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Ichim N, Marín F, Orenes-Piñero E. Potential Impact of Bioactive Peptides from Foods in the Treatment of Hypertension. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024:e2400084. [PMID: 38923775 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202400084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE High blood pressure (BP) is the main preventable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Much research is aimed at finding natural alternatives to control or prevent hypertension (HT), since some hypertensive patients do not respond to current pharmacological treatments or show undesirable side effects. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty relevant articles have been selected from various scientific literature databases. The results reveal that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition is the most reported mechanism of action of antihypertensive peptides. The active peptides have a great variety of origins. Biopeptides with a molecular weight of <3 kDa, short chain <20 amino acids, and a hydrophobic amino acid sequence at the C- and N-terminus exhibit higher antihypertensive activity. They also show good stability to enzymatic hydrolysis and gastrointestinal digestion, and no toxicity. To determine antihypertensive effectiveness, in vitro and in vivo animal studies are the most frequent developed, with few in silico studies and only one human clinical trial. CONCLUSION There is interesting potential for antihypertensive peptides as promising natural candidates for the development of functional foods, nutraceuticals and drugs for preventive or therapeutic treatment of hypertension. The aim of this review is to study the role of food-derived bioactive peptides in HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ichim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30071, Spain
| | - Francisco Marín
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, 30120, Spain
| | - Esteban Orenes-Piñero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30071, Spain
- Proteomic Unit, Instituto Murciano de Investigaciones Biosanitarias Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
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2
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Aydın ÇM, Çelikbıçak Ö, Hayaloğlu AA. Evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and bioactive properties and peptide sequence composition of Malatya apricot kernels. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38837418 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study used four different apricot (Prunus armeniaca) kernels cultivated in Malatya during two consecutive years. The varieties were Hacihaliloglu, Hasanbey, Kabaasi, and Zerdali. The physicochemical properties of the kernels were determined, and the bioactive content of the kernels was evaluated using kernel hydrolysates prepared using trypsin. RESULTS With regard to the physicochemical properties of the kernels, the dry matter ratio and protein content were the highest in the Hacihaliloglu variety; the ash ratio was the highest in the Kabaasi variety, and the free oil ratio was the highest in the Hasanbey variety. The bioactive compound content changed according to kernel variety. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors activity was found to be the highest in the Hacihaliloglu and Hasanbey varieties, which had the lowest amygdalin content, and Zerdali had the highest amygdalin content. The antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of the kernels varied, with Hasanbey and Kabaasi generally having the highest content in both analyses. Moreover, a concentration of 20 mg mL-1 of the hydrolysate was determined to have a destructive effect for the microorganisms used in this study. The storage protein of the kernels, except Hacihaliloglu, was found to be Prunin 1, with the longest matching protein chain in the kernels being R.QQQGGQLMANGLEETFCSLRLK.E. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the peptide sequences identified in the kernels could have antihypertensive, antioxidative, and Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory effects. Consequently, apricot kernels show potential for use in the production of functional food products. Of the kernels evaluated in this study, Hacihaliloglu and Hasanbey were deemed the most suitable varieties due to their higher bioactive content and lower amygdalin content. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağlar Mert Aydın
- Food Processing Technology, Vocational High School, Munzur University, Tunceli, Türkiye
| | - Ömür Çelikbıçak
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ali Adnan Hayaloğlu
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
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Sari TP, Sirohi R, Tyagi P, Tiwari G, Pal J, Kunadia NN, Verma K, Badgujar PC, Pareek S. Protein hydrolysates prepared by Alcalase using ultrasound and microwave pretreated almond meal and their characterization. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 61:1157-1164. [PMID: 38562599 PMCID: PMC10981644 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-024-05945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to optimize ultrasonic (US: 40 kHz/200 W for 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 min), and microwave (MW: 160 W for 45, 90, 125, 180, and 225 s) pretreatment conditions on protein extraction yield and degree of protein hydrolysis (DH) from almond de-oiled meal, an industrial by-product. First order model was used to describe the kinetics of almond protein hydrolysates obtained with Alcalase. The highest DH, 10.95% was recorded for the US-50 min and 8.87% for MW-45 s; while it was 5.76% for the untreated/control sample. At these optimized pretreatment conditions, a 1.16- and 1.18-fold increment in protein recovery was observed for the US and MW pretreatments, respectively in comparison to the conventional alkaline extraction. The molecular weight distribution recorded for pretreated samples disclosed a significant reduction in the band thickness in comparison with control. Both the pretreatments resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the antioxidant activity, and TCA solubility index when compared with the control. Results evinced that US and/or MW pretreatments before enzymatic hydrolysis can be a promising approach for the valorization of almond meal for its subsequent use as an ingredient for functional foods/nutraceuticals which otherwise fetches low value as an animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. P. Sari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM-K), Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028 India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302018 India
- SKN Agriculture University, Jobner, Rajasthan 303329 India
| | - Prajwal Tyagi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM-K), Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028 India
| | - Gyanendra Tiwari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM-K), Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028 India
| | - Jyotiraditya Pal
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM-K), Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028 India
| | - Nihar N. Kunadia
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM-K), Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028 India
