1
|
Liu F, Qiao K, Meng W, Liu J, Gao Y, Zhu J. Construction of a CRISPR Interference System for Gene Knockdown in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia AGS-1 from Aerobic Granular Sludge. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:3497-3504. [PMID: 37906167 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
To identify the function of attachment genes involved in biofilm formation in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia AGS-1 isolated from aerobic granular sludge, an effective gene molecular tool is needed. We developed a two-plasmid CRISPRi system in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia AGS-1. One plasmid expressed dCas9 protein with the l-arabinose inducible promoter, and the other plasmid contained the sgRNA cassette complementary to the target gene. Under control of the araC-inducible promoter, this system exhibited little leaky basal expression and highly induced expression that silenced endogenous and exogenous genes with reversible knockdown. This system achieved up to 211-fold suppression for mCherry expression on the nontemplate strand compared to the template strand (91-fold). The utility of the developed CRISPRi platform was also characterized by suppressing the xanA and rpfF genes. The expression of these two genes was rapidly depleted and the adhesion ability decreased, which demonstrated that the modulation of either gene was an important factor for biofilm formation of the AGS-1 strain. The system also tested the ability to simultaneously silence transcriptional suppression of multiple targeted genes, an entire operon, or part of it. Lastly, the use of CRISPRi allowed us to dissect the gene intricacies involved in flagellar biosynthesis. Collectively, these results demonstrated that the CRISPRi system was a simple, feasible, and controllable manipulation system of gene expression in the AGS-1 strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- R & D Centre of Aerobic Granule Technology, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Kai Qiao
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Meng
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Water Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yiyun Gao
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jianrong Zhu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- R & D Centre of Aerobic Granule Technology, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shrestha S, Awasthi D, Chen Y, Gin J, Petzold CJ, Adams PD, Simmons BA, Singer SW. Simultaneous carbon catabolite repression governs sugar and aromatic co-utilization in Pseudomonas putida M2. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0085223. [PMID: 37724856 PMCID: PMC10617552 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00852-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida have emerged as promising biocatalysts for the conversion of sugars and aromatic compounds obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. Understanding the role of carbon catabolite repression (CCR) in these strains is critical to optimize biomass conversion to fuels and chemicals. The CCR functioning in P. putida M2, a strain capable of consuming both hexose and pentose sugars as well as aromatic compounds, was investigated by cultivation experiments, proteomics, and CRISPRi-based gene repression. Strain M2 co-utilized sugars and aromatic compounds simultaneously; however, during cultivation with glucose and aromatic compounds (p-coumarate and ferulate) mixture, intermediates (4-hydroxybenzoate and vanillate) accumulated, and substrate consumption was incomplete. In contrast, xylose-aromatic consumption resulted in transient intermediate accumulation and complete aromatic consumption, while xylose was incompletely consumed. Proteomics analysis revealed that glucose exerted stronger repression than xylose on the aromatic catabolic proteins. Key glucose (Eda) and xylose (XylX) catabolic proteins were also identified at lower abundance during cultivation with aromatic compounds implying simultaneous catabolite repression by sugars and aromatic compounds. Reduction of crc expression via CRISPRi led to faster growth and glucose and p-coumarate uptake in the CRISPRi strains compared to the control, while no difference was observed on xylose+p-coumarate. The increased abundances of Eda and amino acid biosynthesis proteins in the CRISPRi strain further supported these observations. Lastly, small RNAs (sRNAs) sequencing results showed that CrcY and CrcZ homologues levels in M2, previously identified in P. putida strains, were lower under strong CCR (glucose+p-coumarate) condition compared to when repression was absent (p-coumarate or glucose only).IMPORTANCEA newly isolated Pseudomonas putida strain, P. putida M2, can utilize both hexose and pentose sugars as well as aromatic compounds making it a promising host for the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass. Pseudomonads have developed a regulatory strategy, carbon catabolite repression, to control the assimilation of carbon sources in the environment. Carbon catabolite repression may impede the simultaneous and complete metabolism of sugars and aromatic compounds present in lignocellulosic biomass and hinder the development of an efficient industrial biocatalyst. This study provides insight into the cellular physiology and proteome during mixed-substrate utilization in P. putida M2. The phenotypic and proteomics results demonstrated simultaneous catabolite repression in the sugar-aromatic mixtures, while the CRISPRi and sRNA sequencing demonstrated the potential role of the crc gene and small RNAs in carbon catabolite repression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shilva Shrestha
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Deepika Awasthi
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Gin
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Christopher J. Petzold
