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Haukelidsaeter S, Boersma AS, Kirwan L, Corbetta A, Gorres ID, Lenstra WK, Schoonenberg FK, Borger K, Vos L, van der Wielen PWJJ, van Kessel MAHJ, Lücker S, Slomp CP. Influence of filter age on Fe, Mn and NH 4+ removal in dual media rapid sand filters used for drinking water production. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120184. [PMID: 37429136 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Rapid sand filtration is a common method for removal of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and ammonium (NH4+) from anoxic groundwaters used for drinking water production. In this study, we combine geochemical and microbiological data to assess how filter age influences Fe, Mn and NH4+ removal in dual media filters, consisting of anthracite overlying quartz sand, that have been in operation for between ∼2 months and ∼11 years. We show that the depth where dissolved Fe and Mn removal occurs is reflected in the filter medium coatings, with ferrihydrite forming in the anthracite in the top of the filters (< 1 m), while birnessite-type Mn oxides are mostly formed in the sand (> 1 m). Removal of NH4+ occurs through nitrification in both the anthracite and sand and is the key driver of oxygen loss. Removal of Fe is independent of filter age and is always efficient (> 97% removal). In contrast, for Mn, the removal efficiency varies with filter age, ranging from 9 to 28% at ∼2-3 months after filter replacement to 100% after 8 months. After 11 years, removal reduces to 60-80%. The lack of Mn removal in the youngest filters (at 2-3 months) is likely the result of a relatively low abundance of mineral coatings that adsorb Mn2+ and provide surfaces for the establishment of a microbial community. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing shows that Gallionella, which are known Fe2+ oxidizers, are present after 2 months, yet Fe2+ removal is mostly chemical. Efficient NH4+ removal (> 90%) establishes within 3 months of operation but leakage occurs upon high NH4+loading (> 160 µM). Two-step nitrification by Nitrosomonas and Candidatus Nitrotoga is likely the most important NH4+ removal mechanism in younger filters during ripening (2 months), after which complete ammonia oxidation by Nitrospira and canonical two-step nitrification occur simultaneously in older filters. Our results highlight the strong effect of filter age on especially Mn2+but also NH4+ removal. We show that ageing of filter medium leads to the development of thick coatings, which we hypothesize leads to preferential flow, and breakthrough of Mn2+. Use of age-specific flow rates may increase the contact time with the filter medium in older filters and improve Mn2+ and NH4+ removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Haukelidsaeter
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O Box 80021, Utrecht 3508 TA, the Netherlands.
| | - Alje S Boersma
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen 6500 GL, the Netherlands
| | - Liam Kirwan
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O Box 80021, Utrecht 3508 TA, the Netherlands
| | - Alessia Corbetta
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O Box 80021, Utrecht 3508 TA, the Netherlands
| | - Isaac D Gorres
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen 6500 GL, the Netherlands
| | - Wytze K Lenstra
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O Box 80021, Utrecht 3508 TA, the Netherlands
| | | | - Karl Borger
- Vitens N.V., P.O. Box 1205, Zwolle 8001 BE, the Netherlands
| | - Luuk Vos
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, Nieuwegein 3430 BB, the Netherlands
| | - Paul W J J van der Wielen
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, Nieuwegein 3430 BB, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, the Netherlands
| | - Maartje A H J van Kessel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen 6500 GL, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Lücker
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen 6500 GL, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline P Slomp
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O Box 80021, Utrecht 3508 TA, the Netherlands; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen 6500 GL, the Netherlands
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Martínez-Ruiz EB, Cooper M, Fastner J, Szewzyk U. Manganese-oxidizing bacteria isolated from natural and technical systems remove cylindrospermopsin. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124625. [PMID: 31466008 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin was discovered during a drinking water-related outbreak of human poisoning in 1979. Knowledge about the degradation of cylindrospermopsin in waterbodies is limited. So far, only few cylindrospermopsin-removing bacteria have been described. Manganese-oxidizing bacteria remove a variety of organic compounds. However, this has not been assessed for cyanotoxins yet. We investigated cylindrospermopsin removal by manganese-oxidizing bacteria, isolated from natural and technical systems. Cylindrospermopsin removal was evaluated under different conditions. We analysed the correlation between the amount of oxidized manganese and the cylindrospermopsin removal, as well as the removal of cylindrospermopsin by sterile biogenic