| | - Kiran Verma
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM-K), Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028 India
| | - Prarabdh C. Badgujar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM-K), Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028 India
| | - Sunil Pareek
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM-K), Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028 India
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Li X, Peng C, Xiao S, Wang Q, Zhou A. Two Novel Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory and ACE2 Upregulating Peptides from the Hydrolysate of Pumpkin ( Cucurbita moschata) Seed Meal. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10909-10922. [PMID: 38689562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) seed meal (PSM), the major byproduct of pumpkin seed oil industry, was used to prepare angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) upregulating peptides. These peptides were isolated and purified from the PSM hydrolysate prepared using Neutrase 5.0 BG by ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-15 column chromatography, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Two peptides with significant ACE inhibition activity were identified as SNHANQLDFHP and PVQVLASAYR with IC50 values of 172.07 and 90.69 μM, respectively. The C-terminal tripeptides of the two peptides contained Pro, Phe, and Tyr, respectively, and PVQVLASAYR also had Val in its N-terminal tripeptide, which was a favorable structure for ACE inhibition. Molecular docking results declared that the two peptides could interact with ACE through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Furthermore, the two peptides performed protective function on EA.hy926 cells by decreasing the secretion of endothelin-1, increasing the release of nitric oxide, and regulating the ACE2 activity. In vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion showed the two peptides exhibited good stability against gastrointestinal enzyme digestion. In conclusion, PSM is a promising material for preparing antihypertensive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, GuangDong 510642, China
| | - Chenghai Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, GuangDong 510642, China
| | - Suyao Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, GuangDong 510642, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, GuangDong 510642, China
| | - Aimei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, GuangDong 510642, China
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Wang Y, Tang H, Deng X, Shen Y, Tang M, Wang F. Screening and Constructing of Novel Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibiting Peptides from Walnut Protein Isolate and Their Mechanisms of Action: A Merged In Silico and In Vitro Study. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 79:48-58. [PMID: 37962805 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-023-01122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibiting peptides were isolated from walnut protein isolate (WPI) using ultrasound-assisted extraction. This study aimed to assess the impact of ultrasonic pretreatment on the physicochemical properties of WPI. The optimal extraction conditions for WPI were determined as a 15-min ultrasonic treatment at 400 W. Subsequently, the hydrolysate exhibiting the highest in vitro ACE-inhibiting activity underwent further processing and separation steps, including ultrafiltration, ion exchange chromatography, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, ADMET screening, and molecular docking. As a result of this comprehensive process, two previously unidentified ACE-inhibiting peptides, namely Tyr-Ile-Gln (YIQ) and Ile-Tyr-Gln (IYQ), were identified. In addition, a novel peptide, Ile-Lys-Gln (IKQ), was synthesized, demonstrating superior ACE-inhibiting activity and temperature stability. In silico analysis estimated an in vivo utilization rate of 21.7% for IKQ. These peptides were observed to inhibit ACE through an anti-competitive mechanism, with molecular docking simulations suggesting an interaction mechanism involving hydrogen bonding. Notably, both IYQ and IKQ peptides exhibited no discernible toxicity to HUVECs cells and promoted nitric oxide (NO) generation. These findings underscore the potential of ultrasonicated WPI in the separation of ACE-inhibiting peptides and their utility in the development of novel ACE inhibitors for functional food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Processing and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing City, 100083, China
| | - Hengkuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Processing and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing City, 100083, China
- The Institute of Inspection and Supervision, Hygiene and Health in Chaoyang District of Beijing, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xinyue Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Processing and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing City, 100083, China
| | - Yijie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Processing and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing City, 100083, China
| | - Mingjian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Processing and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing City, 100083, China
| | - Fengjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Processing and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing City, 100083, China.
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6
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Wu Y, Zhang J, Mu T, Zhang H, Cao J, Li H, Tang H, Chen L, Liu H, Xu X, Zhao K. Selection of goat β-casein derived ACE-inhibitory peptide SQPK and insights into its effect and regulatory mechanism on the function of endothelial cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127312. [PMID: 37827416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptide SQPK was selected by in silico digestion and virtual screening from goat β-casein, and its effect and regulatory mechanism on function of endothelial cells was further evaluated. The results showed that SQPK exhibited relatively good ACE inhibition capacity (IC50 = 452.7 μg/mL). Treatment with 25 μg/mL SQPK for 12 h significantly elevated nitric oxide (NO) production, stimulated eNOS expression (p < 0.05) and affected the transcriptomic profiling of EA. Hy926 cells. In particular, SQPK stimulated the expression of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines (CXCL1/2 and IL6) but depressed encoding mesenchymal markers (FN1 and CNN3). Furthermore, SQPK modified the expression of genes involved in endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). Therefore, the selected peptide SQPK may exert potential protective effects on the function of endothelial cells by inhibiting the EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China; School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, PR China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
| | - Tong Mu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
| | - Jianxin Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
| | - Honggang Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
| | - Lihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Xianrong Xu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, PR China.
