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Kiefer ZE, Koester LR, Studer JM, Schmitz-Esser S, Ross JW. Evaluation of fecal microbiota of late gestation sows in relation to pelvic organ prolapse risk. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1384583. [PMID: 39113840 PMCID: PMC11303877 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1384583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sow mortality in the U.S. swine industry has increased in recent years, for which pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a major contributor, accounting for 21% of all sow mortality. Dysbiosis of microbial communities has been associated with disease and reproductive dysfunction in several species, and previous studies have shown changes in vaginal microbiota in sows with increased risk for POP during late gestation. However, there is insufficient knowledge surrounding the potential relationship between fecal microbiota and POP in sows. Therefore, the study objective was to identify differences in sow fecal microbiota and determine if fecal and vaginal microbial communities are correlated in relation to POP risk. Methods Sows were evaluated for POP risk using an established perineal scoring system, with a perineal score (PS) of 1 (PS1) presuming little to no risk of POP to a PS of 3 (PS3) presuming high risk of POP. In the current study, 2,864 sows were scored during gestation week 15, and 1.0%, 2.7%, and 23.4% of PS1, PS2, and PS3 sows, respectively, subsequently experienced POP. Fecal swabs (n = 215) were collected between gestation days 108-115, DNA was extracted, and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing libraries were analyzed using mothur, phyloseq and SAS in reference to PS and POP outcome. Additionally, co-occurrence networks were constructed using CoNet to compare fecal and vaginal microbiota from the same cohort of sows and identify correlations between different taxa. Results Differences in fecal community composition (PERMANOVA; P < 0.05), structure (alpha diversity measurements; P < 0.05), and 13 individual operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were revealed between PS1 and PS3 assigned sows. No differences in fecal microbiota were detected as a result of POP outcome. However, the abundances of several taxa were correlated across sample collection sites, suggesting the fecal and vaginal microbial communities may be related to one another. Discussion Collectively, fewer differences in the fecal microbiota exist in sows with differing risk for POP compared to the vaginal microbiota, suggesting the vaginal microbiome may be more relevant in relation to POP outcome, although correlations between fecal and vaginal communities may provide insight for strategies to combat POP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë E. Kiefer
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Lucas R. Koester
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jamie M. Studer
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Stephan Schmitz-Esser
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jason W. Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Yang Y, Zhang F, Yu X, Wang L, Wang Z. Integrating microbial 16S rRNA sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics to reveal sexual dimorphism of the chicken cecal microbiome and serum metabolome. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1403166. [PMID: 39101039 PMCID: PMC11294938 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1403166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The gut microbiome plays a key role in the formation of livestock and poultry traits via serum metabolites, and empirical evidence has indicated these traits are sex-linked. Methods We examined 106 chickens (54 male chickens and 52 female chickens) and analyzed cecal content samples and serum samples by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics, respectively. Results The cecal microbiome of female chickens was more stable and more complex than that of the male chickens. Lactobacillus and Family XIII UCG-001 were enriched in male chickens, while Eubacterium_nodatum_group, Blautia, unclassified_Anaerovoraceae, Romboutsia, Lachnoclostridium, and norank_Muribaculaceae were enriched in female chickens. Thirty-seven differential metabolites were identified in positive mode and 13 in negative mode, showing sex differences. Sphingomyelin metabolites possessed the strongest association with cecal microbes, while 11β-hydroxytestosterone showed a negative correlation with Blautia. Conclusion These results support the role of sexual dimorphism of the cecal microbiome and metabolome and implicate specific gender factors associated with production performance in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Yang S, Yang Y, Long X, Li H, Zhang F, Wang Z. Integrated Analysis of the Effects of Cecal Microbiota and Serum Metabolome on Market Weights of Chinese Native Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3034. [PMID: 37835639 PMCID: PMC10571757 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an important role in the physiological activities of the host and affects the formation of important economic traits in livestock farming. The effects of cecal microbiota on chicken weights were investigated using the Guizhou yellow chicken as a model. Experimental cohorts from chickens with high- (HC, n = 16) and low-market-weights (LC, n = 16) were collected. Microbial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and non-targeted serum metabolome data were integrated to explore the effect and metabolic mechanism of cecal microbiota on market weight. The genera Lachnoclostridium, Alistipes, Negativibacillus, Sellimonas, and Ruminococcus torques were enriched in the HC group, while Phascolarctobacterium was enriched in the LC group (p < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis determined that pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), luvangetin (2H-1-benzopyran-6-acrylic acid), and menadione (vitamin K3) were significantly higher in HC serum, while beclomethasone dipropionate (a glucocorticoid) and chlorophene (2-benzyl-4-chlorophenol) were present at higher levels in the LC group. The microbes enriched in HC were significantly positively correlated with metabolites, including pantothenic acid and menadione, and negatively correlated with beclomethasone dipropionate and chlorophene. These results indicated that specific cecal bacteria in Guizhou yellow chickens alter the host metabolism and growth performance. This study provides a reference for revealing the mechanism of cecal microbe actions that affect chicken body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (S.Y.); (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
