechanism for lowering blood pressure. Material/Methods Thirty-three participants with overweight or obesity were randomly divided into 2 groups. A 24-h dietary review method was used for dietary assessment. Participants in both groups were provided the same balanced diet except for the breakfast staple food for 4 weeks. General characteristics, body composition analysis, blood pressure, serum lipid profile, inflammatory indices, and serum 25(OH)VitD3 level were assessed at baseline and at the completion of the 4-week dietary intervention. Nutrient intake was analyzed by dietary analysis software, and SPSS software was used for correlation and regression analyses. Results Thirty-one participants completed the study. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 100% at baseline. After the dietary intervention, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency decreased to 45%. Levels of dietary intake of vitamin D, cholesterol, protein, fat, and calcium showed a significantly positive correlation with the serum 25(OH)VitD3 level. Body fat, visceral fat, waist-to-hip ratio, serum triglyceride, and Toll-2 expression were negatively correlated with the serum 25(OH)VitD3 level. Blood pressure had a significant negative correlation with 25(OH)VitD3 level. Participants in both groups experienced a significant decrease in blood pressure. Conclusion Intake of a balanced diet rich in vitamin D, with appropriate amounts of cholesterol, protein, calcium, and fat, helped improve body composition, ameliorated lipid metabolism disorder, reduced inflammation, and improved serum 25(OH)VitD3 level, thus lowering blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiwen Ge
- Department of Nutrition, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Bingjie Ding
- Department of Nutrition, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yanxia Bi
- Department of Nutrition, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Nutrition, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhongxin Hong
- Department of Nutrition, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
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Zhang B, Zhang C, Zhang X, Li N, Dong Z, Sun G, Sun X. Atorvastatin promotes AMPK signaling to protect against high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver in golden hamsters. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:2133-2142. [PMID: 32104276 PMCID: PMC7027324 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by diffuse fatty acid degeneration and excess fat accumulation in the liver. Notably, the currently available medications used to treat NAFLD remain limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective role of atorvastatin (Ato) against NAFLD in golden hamsters fed a high fat diet (HFD) and in HepG2 cells treated with palmitate, and identify the underlying molecular mechanism. Ato (3 mg/kg) was administered orally every day for 8 weeks to the hamsters during HFD administration. Hamsters in the model group developed hepatic steatosis with high serum levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, insulin and C-reactive protein, which were effectively reduced by treatment with Ato. Additionally, the relative liver weight of hamsters treated with Ato was markedly lower compared with that of the model group. Hematoxylin and eosin, and oil red O staining indicated that the livers of the animals in the model group exhibited large and numerous lipid droplets, which were markedly decreased after Ato treatment. Western blot analysis indicated that Ato inhibited fat accumulation in the liver through the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1 α and their target genes. Furthermore, in vitro, Ato inhibited PA-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. This inhibitory effect was attenuated following Compound C treatment, indicating that AMPK may be a potential target of Ato. In conclusion, the increase in AMPK-mediated PPARα and its target genes may represent a novel molecular mechanism by which Ato prevents NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Nannan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Zhengqi Dong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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Hernández-García D, Granado-Serrano AB, Martín-Gari M, Naudí A, Serrano JC. Efficacy of Panax ginseng supplementation on blood lipid profile. A meta-analysis and systematic review of clinical randomized trials. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 243:112090. [PMID: 31315027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng is a widely used ingredient in several traditional Chinese medicine formulation, mainly as a prophylactic and restorative agent. Ginseng's Chinese traditional formulations have shown protective effects against atherosclerosis, suggesting that ginseng may be useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate whether the supplementation with Panax ginseng (PG) has an effect on blood lipid profile in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS A meta-analysis and a systematic review were conducted to evaluate the effects of PG on blood lipid profile. RESULTS A total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria, from which 10 studies were performed in volunteers with at least one component of metabolic syndrome, 3 in postmenopausal women, 2 in healthy volunteers and 3 with other types of inclusion criteria. The doses employed ranged from 0.2 to 20 g/day (median 3 g/day, 95% CI 1.7, 5.8), while the treatment time ranged from 2 to 12 weeks (median 8 weeks, 95% CI 6, 9). Few studies reported the composition of the PG extract employed. The main ginsenosides reported were Rb1 and Rg1 (content ranging from Rb1 0.023-6.44 mg/g and Rg1 0.028-3.21 mg/g). Significant modification in blood profile was described in 7 studies, in which 5 studies observed a reduction in total cholesterol, 4 in LDL-cholesterol, and 2 in triacylglycerides. The meta-analysis of 10 studies in volunteers with parameters related with metabolic syndrome describes that PG may induce a mean difference compared to a placebo of -2.30 (95% CI -3.79,-0.80) and -1.47 (95% CI -1.90,-1.05) mg/dL per g/day of PG in the levels of total and LDL-cholesterol, with no significant effects in HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerides. CONCLUSIONS PG extract may induce an improvement in blood lipid profile mainly by a reduction in total and LDL-cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alba Naudí