| | - Ke Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
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7
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Qin N, Chen C, Zhang N, Song L, Li Y, Guo L, Liu R, Zhang W. Bitter Almond Albumin ACE-Inhibitory Peptides: Purification, Screening, and Characterization In Silico, Action Mechanisms, Antihypertensive Effect In Vivo, and Stability. Molecules 2023; 28:6002. [PMID: 37630253 PMCID: PMC10458118 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Almond expeller is an undeveloped reservoir of bioactive peptides. In the current study, a zinc ion ligand Arg-Pro-Pro-Ser-Glu-Asp-Glu-Asp-Gln-Glu (RPPSEDEDQE) offering a noncompetitive inhibitory effect on ACE (IC50: 205.50 μmol·L-1) was identified from almond albumin hydrolysates via papain and thermolysin hydrolysis, subsequent chromatographic separation, and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis. Molecular docking simulated the binding modes of RPPSEDEDQE to ACE and showed the formation of hydrogen bonds between RPPSEDEDQE and seven active residues of ACE. Moreover, RPPSEDEDQE could bind to fifteen active sites of ACE by hydrophobic interactions, and link with the His387 and zinc ions of the zinc tetrahedral coordination. Ultraviolet wavelength scanning and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed that RPPSEDEDQE can provide multiple binding sites for zinc ions. However, RPPSEDEDQE cannot bind with any central pocket of ACE, which was evidenced by an inhibition kinetics experiment. Additionally, the zinc-chelating capacity and inhibiting ability against ACE of RPPSEDEDQE were both not significantly reduced by the hydrolysis of gastrointestinal enzymes. A moderate to high dose of RPPSEDEDQE (100-150 mg·kg bw-1) significantly reduced the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of spontaneous hypertensive rats, but chelation with zinc ions decreased its antihypertensive efficiency. These results indicate that bitter almond albumin peptides may be used for lowering blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Qin
- College of Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030619, China; (C.C.); (N.Z.); (L.S.); (Y.L.); (L.G.); (R.L.); (W.Z.)
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8
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Du A, Jia W. New insights into the bioaccessibility and metabolic fates of short-chain bioactive peptides in goat milk using the INFOGEST static digestion model and an improved data acquisition strategy. Food Res Int 2023; 169:112948. [PMID: 37254372 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic fates of potentially bioactive short-chain peptides (SCPs; amino acid numbers between 2 and 4) in gastrointestinal digestion have received little attention due to their low concentration and broad suppression during high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis. A tailored workflow integrating mesoporous magnetic solid phase extraction and a novel ion transmission strategy (data-dependent acquisition combined with both an inclusion list and an exclusion list followed by a data-independent acquisition) was used to profile the composition of SCPs during in vitro simulated digestion (LOQ 0.02 to 0.1 μg L-1). A total of 47 dipeptides, 59 tripeptides, and 21 tetrapeptides were identified and quantified from 0.01 to 27.84 mg L-1 (RSD ≤ 9.1%) based on parallel reaction monitoring and an internal standard method. The structural properties of stable SCPs resistant to intestinal digestion were determined by analysis of variance (p < 0.05), with a Pro residue at the C-terminal or penultimate position, a slightly greater negative charge at pH 7.0, and fewer C-terminal aliphatic and polar amino acids. SCPs' metabolic fates varied during digestion, but the overall trend of content change for either total or individual SCP increased as the digestion proceeded, and they were further assessed by a database-driven bioactivity search, which matched a wide variety of bioactivities with the predominance of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) IV and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. This study facilitated the understanding of bioaccessibility of the food-derived SCPs and provided essential guidelines for the properties of conserved structure in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Du
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Wei Jia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Shaanxi Research Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
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Zhu Q, Xue J, Wang P, Wang X, Zhang J, Fang X, He Z, Wu F. Identification of a Novel ACE Inhibitory Hexapeptide from Camellia Seed Cake and Evaluation of Its Stability. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030501. [PMID: 36766030 PMCID: PMC9914026 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The camellia seed cake proteins (CP) used in this study were individually hydrolyzed with neutral protease, alkaline protease, papain, and trypsin. The results showed that the hydrolysate had the highest ACE inhibitory activity at 67.36 ± 0.80% after four hours of neutral protease hydrolysis. Val-Val-Val-Pro-Gln-Asn (VVVPQN) was then obtained through ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-25 gel chromatography separation, LC-MS/MS analysis, and in silico screening. VVVPQN had ACE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.13 mg/mL (198.66 μmol/L), and it inhibited ACE in a non-competitive manner. The molecular docking indicated that VVVPQN can combine with ACE to form eight hydrogen bonds. The results of the stability study showed that VVVPQN maintained high ACE-inhibitory activity in weakly acidic and neutral environments and that heat treatment (20-80 °C) and Na+, Mg2+, as well as Fe3+ metal ions had little effect on the activity of VVVPQN. Moreover, it remained relatively stable after in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. These results revealed that VVVPQN identified in camellia seed cake has the potential to be applied in functional food or antihypertensive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaonan Zhu
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jiawen Xue
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xianbo Wang
- Zhejiang Feixiangyuan Food Co., Ltd., Lishui 323400, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xuezhi Fang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Zhiping He
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (F.W.)
| | - Fenghua Wu
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (F.W.)