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Luo K, Liu Y, Qin G, Wang S, Wei C, Pan M, Guo Z, Liu Q, Tian X. A comparative study on effects of dietary three strains of lactic acid bacteria on the growth performance, immune responses, disease resistance and intestinal microbiota of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 136:108707. [PMID: 36966896 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the growth performance, immune responses, disease resistance and intestinal microbiota in Penaeus vannamei fed diets supplemented with three strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The basal diet (control, CO) supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum W2 (LA), Pediococcus acidilactici Nj (PE), Enterococcus faecium LYB (EN) and florfenicol (FL), respectively, formed three LAB diets (1 × 1010 cfu kg-1) and a florfenicol diet (15 mg kg-1, positive control), were fed to shrimp for 42 days. Results indicated that specific growth rate, feed efficiency rate, and disease resistance of shrimp against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the treatment groups were significantly improved versus the control (P < 0.05). Compared with the control, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, phenonoloxidase, total nitric oxide synthase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase activities, total antioxidant capacity, and lysozyme content in the serum and the relative expression levels of SOD, LZM, proPO, LGBP, HSP70, Imd, Toll, Relish, TOR, 4E-BP, eIF4E1α and eIF4E2 genes in the hepatopancreas of LAB groups were enhanced to various extents. Intestinal microbiota analysis showed that the LA and EN groups significantly improved microbial diversity and richness, and LAB groups significantly altered intestinal microbial structure of shrimp. At the phylum level, the Verrucomicrobiota in the LA and PE groups, the Firmicutes in the EN group, and the Actinobacteriota in the PE and EN groups were enriched. Moreover, the CO group increased the proportion of potential pathogens (Vibrionaceae and Flavobacteriaceae). The potential pathogen (Vibrio) was reduced, and potential beneficial bacteria (Tenacibaculum, Ruegeria and Bdellovibrio) were enriched in response to dietary three strains of LAB. When the intestinal microbiota homeostasis of shrimp is considered, L. plantarum and E. faecium showed better effects than P. acidilactici. However, due to the concerns on the possible potential risks of E. faecium strains to human health, L. plantarum W2 is more suitable for application in aquaculture than E. faecium LYB. Considering collectively the above, Lactobacillus plantarum W2 could be applied as better probiotic to improve the growth performance, non-specific immunity, disease resistance and promote intestinal health of P. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Guangcai Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shishuang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Cong Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Miaojun Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zeyang Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | | | - Xiangli Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Wang Z, Liang Y, Lu J, Wei Z, Bao Y, Yao X, Fan Y, Wang F, Wang D, Zhang Y. Dietary spirulina supplementation modifies rumen development, fermentation and bacteria composition in Hu sheep when consuming high-fat dietary. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1001621. [PMID: 36798143 PMCID: PMC9926970 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1001621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aims to investigate the long-term effects of spirulina supplementation in a high-fat diet (HFD) on rumen morphology, rumen fermentation, and the composition of rumen microbiota in lambs. Spirulina is a blue-green microalgae that has been shown to have high nutritional value for livestock. Methods Fifty-four lambs were randomly divided into three groups: a normal chow diet (NCD) group, a high-fat diet (HFD) group, and a high-fat diet supplemented with 3% spirulina (HFD+S) group. Rumen morphology, rumen fermentation, and rumen microbiota were analyzed at the end of the study. Results Spirulina supplementation improved the concentration of volatile fatty acids and rumen papilla length. Additionally, there was a tendency for an increase in rumen weight and an upregulation of the genes Claudin-1, Claudin-4, and Occludin in the HFD+S group. Pyrosequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene also showed that spirulina supplementation significantly changed the rumen microbiota composition in the HFD group, with a decrease in richness and diversity. Specifically, the relative abundance of Prevotella 9 and Megasphaera was significantly increased in the HFD group compared to the NCD group, while spirulina supplementation reversed these changes. Discussion This study suggests that 3% spirulina supplementation can improve rumen development and fermentation, and effectively relieve rumen microbe disorders in lambs caused by a high-fat diet. However, further research is needed to confirm the findings and to examine the long-term effects of spirulina supplementation in different types of livestock and under different dietary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Wang