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jose Ce Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
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11
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YAP Inhibition by Nuciferine via AMPK-Mediated Downregulation of HMGCR Sensitizes Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Gemcitabine. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100620. [PMID: 31627466 PMCID: PMC6843496 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuciferine, a major aporphine alkaloid constituent of lotus leaves, is a raw material for obesity treatment. Extensive studies have revealed that obesity is associated with pancreatic cancer (PC). However, it has not been clarified whether nuciferine could be used in PC treatment or prevention. Here, we show that nuciferine could enhance the sensitivity of PC cells to gemcitabine in both cultured cells and the xenograft mouse model. The mechanism study demonstrated that nuciferine induced YAP Ser127 phosphorylation [pYAP(Ser127)] through AMPK-mediated 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coA reductase (HMGCR) downregulation. Remarkably, wild-type YAP overexpression or YAP Ser127 mutant could resist to nuciferine and no longer sensitize PC cells to gemcitabine. Knockdown of AMPK attenuated pYAP(Ser127) induced by nuciferine. Moreover, knockdown of AMPK reversed nuciferine-mediated HMGCR downregulation. Notably, HMGCR inhibiting could restrain YAP by phosphorylation Ser 127, and therefore enhance the efficiency of gemcitabine in PC cells. In line with this consistent, overexpression of HMGCR reduced growth inhibition caused by nuciferine and/or gemcitabine treatment in PC cells. In summary, these results provide an effective supplementary agent and suggest a therapeutic strategy to reduce gemcitabine resistance in PC.
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Ji X, Shi S, Liu B, Shan M, Tang D, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhang H, Lu C, Wang Y. Bioactive compounds from herbal medicines to manage dyslipidemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Li Q, Zhang H, Zou J, Feng X, Feng D. Bisphenol A induces cholesterol biosynthesis in HepG2 cells via SREBP-2/HMGCR signaling pathway. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:481-491. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingrong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated NanHai Hospital of Southern Medical University, China
| | - Xiang Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, China
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Wang T, Xue C, Zhang T, Wang Y. The improvements of functional ingredients from marine foods in lipid metabolism. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tirawanchai N, Supapornhemin S, Somkasetrin A, Suktitipat B, Ampawong S. Regulatory effect of Phikud Navakot extract on HMG-CoA reductase and LDL-R: potential and alternate agents for lowering blood cholesterol. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:258. [PMID: 30249222 PMCID: PMC6154411 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background For decades, various cardiovascular symptoms have been relieved by the use of Ya-Hom Navakot, which is a formulation comprising 54 herbal medicines. The Thailand Ministry of Public Health listed Ya-Hom Navakot’s nine active principle and nomenclative herbal ingredients and termed them ‘Phikud Navakot’ (PN). Several reports have confirmed that PN has cardiovascular benefits similar to Ya-Hom Navakot. However, whether PN facilitates lipid-lowering activity remains unclear. Methods The present study investigated an in vitro model for examining the gene expression levels of 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) in HepG2 cells using qRT-PCR. The ethanol and water extractions of Ya-Hom Navakot, PN and Ya-Hom Navakot without PN were compared. Results One mg/ml of both NYEF and NYWF were found to significantly lower cholesterol by either the up-regulation of LDL-R or down-regulation of HMGCR compared with negative controls and 1 mg/ml simvastatin (p < 0.05). PNEF also up-regulated LDL-R gene expression, even more than NYEF (p < 0.05). In addition, the ethanol and water extracts of PN significantly down-regulated HMGCR gene expression compared with those of Ya-Hom Navakot without PN (p < 0.05). Conclusion The use of Ya-Hom Navakot or PN may provide an alternative treatment to lower cholesterol through HMGCR gene inhibition and LDL-R gene enhancement.
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Na AY, Jo JJ, Kwon OK, Shrestha R, Cho PJ, Kim KM, Ki SH, Lee TH, Jeon TW, Jeong TC, Lee S. Investigation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-induced drug metabolism by comparative global toxicoproteomics. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 352:28-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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