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10
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Chen M, Wang L, Zheng C, Ma A, Hu K, Xiang A, Sun Z, Xie B, Xiong G, Shi L, Chen S, Wu W. Novel ACE inhibitory peptides derived from bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) hydrolysates: Screening, inhibition mechanisms and the Bioconjugation effect with graphene oxide. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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Zhu Z, Guo H, Xu Y, Pius Bassey A, Ali A, Huang M, Huang J. ACE Inhibitory Peptides Derived from Muscovy Duck ( Cairina moschata) Plasma. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010050. [PMID: 36613266 PMCID: PMC9818667 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides (ACE-IPs) derived from Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) plasma hydrolysate (MDPH) were investigated. According to the general research protocol for bioactive peptides, the crude ACE-IPs of Muscovy duck plasma were separated and purified by ultrafiltration, gel chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Then the components with the highest ACE inhibition potential were selected for identification. Finally, the inhibition mechanism was explored by molecular docking and in silico simulated digestion. A total of 121 peptides was detected, and five were screened for synthesis verification and molecular docking. The peptide VALSSLRP revealed high ACE inhibitory activity (91.67 ± 0.73%) because this peptide bound tightly to the S1' pocket and formed 3 hydrogen bonds. Meaningfully, this work provides some new information about the generation of ACE-IPs derived from duck blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongshuai Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haoyu Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Anthony Pius Bassey
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ahtisham Ali
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ming Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jichao Huang
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Zhang J, Ye Z. Pentapeptide-Zinc Chelate from Sweet Almond Expeller Amandin Hydrolysates: Structural and Physicochemical Characteristics, Stability and Zinc Transport Ability In Vitro. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227936. [PMID: 36432037 PMCID: PMC9692753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To promote the application of almond expellers, sweet almond expeller globulin (amandin) was extracted for the preparation of bioactive peptides. After dual enzymatic hydrolysis, Sephadex G-15 gel isolation, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography purification and ESI-MS/MS analysis, two novel peptides Val-Asp-Leu-Val-Ala-Glu-Val-Pro-Arg-Gly-Leu (1164.45 Da) and Leu-Asp-Arg-Leu-Glu (644.77 Da) were identified in sweet almond expeller amandin hydrolysates. Leu-Asp-Arg-Leu-Glu (LDRLE) of excellent zinc-chelating capacity (24.73 mg/g) was selected for preparation of peptide-zinc chelate. Structural analysis revealed that zinc ions were mainly bonded to amino group and carboxyl group of LDRLE. Potential toxicity and some physicochemical properties of LDRLE and Val-Asp-Leu-Val-Ala-Glu-Val-Pro-Arg-Gly-Leu (VDLVAEVPRGL) were predicted in silico. The results demonstrated that both LDRLE and VDLVAEVPRGL were not toxic. Additionally, zinc solubility of LDRLE-zinc chelate was much higher than that of zinc sulphate and zinc gluconate at pH 6.0−10.0 and against gastrointestinal digestion at 37 °C (p < 0.05). However, incubation at 100 °C for 20−60 min significantly reduced zinc-solubility of LDRLE-zinc chelate. Moreover, the chelate showed higher zinc transport ability in vitro than zinc sulphate and zinc gluconate (p < 0.05). Therefore, peptides isolated from sweet almond expeller amandin have potential applications as ingredient of zinc supplements.
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13
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Sharma P, Kaur J, Sharma G, Kashyap P. Plant derived antimicrobial peptides: Mechanism of target, isolation techniques, sources and pharmaceutical applications. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14348. [PMID: 35945701 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global health and development threat which is caused by the excess and prolonged usage of antimicrobial compounds in agriculture and pharmaceutical industries. Resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to the already existing drugs represent a serious risk to public health. Plant sources such as cereals, legumes, fruits and vegetables are potential substrates for the isolation of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi and viruses with novel immunomodulatory activities. Thus, in the quest of new antimicrobial agents, AMPs have recently gained interest. Therefore, AMP can be used in agriculture, pharmaceutical and food industries. This review focuses on various explored and unexplored plant based food sources of AMPs, their isolation techniques and antimicrobial mechanism of peptides. Therefore, the literature discussed in this review paper will prove beneficial the research purposes for agriculture, pharmaceutical and food industries. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Isolation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can be done on industrial scale. AMP isolated from food sources can be used in pharmaceutical and agriculture industries. AMP from natural sources mitigate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. AMP isolated from food products can be used as nutraceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorva Sharma
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Geetika Sharma
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Piyush Kashyap
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
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14
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Sari TP, Sirohi R, Krishania M, Bhoj S, Samtiya M, Duggal M, Kumar D, Badgujar PC. Critical overview of biorefinery approaches for valorization of protein rich tree nut oil industry by-product. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 362:127775. [PMID: 35964919 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This review explores reutilization opportunities of protein-rich bio-waste derived from the major tree nuts (almonds, walnuts, and cashew nuts) oil processing industries through biorefinery strategies. The mechanically pressed out oil cakes of these nuts have high protein (45-55%), carbohydrate (30-35%), and fiber that could be utilized to produce bioactive peptides, biofuels, and dietary fiber, respectively; all of which can fetch substantially greater value than its current utilization as a cattle feed. Specific attention has been given to the production, characterization, and application of nut-based de-oiled cake hydrolysates for therapeutic benefits including antioxidant, antihypertensive and neuroprotective properties. The often-neglected safety/toxicological evaluation of the hydrolysates/peptide sequences has also been described. Based on the available data, it is concluded that enzymatic hydrolysis is a preferred method than microbial fermentation for the value addition of de-oiled tree nut cakes. Further, critical insights on the existing literature as well as potential research ideas have also been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Sari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonipat 131 028, Haryana, India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Food Technology, School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248 007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Meena Krishania
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81, Mohali 140 306, India
| | - Suvarna Bhoj
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mrinal Samtiya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonipat 131 028, Haryana, India
| | - Muskaan Duggal
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81, Mohali 140 306, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonipat 131 028, Haryana, India; Division of Food Science and Technology, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad 121 004, Haryana, India
| | - Prarabdh C Badgujar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonipat 131 028, Haryana, India.
