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Righetti GIC, Faedi F, Famulari A. Embracing Sustainability: The World of Bio-Based Polymers in a Mini Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:950. [PMID: 38611207 PMCID: PMC11013738 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of polymer science and technology in recent decades has been remarkable, with synthetic polymers derived predominantly from petroleum-based sources dominating the market. However, concerns about their environmental impacts and the finite nature of fossil resources have sparked interest in sustainable alternatives. Bio-based polymers, derived from renewable sources such as plants and microbes, offer promise in addressing these challenges. This review provides an overview of bio-based polymers, discussing their production methods, properties, and potential applications. Specifically, it explores prominent examples including polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and polyhydroxy polyamides (PHPAs). Despite their current limited market share, the growing awareness of environmental issues and advancements in technology are driving increased demand for bio-based polymers, positioning them as essential components in the transition towards a more sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Isa C. Righetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Famulari
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Gonzaga ZJC, Zhang J, Rehm BHA. Intranasal Delivery of Antigen-Coated Polymer Particles Protects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:744-756. [PMID: 35238554 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen that is intrinsically resistant to multiple antibiotics, causing severe and persistent infections in immunocompromised individuals. This bacterium has been listed as a priority pathogen by the WHO in 2017, and there is no vaccine available for human use. In this study, 10 vaccine candidate antigens were selected for particulate vaccine design. We engineered Escherichia coli to assemble biopolymer particles (BPs) that were either coated with epitopes (Ag) derived from OprF/I-AlgE proteins or PopB or PopB-Ag or coated with single or double copies of epitopes (10Ag and 10Ag(2x)) derived from OprF, OprI, AlgE, OprL, PopB, PilA, PilO, FliC, Hcp1, and CdrA. Antigen-coated BPs showed a diameter of 0.93-1.16 μm with negative surface charge. Antigens attached to BPs were identified by mass spectrometry. Vaccination with BP-Ag, BP-PopB, BP-PopBAg, PB-10Ag, and BP-10Ag(2x) with and without Alhydrogel adjuvant induced significant antigen-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in mice. All particulate vaccines with Alhydrogel induced protection in an acute pneumonia murine model of P. aeruginosa infection, contributing to up to 80% survival when administered intramuscularly, and the addition of Alhydrogel boosted immunity. The BP-10Ag(2x) vaccine candidate showed the best performance and even induced protective immunity in the absence of Alhydrogel. Intramuscular administration of the BP-10Ag(2x) without Alhydrogel vaccine resulted in 60% survival. Intranasal vaccination induced immunity, contributing to about 90% survival. Overall, our data suggest that vaccination with BPs coated with P. aeruginosa antigens induce protective immunity against P. aeruginosa infections. The possibility of intranasal delivery will strongly facilitate administration and use of BP vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zennia Jean C. Gonzaga
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers (CCFB), Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Bernd H. A. Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers (CCFB), Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland (MHIQ), Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
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Gonzaga ZJC, Merakou C, DiGiandomenico A, Priebe GP, Rehm BHA. A Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Derived Particulate Vaccine Protects against P. aeruginosa Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:803. [PMID: 34358220 PMCID: PMC8309987 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous efforts to develop an effective vaccine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, no vaccine has yet been approved for human use. This study investigates the utility of the P. aeruginosa inherently produced polyhydroxyalkanaote (PHA) inclusions and associated host-cell proteins (HCP) as a particulate vaccine platform. We further engineered PHA inclusions to display epitopes derived from the outer membrane proteins OprF/OprI/AlgE (Ag) or the type III secretion system translocator PopB. PHA and engineered PHA beads induced antigen-specific humoral, cell-mediated immune responses, anti-HCP and anti-polysaccharide Psl responses in mice. Antibodies mediated opsonophagocytic killing and serotype-independent protective immunity as shown by 100% survival upon challenge with P. aeruginosa in an acute pneumonia murine model. Vaccines were stable at 4 °C for at least one year. Overall, our data suggest that vaccination with subcellular empty PHA beads was sufficient to elicit multiple immune effectors that can prevent P. aeruginosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zennia Jean C. Gonzaga
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers (CCFB), Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia;
| | - Christina Merakou
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (C.M.); (G.P.P.)