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Paul D. Adams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Blake A. Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Steven W. Singer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gauttam R, Eng T, Zhao Z, Ul Ain Rana Q, Simmons BA, Yoshikuni Y, Mukhopadhyay A, Singer SW. Development of genetic tools for heterologous protein expression in a pentose-utilizing environmental isolate of Pseudomonas putida. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:645-661. [PMID: 36691869 PMCID: PMC9948227 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida has emerged as a promising host for the conversion of biomass-derived sugars and aromatic intermediates into commercially relevant biofuels and bioproducts. Most of the strain development studies previously published have focused on P. putida KT2440, which has been engineered to produce a variety of non-native bioproducts. However, P. putida is not capable of metabolizing pentose sugars, which can constitute up to 25% of biomass hydrolysates. Related P. putida isolates that metabolize a larger fraction of biomass-derived carbon may be attractive as complementary hosts to P. putida KT2440. Here we describe genetic tool development for P. putida M2, a soil isolate that can metabolize pentose sugars. The functionality of five inducible promoter systems and 12 ribosome binding sites was assessed to regulate gene expression. The utility of these expression systems was confirmed by the production of indigoidine from C6 and C5 sugars. Chromosomal integration and expression of non-native genes was achieved by using chassis-independent recombinase-assisted genome engineering (CRAGE) for single-step gene integration of biosynthetic pathways directly into the genome of P. putida M2. These genetic tools provide a foundation to develop hosts complementary to P. putida KT2440 and expand the ability of this versatile microbial group to convert biomass to bioproducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Gauttam
- The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Thomas Eng
- The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Zhiying Zhao
- Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Qurrat Ul Ain Rana
- The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Blake A Simmons
- The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Yasuo Yoshikuni
- Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Aindrila Mukhopadhyay
- The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Steven W Singer
- The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Park MR, Gauttam R, Fong B, Chen Y, Lim HG, Feist AM, Mukhopadhyay A, Petzold CJ, Simmons BA, Singer SW. Revealing oxidative pentose metabolism in new Pseudomonas putida isolates. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:493-504. [PMID: 36465038 PMCID: PMC10107873 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Pseudomonas putida group in the Gammaproteobacteria has been intensively studied for bioremediation and plant growth promotion. Members of this group have recently emerged as promising hosts to convert intermediates derived from plant biomass to biofuels and biochemicals. However, most strains of P. putida cannot metabolize pentose sugars derived from hemicellulose. Here, we describe three isolates that provide a broader view of the pentose sugar catabolism in the P. putida group. One of these isolates clusters with the well-characterized P. alloputida KT2440 (Strain BP6); the second isolate clustered with plant growth-promoting strain P. putida W619 (Strain M2), while the third isolate represents a new species in the group (Strain BP8). Each of these isolates possessed homologous genes for oxidative xylose catabolism (xylDXA) and a potential xylonate transporter. Strain M2 grew on arabinose and had genes for oxidative arabinose catabolism (araDXA). A CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) system was developed for strain M2 and identified conditionally essential genes for xylose growth. A glucose dehydrogenase was found to be responsible for initial oxidation of xylose and arabinose in strain M2. These isolates have illuminated inherent diversity in pentose catabolism in the P. putida group and may provide alternative hosts for biomass conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Rye Park
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Rahul Gauttam
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Bonnie Fong
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Hyun Gyu Lim
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Adam M Feist
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Aindrila Mukhopadhyay
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Blake A Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Steven W Singer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fenster JA, Werner AZ, Tay JW, Gillen M, Schirokauer L, Hill NC, Watson A, Ramirez KJ, Johnson CW, Beckham GT, Cameron JC, Eckert CA. Dynamic and single cell characterization of a CRISPR-interference toolset in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for β-ketoadipate production from p-coumarate. Metab Eng Commun 2022; 15:e00204. [PMID: 36093381 PMCID: PMC9460563 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2022.e00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is a well-studied bacterium for the conversion of lignin-derived aromatic compounds to bioproducts. The development of advanced genetic tools in P. putida has reduced the turnaround time for hypothesis testing and enabled the construction of strains capable of producing various products of interest. Here, we evaluate an inducible CRISPR-interference (CRISPRi) toolset on fluorescent, essential, and metabolic targets. Nuclease-deficient Cas9 (dCas9) expressed with the arabinose (8K)-inducible promoter was shown to be tightly regulated across various media conditions and when targeting essential genes. In addition to bulk growth data, single cell time lapse microscopy was conducted, which revealed intrinsic heterogeneity in knockdown rate within an isoclonal population. The dynamics of knockdown were studied across genomic targets in exponentially-growing cells, revealing a universal 1.75 ± 0.38 h quiescent phase after induction where 1.5 ± 0.35 doublings occur before a phenotypic response is observed. To demonstrate application of this CRISPRi toolset, β-ketoadipate, a monomer for performance-advantaged nylon, was produced at a 4.39 ± 0.5 g/L and yield of 0.76 ± 0.10 mol/mol from p-coumarate, a hydroxycinnamic acid that can be derived from grasses. These cultivation metrics were achieved by using the higher strength IPTG (1K)-inducible promoter to knockdown the pcaIJ operon in the βKA pathway during early exponential phase. This allowed the majority of the carbon to be shunted into the desired product while eliminating the need for a supplemental carbon and energy source to support growth and maintenance. Developed an inducible dCas9-based CRISPR interference toolset in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Characterized single-cell dynamics of fluorescent and essential gene knockdown. Applied the toolset for glucose-free production of β-ketoadipate from p-coumarate. Produced β-ketoadipate at titer of 4.39 ± 0.5 g/L and 0.76 ± 0.10 mol/mol yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. Fenster