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaxu Liang
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiawei Lu
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongyou Wei
- Agricultural and Rural Science & Technology Service Center, and Enterprise Graduate Workstation, Taicang, China
| | - Yongjin Bao
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolei Yao
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yixuan Fan
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daxiang Wang
- Jiangsu Qianbao Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Yanli Zhang ✉
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Wang L, Zhang F, Li H, Yang S, Chen X, Long S, Yang S, Yang Y, Wang Z. Metabolic and inflammatory linkage of the chicken cecal microbiome to growth performance. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1060458. [PMID: 36910194 PMCID: PMC9995838 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1060458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chinese indigenous chicken breeds are widely used as food in China but their slow growth rate and long farming cycle has limited their industrial production. Methods In the current study we examined whether the market weights of native chicken breeds were related to specific cecal bacteria, serum metabolites and inflammatory cytokines. We examined cecal bacterial taxa using 16S rDNA analysis along with untargeted serum metabolites and serum inflammatory cytokines. Results We found that the cecal microbiota could explain 10.1% of the individual differences in chicken weights and identified key cecal bacterial genera that influenced this phenotype. The presence of Sphaerochaeta spp. improved growth performance via bovinic acid metabolism. In contrast, Synergistes and norank_f_Desulfovibrionaceae had a negative effect on growth by inducing expression of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6. Discussion We were able to link specific bacterial genera with growth promotion in chickens and this study will allow further development of their use as probiotics in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Fuping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shenglin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shuihua Long
- School of Public Health, Xinyu University, Xinyu, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shenghong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yongxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Cai M, Xiao Y, Lin Z, Lu J, Wang X, Rahman SU, Zhu S, Chen X, Gu J, Ma Y, Chen Z, Huo J. Disordered Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Tumor-Bearing Mice Altered Serum Metabolome Related to Fufangchangtai. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:889181. [PMID: 35694271 PMCID: PMC9178095 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.889181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between gut microbiota (GM) and serum metabolism using antineoplastic Fufangchangtai (FFCT) as the model prescription in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC).Methods: Tumor-bearing mice and normal mice were administered different doses of FFCT. The tumor volume of tumor-bearing mice was observed. The levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the blood, spleen, and tumor of mice were determined using a flow cytometer. The bacterial microbiota in stool samples from mice and the serum metabolomics of FFCT-treated mice and fecal microbiota transplantation mice were detected using 16s RNA sequencing and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS), respectively.Results: The tumor volume of mice showed no significant decrease after FFCT intervention. The levels of CD4+ and CD8+T lymphocytes showed a significant increase under the intervention of FFCT. GM of colorectal tumor-bearing mice and healthy mice were determined, and the diversity and abundance of Firmicutes, Deferribacteres, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were significantly different between the two groups. Furthermore, we found that the levels of matrine, isogingerenone B, and armillaripin were significantly decreased in tumor-bearing mice after FFCT intervention, indicating that the tumor-induced dysbiosis of gut bacteria may affect the absorption and metabolism of FFCT. Under the intervention of FFCT, serum metabolism of mice transplanted with feces from CRC patients showed less metabolites related to FFCT than that from healthy people, indicating that GM could be a single factor affecting the metabolism of FFCT. Furthermore, we found that different doses of FFCT-treated mice had higher abundance of Roseburia, Turicibacter, and Flexispira than that in the non-intervention control group. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in FFCT-treated groups showed a similar trend compared to the healthy group, indicating that FFCT might correct the intestinal microenvironment by modulating gut microbiota in colorectal tumor-bearing mice.Conclusion: The dysbiosis of GM in tumor-bearing mice reduced the serum metabolites related to FFCT, and FFCT could correct the disordered GM of colorectal tumor-bearing mice to exert efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Cai
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Xiao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhibing Lin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jiege Huo, ; Zhaoguo Chen, ; Zhibing Lin,
| | - Jinmiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sajid Ur Rahman
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shilan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialin Gu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhu Ma
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jiege Huo, ; Zhaoguo Chen, ; Zhibing Lin,
| | - Jiege Huo
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiege Huo, ; Zhaoguo Chen, ; Zhibing Lin,
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