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15
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Zhang M, Zhu L, Wu G, Liu T, Qi X, Zhang H. Food-derived dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory peptides: Production, identification, structure-activity relationship, and their potential role in glycemic regulation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2053-2075. [PMID: 36095057 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2120454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory peptides are attracting increasing attention, owing to their potential role in glycemic regulation by preventing the inactivation of incretins. However, few reviews have summarized the current understanding of DPP-IV inhibitory peptides and their knowledge gaps. This paper reviews the production, identification and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of DPP-IV inhibitory peptides. Importantly, their bioavailability and hypoglycemic effects are critically discussed. Unlike the traditional method to identifying peptides after separation step by step, the bioinformatics approach identifies peptides via virtual screening that is more convenient and efficient. In addition, the bioinformatics approach was also used to investigate the SAR of peptides. Peptides with proline (Pro) or alanine (Ala) residue at the second position of N-terminal are exhibit strong DPP-IV inhibitory activity. Besides, the bioavailability of DPP-IV inhibitory peptides is related to their gastrointestinal stability and cellular permeability, and in vivo studies showed that the glucose homeostasis has been improved by these peptides. Especially, the intestinal transport of DPP-IV inhibitory peptides and cell biological assays used to evaluate their potential role in glycemic regulation are innovatively summarized. For further successful development of DPP-IV inhibitory peptides in glycemic regulation, future study should elucidate their SAR and in vivo hypoglycemic effects .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Gangcheng Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tongtong Liu
- Binzhou Zhongyu Food Company Limited, Key Laboratory of Wheat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Industry Technical Innovation Center for Wheat Processing, Bohai Advanced Technology Institute, Binzhou, China
| | - Xiguang Qi
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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16
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Isolation and identification of novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from Pony Seed and evaluation of the inhibitory mechanisms. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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17
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Sentís-Moré P, Ortega-Olivé N, Mas-Capdevila A, Romero-Fabregat MP. Impact of centrifugation and vacuum filtration step on the yield and molecular weight distribution of protein hydrolysates from rapeseed and sunflower meals. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Huang C, Tang X, Liu Z, Huang W, Ye Y. Enzymes-dependent antioxidant activity of sweet apricot kernel protein hydrolysates. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Qi Y, Zhou J, Shen X, Chalamaiah M, Lv S, Luo H, Chen L. Bioactive Properties of Peptides and Polysaccharides Derived from Peanut Worms: A Review. Mar Drugs 2021; 20:10. [PMID: 35049866 PMCID: PMC8779918 DOI: 10.3390/md20010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peanut worms (Sipunculids) are unsegmented marine worms that usually inhabit shallow waters. Peanut worms are good source of bioactive compounds including peptides and polysaccharides. Many recent studies have investigated the bioactive properties of peptides and polysaccharides derived from peanut worms in order to enhance their applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. The peptides and polysaccharides isolated from peanut worms have been reported to possess anti-hypertensive, anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-hypoxia and wound healing activities through the modulation of various molecular mechanisms. Most researchers used in vitro, cell culture and animal models for the determination of bioactivities of peanut worm derived compounds. However, studies in humans have not been performed considerably. Therefore, it is important to conduct more human studies for better utilization of marine bioactive compounds (peptides and polysaccharides) derived from peanut worms. This review mainly focuses on the bioactive properties of peptides and polysaccharides of peanut worms and their molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qi
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (Y.Q.); (J.Z.); (H.L.)
- Marine Chinese Medicine Branch, National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Jingyi Zhou
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (Y.Q.); (J.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Xiaoqin Shen
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China;
| | - Meram Chalamaiah
- 4-10 Ag/For Centre, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (AFNS), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada;
| | - Simin Lv
- Guangdong Runyuan Zhongtian Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523808, China;
| | - Hui Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (Y.Q.); (J.Z.); (H.L.)
- Marine Chinese Medicine Branch, National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Liang Chen
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (Y.Q.); (J.Z.); (H.L.)
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20
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PTML modeling for peptide discovery: in silico design of non-hemolytic peptides with antihypertensive activity. Mol Divers 2021; 26:2523-2534. [PMID: 34802116 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10350-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a medical condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite the high efficacy of the current antihypertensive drugs, they are associated with serious side effects. Peptides constitute attractive options for chemical therapy against hypertension, and computational models can accelerate the design of antihypertensive peptides. Yet, to the best of our knowledge, all the in silico models predict only the antihypertensive activity of peptides while neglecting their inherent toxic potential to red blood cells. In this work, we report the first sequence-based model that combines perturbation theory and machine learning through multilayer perceptron networks (SB-PTML-MLP) to enable the simultaneous screening of antihypertensive activity and hemotoxicity of peptides. We have interpreted the molecular descriptors present in the model from a physicochemical and structural point of view. By strictly following such interpretations as guidelines, we performed two tasks. First, we selected amino acids with favorable contributions to both the increase of the antihypertensive activity and the diminution of hemotoxicity. Then, we assembled those suitable amino acids, virtually designing peptides that were predicted by the SB-PTML-MLP model as antihypertensive agents exhibiting low hemotoxicity. The potentiality of the SB-PTML-MLP model as a tool for designing potent and safe antihypertensive peptides was confirmed by predictions performed by online computational tools reported in the scientific literature. The methodology presented here can be extended to other pharmacological applications of peptides.