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Allison Z. Werner
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Jian Wei Tay
- BioFrontiers Institute, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Matthew Gillen
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Leo Schirokauer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Hill
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Audrey Watson
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Kelsey J. Ramirez
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Christopher W. Johnson
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Gregg T. Beckham
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Cameron
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- Corresponding author. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Carrie A. Eckert
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Corresponding author. PO Box 2008, MS6060 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6060.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Call SN, Andrews LB. CRISPR-Based Approaches for Gene Regulation in Non-Model Bacteria. Front Genome Ed 2022; 4:892304. [PMID: 35813973 PMCID: PMC9260158 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2022.892304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) have become ubiquitous approaches to control gene expression in bacteria due to their simple design and effectiveness. By regulating transcription of a target gene(s), CRISPRi/a can dynamically engineer cellular metabolism, implement transcriptional regulation circuitry, or elucidate genotype-phenotype relationships from smaller targeted libraries up to whole genome-wide libraries. While CRISPRi/a has been primarily established in the model bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, a growing numbering of studies have demonstrated the extension of these tools to other species of bacteria (here broadly referred to as non-model bacteria). In this mini-review, we discuss the challenges that contribute to the slower creation of CRISPRi/a tools in diverse, non-model bacteria and summarize the current state of these approaches across bacterial phyla. We find that despite the potential difficulties in establishing novel CRISPRi/a in non-model microbes, over 190 recent examples across eight bacterial phyla have been reported in the literature. Most studies have focused on tool development or used these CRISPRi/a approaches to interrogate gene function, with fewer examples applying CRISPRi/a gene regulation for metabolic engineering or high-throughput screens and selections. To date, most CRISPRi/a reports have been developed for common strains of non-model bacterial species, suggesting barriers remain to establish these genetic tools in undomesticated bacteria. More efficient and generalizable methods will help realize the immense potential of programmable CRISPR-based transcriptional control in diverse bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N. Call
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Lauren B. Andrews
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
- Biotechnology Training Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kozaeva E, Volkova S, Matos MRA, Mezzina MP, Wulff T, Volke DC, Nielsen LK, Nikel PI. Model-guided dynamic control of essential metabolic nodes boosts acetyl-coenzyme A-dependent bioproduction in rewired Pseudomonas putida. Metab Eng 2021; 67:373-386. [PMID: 34343699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida is evolutionarily endowed with features relevant for bioproduction, especially under harsh operating conditions. The rich metabolic versatility of this species, however, comes at the price of limited formation of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) from sugar substrates. Since acetyl-CoA is a key metabolic precursor for a number of added-value products, in this work we deployed an in silico-guided rewiring program of central carbon metabolism for upgrading P. putida as a host for acetyl-CoA-dependent bioproduction. An updated kinetic model, integrating fluxomics and metabolomics datasets in addition to manually-curated information of enzyme mechanisms, identified targets that would lead to increased acetyl-CoA levels. Based on these predictions, a set of plasmids based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and dead CRISPR-associated protein 9 (dCas9) was constructed to silence genes by CRISPR interference (CRISPRi). Dynamic reduction of gene expression of two key targets (gltA, encoding citrate synthase, and the essential accA gene, encoding subunit A of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex) mediated an 8-fold increase in the acetyl-CoA content of rewired P. putida. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was adopted as a proxy of acetyl-CoA availability, and two synthetic pathways were engineered for biopolymer accumulation. By including cell morphology as an extra target for the CRISPRi approach, fully rewired P. putida strains programmed for PHB accumulation had a 5-fold increase in PHB titers in bioreactor cultures using glucose. Thus, the strategy described herein allowed for rationally redirecting metabolic fluxes in P. putida from central metabolism towards product biosynthesis-especially relevant when deletion of essential pathways is not an option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Kozaeva
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Svetlana Volkova
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marta R A Matos
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mariela P Mezzina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tune Wulff
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Daniel C Volke
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Pablo I Nikel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|