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Antonio DiGiandomenico
- Discovery Microbiome, Microbial Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 34321, USA;
| | - Gregory P. Priebe
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (C.M.); (G.P.P.)
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bernd H. A. Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers (CCFB), Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia;
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland (MHIQ), Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
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Rukmana A, Rasyid B, Sjatha F. Gluthathione S-transferase-resuscitation-promoting factor B recombinant protein of <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> induces the production of interferon-γ and interleukin-12 in mice splenocytes. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIA 2019. [DOI: 10.13181/mji.v28i3.2444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the only TB vaccine available, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin shows variable efficacy in adults and does not provide protection against the resuscitation of latent TB infections. Resuscitation-promoting factor B (RpfB) is a protein produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis during the resuscitation phase and is promising as a novel TB vaccine. This study was aimed to analyze the immunogenicity of the gluthathione S-transferase (GST)-RpfB recombinant protein on mice splenocytes in vitro. METHODS After induction with isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside, the protein was extracted by sonication followed by solubilization in 8 M urea buffer. Protein was then re-natured and purified with a GST chromatography column. The isolated protein was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot using anti-GST antibodies, and its concentration was determined using the Bradford method. Each group of splenocytes was treated with 25 μg/ ml of the recombinant protein (GST-RpfB), GST, and phytohemagglutinin. Antigen induction was repeated twice at 24 and 72 hours. The supernatant was collected at 96 hours and interferon gamma (IFNγ), interleukin (IL-12, IL-4, and IL-10) levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS GST-RpfB recombinant proteins were expressed in the form of inclusion bodies with a molecular weight of approximately 66 kDa. Based on the independent t-test, GST-RpfB stimulated IFNγ and IL-12 production but not IL-4 and IL-10. CONCLUSIONS The GST-RpfB protein has been immunogenically proven and is a potential candidate as a novel subunit TB vaccine.
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Gonzalez-Miro M, Chen S, Gonzaga ZJ, Evert B, Wibowo D, Rehm BHA. Polyester as Antigen Carrier toward Particulate Vaccines. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3213-3232. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Majela Gonzalez-Miro
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Shuxiong Chen
- Centre for Cell
Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Zennia Jean Gonzaga
- Centre for Cell
Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Benjamin Evert
- Centre for Cell
Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - David Wibowo
- Centre for Cell
Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Bernd H. A. Rehm
- Centre for Cell
Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
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Chen S, Sandford S, Kirman JR, Rehm BHA. Innovative antigen carrier system for the development of tuberculosis vaccines. FASEB J 2019; 33:7505-7518. [PMID: 30870010 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802501rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A major obstacle to tuberculosis (TB)-subunit-vaccine development has been the induction of inadequate levels of protective immunity due to the limited breadth of antigen in vaccine preparations. In this study, immunogenic mycobacterial fusion peptides Ag85B-TB10.4 and Ag85B-TB10.4-Rv2660c were covalently displayed on the surface of self-assembled polyester particles. This study investigated whether polyester particles displaying mycobacterial antigens could provide augmented immunogenicity (i.e., offer an innovative vaccine formulation) when compared with free soluble antigens. Herein, polyester particle-based particulate vaccines were produced in an endotoxin-free Escherichia coli strain and emulsified with the adjuvant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide. C57BL/6 mice were used to study the immunogenicity of formulated particulate vaccines. The result of humoral immunity showed the antibodies only interacted with target antigens and not with PhaC and the background proteins of the production host. The analysis of T helper 1 cellular immunity indicated that a relatively strong production of cellular immunity biomarkers, IFN-γ and IL-17A cytokines, was induced by particulate vaccines when compared with the respective soluble controls. This study demonstrated that polyester particles have the potential to perform as a mycobacterial antigen-delivery agent to induce augmented antigen-specific immune responses in contrast to free soluble vaccines.-Chen, S., Sandford, S., Kirman, J. R., Rehm, B. H. A. Innovative antigen carrier system for the development of tuberculosis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiong Chen
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University Manawatu, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Sandford
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand; and
| | - Joanna R Kirman
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand; and
| | - Bernd H A Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Chen S, Sandford S, Kirman J, Rehm BHA. Design of Bacterial Inclusion Bodies as Antigen Carrier Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiong Chen