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21
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Meena S, Kanthaliya B, Joshi A, Khan F, Arora J. Biologia futura: medicinal plants-derived bioactive peptides in functional perspective-a review. Biol Futur 2021; 71:195-208. [PMID: 34554518 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-020-00042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides (BPs) are 3-20 amino acid residues, with a molecular weight lower than 6 kDa; originated from the breakdown of proteins by endogenous and exogenous peptidases. While intact in protein these peptides do not exert any biological activity, but as they release from their parent protein, they exert various pharmacological activities such as antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anticancerous, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory. Such peptides exist in all living organism like plants, animals, marine organism and also present in food products derived from them. BPs obtained from dairy food products, cereals, vegetables have been gaining much more importance now-a-days, but little work has been done on bioactive peptides obtained from medicinal plants. Some of the medicinal plants such as Tinospora cordifolia Sterculia foetida, Benincasa hispida, Parkia speciosa, Linum usitatissimum, Salvia hispanica and Ziziphus jujube have been explored for bioactive peptides. Current review is aimed to provide a complete information of medicinal plants derived BPs along with the surge of new materials, new plants which will provide more solutions for handling some of the major human health problems of twenty-first century. This review will also be helpful to researchers in providing valuable information about the extraction, separation, characterization of BPs, their known peptide sequences and various pharmacological activities exerted by medicinal plants-derived bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Meena
- Laboratory of Bio-molecular Technology, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Bhanupriya Kanthaliya
- Laboratory of Bio-molecular Technology, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Abhishek Joshi
- Laboratory of Bio-molecular Technology, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Farhana Khan
- Laboratory of Bio-molecular Technology, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Jaya Arora
- Laboratory of Bio-molecular Technology, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India.
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22
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Isolation and functionalities of bioactive peptides from fruits and vegetables: A reviews. Food Chem 2021; 366:130494. [PMID: 34293544 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides have recently gained more research attention as potential therapies for the management of bodily disorders and metabolic syndromes of delicate health importance. On another note, there is a rising trend on a global scale for the consumption and adoption of fruit and vegetables for the fulfilment of dietary and health needs. Furthermore, fruits and vegetables are being more studied as base materials for the isolation of biologically functional components and accordingly, they have been investigated for their concomitant bioactive peptides. This review focuses on isolation and bio-functional properties of bioactive peptides from fruits and vegetables. This manuscript is potential in serving as a material collection for fundamental consultancy on peptides derived from fruits and vegetables, and further canvasses the necessitation for the use of these food materials as primal matter for such.
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23
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Curci F, Cavalluzzi MM, Milani G, Clodoveo ML, Radojčić Redovniković I, Cellamare S, Franchini C, Mandracchia D, Corbo F. Phyllostachys Pubescens: From Traditional to Functional Food. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1933020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Curci
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - M. M. Cavalluzzi
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - G. Milani
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - M. L. Clodoveo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - S. Cellamare
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - C. Franchini
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - D. Mandracchia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - F. Corbo
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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24
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Sadgrove NJ, Simmonds MSJ. Topical and nutricosmetic products for healthy hair and dermal antiaging using "dual-acting" (2 for 1) plant-based peptides, hormones, and cannabinoids. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:601-610. [PMID: 34377956 PMCID: PMC8332470 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the side effects of oral antiaging retinoids is increased hair shedding. Retinoids promote the expression of TGF-β2 from fibroblasts, which stimulate collagen expression but silences keratinocytes. Since keratinocytes normally influence differentiation of dermal papilla cells at the base of the hair follicle, retinoids feasibly inhibit hair growth via the increased expression of TGF-β2, which inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Fortunately, the plant kingdom provides an array of alternatives as dual-acting nutricosmetics and topicals that work independently of TGF-β2 to confer dermal antiaging and hair health effects. These alternatives include "plant hormones" such as cytokinins and phytoestrogens. Many cytokinins are agonists of the G-coupled adenosine receptors. Partial agonism of adenosine receptors promotes collagen synthesis independently of TGF-β2 signaling. Adenosine expression is potentially also the mechanism of minoxidil in promotion of scalp hair growth. Because of crosstalk between adenosine and cannabinoid receptors it makes sense to try combinations of specific CB2 agonists and cytokinins (or phytoestrogens). However, dual-acting cosmetics including peptides with high numbers of positively charged amino acids, such as lysine or arginine, offer real potential as they can be processed from multiple botanical candidates, including almond, fenugreek, pea sprouts, soy, and seaweeds. The current review summarizes much of what is known about retinoid alternatives in the plant kingdom and identifies potentially fruitful new areas of research.
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25
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Xue L, Yin R, Howell K, Zhang P. Activity and bioavailability of food protein-derived angiotensin-I-converting enzyme-inhibitory peptides. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:1150-1187. [PMID: 33527706 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides are able to inhibit the activity of ACE, which is the key enzymatic factor mediating systemic hypertension. ACE-inhibitory peptides can be obtained from edible proteins and have the function of antihypertension. The amino acid sequences and the secondary structures of ACE-inhibitory peptides determine the inhibitory activities and stability. The resistance of ACE-inhibitory peptides to digestive enzymes and peptidase affect their antihypertensive bioactivity in vivo. In this paper, the mechanism of ACE-inhibition, sources of the inhibitory peptides, structure-activity relationships, stability during digestion, absorption and transportation of ACE-inhibitory peptides, and consumption of ACE-inhibitory peptides are reviewed, which provide guidance to the development of new functional foods and production of antihypertensive nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xue
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China.,School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rongxin Yin
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Howell
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Wang W, Li ZJ, Zhang YL, Xu XQ. Current Situation, Global Potential Distribution and Evolution of Six Almond Species in China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:619883. [PMID: 33968095 PMCID: PMC8102835 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.619883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Almond resources are widely distributed in Central Asia; its distribution has not been studied in detail. Based on the first-hand data of field investigation, climate variables and chloroplast genome data, climatic characteristics of six almond species in China were analyzed, and the global distribution and evolutionary relationship were predicted. The six almond species are concentrated between 27.99°N and 60.47°N. Different almond species have different climatic characteristics. The climate of the almond species distribution has its characteristics, and the distribution of almond species was consistent with the fatty acid cluster analysis. All the test AUC (area under curve) values of MaxEnt model were larger than 0.92. The seven continents except for Antarctica contain suitable areas for the six almond species, and such areas account for approximately 8.08% of the total area of these six continents. Based on the analysis of chloroplast DNA and the distribution characteristics, the evolutionary relationship of the six almond species was proposed, which indicated that China was not the origin of almond. In this study, the construction of a phylogenetic tree based on the chloroplast genome and the characteristics of geographical distribution were constructed. The six almond species in China may have evolved from "Unknown almond species" through two routes. The MaxEnt model for each almond species provided satisfactory results. The prediction results can provide the important reference for Prunus dulcis cultivation, wild almond species development and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, The Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, The Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Long Zhang
- Shenmu County Association of Ecological Protection and Construction, Shenmu, China
| | - Xin-Qiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, The Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Qiao Xu,
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27
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Zhang X, He H, Xiang J, Yin H, Hou T. Selenium-Containing Proteins/Peptides from Plants: A Review on the Structures and Functions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:15061-15073. [PMID: 33315396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Selenium is an essential microelement required for biological processes. Traditional selenium supplements (selenite and selenomethionine mainly) remain concerns due to toxicity and bioavailability. In recent decades, biofortification strategies have been applied to produce selenium-enriched edible plants to address the challenges of superior nutritional quality requirements. Plant-derived selenium-containing proteins/peptides offer potential health benefits beyond the basic nutritional requirements of Se. Highly nucleophilic seleno-amino acids, special peptide sequences, and favorable bioavailability contribute to the biological activities of selenium-containing proteins/peptides, such as antioxidant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. However, their applications on a commercial scale are insufficient owing to the complexity of purification and identification techniques and the sparse information on bioavailability and metabolism. In this review, selenium status, structural features, bioactivities, structure-activity relationships, and bioavailability, as well as the mechanisms underlying the bioactivities and metabolism of plant-derived selenium-containing proteins/peptides, are summarized and discussed for their nutraceutical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hui He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiqian Xiang
- Enshi Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Hongqing Yin
- Enshi Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Tao Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Tacias-Pascacio VG, Morellon-Sterling R, Siar EH, Tavano O, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Use of Alcalase in the production of bioactive peptides: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2143-2196. [PMID: 33091472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to cover the uses of the commercially available protease Alcalase in the production of biologically active peptides since 2010. Immobilization of Alcalase has also been reviewed, as immobilization of the enzyme may improve the final reaction design enabling the use of more drastic conditions and the reuse of the biocatalyst. That way, this review presents the production, via Alcalase hydrolysis of different proteins, of peptides with antioxidant, angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory, metal binding, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities (among other bioactivities) and peptides that improve the functional, sensory and nutritional properties of foods. Alcalase has proved to be among the most efficient proteases for this goal, using different protein sources, being especially interesting the use of the protein residues from food industry as feedstock, as this also solves nature pollution problems. Very interestingly, the bioactivities of the protein hydrolysates further improved when Alcalase is used in a combined way with other proteases both in a sequential way or in a simultaneous hydrolysis (something that could be related to the concept of combi-enzymes), as the combination of proteases with different selectivities and specificities enable the production of a larger amount of peptides and of a smaller size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veymar G Tacias-Pascacio
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico; Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carretera Panamericana Km. 1080, 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | | | - El-Hocine Siar
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Equipe TEPA, Laboratoire LNTA, INATAA, Université des Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria
| | - Olga Tavano