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences; Massey University Manawatu; Palmerston North 4474 New Zealand
| | - Sarah Sandford
- Microbiology and Immunology Department; Otago University; Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Joanna Kirman
- Microbiology and Immunology Department; Otago University; Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Bernd H. A. Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery; Griffith University Nathan Campus; Brisbane 4111 Australia
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Bello-Gil D, Maestro B, Fonseca J, Dinjaski N, Prieto MA, Sanz JM. Poly-3-Hydroxybutyrate Functionalization with BioF-Tagged Recombinant Proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e02595-17. [PMID: 29196289 PMCID: PMC5795070 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02595-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable polyesters that accumulate in the cytoplasm of certain bacteria. One promising biotechnological application utilizes these biopolymers as supports for protein immobilization. Here, the PHA-binding domain of the Pseudomonas putida KT2440 PhaF phasin (BioF polypeptide) was investigated as an affinity tag for the in vitro functionalization of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) particles with recombinant proteins, namely, full-length PhaF and two fusion proteins tagged to BioF (BioF-C-LytA and BioF-β-galactosidase, containing the choline-binding module C-LytA and the β-galactosidase enzyme, respectively). The protein-biopolyester interaction was strong and stable at a wide range of pHs and temperatures, and the bound protein was highly protected from self-degradation, while the binding strength could be modulated by coating with amphiphilic compounds. Finally, BioF-β-galactosidase displayed very stable enzymatic activity after several continuous activity-plus-washing cycles when immobilized in a minibioreactor. Our results demonstrate the potentialities of PHA and the BioF tag for the construction of novel bioactive materials.IMPORTANCE Our results confirm the biotechnological potential of the BioF affinity tag as a versatile tool for functionalizing PHA supports with recombinant proteins, leading to novel bioactive materials. The wide substrate range of the BioF tag presumably enables protein immobilization in vitro of virtually all natural PHAs as well as blends, copolymers, or artificial chemically modified derivatives with novel physicochemical properties. Moreover, the strength of protein adsorption may be easily modulated by varying the coating of the support, providing new perspectives for the engineering of bioactive materials that require a tight control of protein loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bello-Gil
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Beatriz Maestro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Jennifer Fonseca
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Nina Dinjaski
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Auxiliadora Prieto
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Sanz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
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Rubio‐Reyes P, Parlane NA, Buddle BM, Wedlock DN, Rehm BHA. Immunological properties and protective efficacy of a single mycobacterial antigen displayed on polyhydroxybutyrate beads. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:1434-1440. [PMID: 28714174 PMCID: PMC5658617 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2015, there were an estimated 10.4 million new tuberculosis (TB) cases and 1.4 million deaths worldwide. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, is the vaccine available against TB, but it is insufficient for global TB control. This study evaluated the immunogenicity of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen Rv1626 in mice while assessing the effect of co-delivering either Cpe30 (immunostimulatory peptide), CS.T3378-395 (promiscuous T helper epitope) or flagellin (TLR5 agonist) or a combination of all three immunostimulatory agents. Rv1626 and the respective immunostimulatory proteins/peptides were co-displayed on polyhydroxybutyrate beads assembled inside an engineered endotoxin-free mutant of Escherichia coli. Mice vaccinated with these beads produced immune responses biased towards Th1-/Th17-type responses, but inclusion of Cpe30, CS.T3378-395 and flagellin did not enhance immunogenicity of the Rv1626 protein. This was confirmed in a M. bovis challenge experiment in mice, where Rv1626 beads reduced bacterial cell counts in the lungs by 0.48 log10 compared with the adjuvant alone control group. Co-delivery of immunostimulatory peptides did not further enhance protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rubio‐Reyes
- Institute of Fundamental SciencesMassey University11222 Private BagPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Natalie A. Parlane
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research InstituteGrasslands Research Centre11008 Private BagPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Bryce M. Buddle
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research InstituteGrasslands Research Centre11008 Private BagPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - D. Neil Wedlock
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research InstituteGrasslands Research Centre11008 Private BagPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Bernd H. A. Rehm
- Institute of Fundamental SciencesMassey University11222 Private BagPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
- Griffith Institute for Drug DiscoveryGriffith UniversityNathanQLDAustralia
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