- Faculty of Nutrition, Alfenas Federal Univ., 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St, Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Ángel Berenguer-Murcia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, Member of the External Scientific Advisory Board, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Cavalloro V, Bracco F, Collina S, Martino E. Focus on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Prunus lycioides (=Amygdalus lycioides). Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:2207-2214. [PMID: 32744969 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200730153653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prunus lycioides (Spach) C.K. Schneid. (= Amygdalus lycioides Spach.), popularly recognized as "Badam Talkh kuhi", is an endemic species of Iran. It is widely distributed in Central and West Asia, where it plays a role in preventing and controlling soil erosion. Although domestic species of Prunus genus are well known and widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, inadequate information about wild species is available so far. As far as Prunus lycioides, it is commonly used by native people in traditional medicine for treating diabetes, inflammatory diseases, and microbial infections. The wild almonds are traditionally exploited for oil extraction due to their antioxidant properties. This review summarizes advances in the studies regarding Prunus lycioides and its pharmacological properties. The aim of the review is to renew the interest in this promising plant, thus stimulating researchers to go further with the study for discovering new bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cavalloro
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Bracco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Martino
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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30
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Isolation and Identification of a Novel Antioxidant Peptide from Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Sprout Protein Hydrolysates. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Yang Y, Li A, Zhong Z, Xie M. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptide fractions from Tibet wild peach kernel protein hydrolysates. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/066.2019.48.4.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South road No.489, 410004 Changsha. China
| | - A. Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South road No.489, 410004 Changsha. China
| | - Z. Zhong
- College of Food Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Yucai west road No.100, 860000 Linzhi. China
| | - M. Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South road No.489, 410004 Changsha. China
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Valdez-Meza EE, Raymundo A, Figueroa-Salcido OG, Ramírez-Torres GI, Fradinho P, Oliveira S, de Sousa I, Suárez-Jiménez M, Cárdenas-Torres FI, Islas-Rubio AR, Rodríguez-Olibarría G, Ontiveros N, Cabrera-Chávez F. Pasta Enrichment with an Amaranth Hydrolysate Affects the Overall Acceptability while Maintaining Antihypertensive Properties. Foods 2019; 8:E282. [PMID: 31344934 PMCID: PMC6722561 DOI: 10.3390/foods8080282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcalase-treated amaranth proteins generate angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE-1) inhibitory peptides, which could be useful for functional foods development. Our aim was to evaluate the technological, sensory, and antihypertensive properties of pasta enriched with an amaranth hydrolysate. METHODS Pasta with 11% (A; control), 15% (B), and 20% (C) of protein content were formulated. Pastas B and C were supplemented with an alcalase-treated amaranth protein concentrate. Cooking time, cooking lost, color, and texture were assessed. An untrained panel (n = 30) evaluated sensory attributes. The antihypertensive effect was evaluated in hypertensive rats. RESULTS The hydrolysate IC50 was 0.014 mg/mL. Optimum cooking time and cooking loss decreased in products B and C vs. A (p < 0.05). The L* values decreased in pasta C. Firmness increased in pasta C vs. A (p < 0.05). Adhesiveness was different among groups (p < 0.05). Pasta A had the highest acceptability (p < 0.05). The products B and C, and captopril (positive control) showed antihypertensive properties after 3 h of supplementation (p < 0.05). This effect remained after 7 h, 8 h, or 9 h. CONCLUSIONS The addition of amaranth hydrolysates to pasta negatively impacts on the overall acceptability and, to a lesser extent, on pasta taste. However, it is possible to maintain the antihypertensive properties of the supplemented pasta under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anabela Raymundo
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | - Patrícia Fradinho
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sonia Oliveira
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel de Sousa
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Noé Ontiveros
- Division of Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Sciences, University of Sonora, Navojoa, Sonora 85880, Mexico.
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33
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Amygdalin Contents of Oil and Meal from Wild Almond: Effect of Different Heat Pretreatment and Extraction Methods. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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U G Y, Bhat I, Karunasagar I, B S M. Antihypertensive activity of fish protein hydrolysates and its peptides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018. [PMID: 29533693 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1452182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The rising interest to utilize nutritionally exorbitant fish proteins has instigated research activities in fish waste utilization. The development of newer technologies to utilize fish waste has fostered use of bioactive value-added products for specific health benefits. Enzymatically obtained Fish Protein Hydrolysate (FPH) is a rich source of biologically active peptides possessing anti-oxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial and anti-hypertensive activity. Isolating natural remedies to combat alarming negative consequences of synthetic drugs has been the new trend in current research promoting identification of antihypertensive peptides from FPH. In this review, we aim to culminate data available to produce antihypertensive peptides from FPH, its composition and potential to be used as a therapeutic agent. These purified peptides are known to be rich in arginine, valine and leucine. Reports reveal peptides with low molecular weight (<1 kDa) and shorter chain length (<20 amino acids) exhibited higher antihypertensive activity. As these peptides have proven Angiotensin Converting Enzyme - I inhibitory activity in vitro and in vivo, their potential to be used as antihypertensive drugs is outrageous. However, current focus on research in the field of molecular docking is necessary to have improved understanding of interaction of the peptides with the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yathisha U G
- a Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), NITTE (Deemed to be University) , Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Ishani Bhat
- a Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), NITTE (Deemed to be University) , Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Iddya Karunasagar
- a Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), NITTE (Deemed to be University) , Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Mamatha B S
- a Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), NITTE (Deemed to be University) , Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore , Karnataka , India
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