oxides. Removal rates in the range of 0.4-37.0 μg L-1 day-1 were observed. When MnCO3 was in the media Pseudomonas sp. OF001 removed ∼100% of cylindrospermopsin in 3 days, Comamonadaceae bacterium A210 removed ∼100% within 14 days, and Ideonella sp. A288 and A226 removed 65% and 80% within 28 days, respectively. In the absence of Mn2+, strain A288 did not remove cylindrospermopsin, while the other strains removed 5-16%. The amount of manganese oxidized by the strains during the experiment did not correlate with the amount of cylindrospermopsin removed. However, the mere oxidation of Mn2+ was indispensable for cylindrospermopsin removal. Cylindrospermopsin removal ranging from 0 to 24% by sterile biogenic oxides was observed. Considering the efficient removal of cylindrospermopsin by the tested strains, manganese-oxidizing bacteria might play an important role in cylindrospermopsin removal in the environment. Besides, manganese-oxidizing bacteria could be promising candidates for biotechnological applications for cylindrospermopsin removal in water treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Berenice Martínez-Ruiz
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Environmental Microbiology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Myriel Cooper
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Environmental Microbiology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Fastner
- German Environment Agency, Section Drinking Water Treatment and Resource Protection, Schichauweg 58, D-12307, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Szewzyk
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Environmental Microbiology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587, Berlin, Germany
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Park JH, Kim BS, Chon CM. Characterization of iron and manganese minerals and their associated microbiota in different mine sites to reveal the potential interactions of microbiota with mineral formation. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:245-252. [PMID: 29035796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Different environmental conditions such as pH and dissolved elements of mine stream induce precipitation of different minerals and their associated microbial community may vary. Therefore, mine precipitates from various environmental conditions were collected and their associated microbiota were analyzed through metagenomic DNA sequencing. Various Fe and Mn minerals including ferrihydrite, schwertmannite, goethite, birnessite, and Mn-substituted δ-FeOOH (δ-(Fe1-x, Mnx)OOH) were found in the different environmental conditions. The Fe and Mn minerals were enriched with toxic metal(loid)s including As, Cd, Ni and Zn, indicating they can act as scavengers of toxic metal(loid)s in mine streams. Under acidic conditions, Acidobacteria was dominant phylum and Gallionella (Fe oxidizing bacteria) was the predominant genus in these Fe rich environments. Manganese oxidizing bacteria, Hyphomicrobium, was found in birnessite forming environments. Leptolyngbya within Cyanobacteria was found in Fe and Mn oxidizing environments, and might contribute to Fe and Mn oxidation through the production of molecular oxygen. The potential interaction of microbial community with minerals in mine sites can be traced by analysis of microbial community in different Fe and Mn mineral forming environments. Iron and Mn minerals contribute to the removal of toxic metal(loid)s from mine water. Therefore, the understanding characteristics of mine precipitates and their associated microbes helps to develop strategies for the management of contaminated mine water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Park
- School of Crop Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul-Min Chon
- Geologic Environment Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, 124 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
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He S, Barco RA, Emerson D, Roden EE. Comparative Genomic Analysis of Neutrophilic Iron(II) Oxidizer Genomes for Candidate Genes in Extracellular Electron Transfer. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1584. [PMID: 28871245 PMCID: PMC5566968 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular electron transfer (EET) is recognized as a key biochemical process in circumneutral pH Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB). In this study, we searched for candidate EET genes in 73 neutrophilic FeOB genomes, among which 43 genomes are complete or close-to-complete and the rest have estimated genome completeness ranging from 5 to 91%. These neutrophilic FeOB span members of the microaerophilic, anaerobic phototrophic, and anaerobic nitrate-reducing FeOB groups. We found that many microaerophilic and several anaerobic FeOB possess homologs of Cyc2, an outer membrane cytochrome c originally identified in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The "porin-cytochrome c complex" (PCC) gene clusters homologous to MtoAB/PioAB are present in eight FeOB, accounting for 19% of complete and close-to-complete genomes examined, whereas PCC genes homologous to OmbB-OmaB-OmcB in Geobacter sulfurreducens are absent. Further, we discovered gene clusters that may potentially encode two novel PCC types. First, a cluster (tentatively named "PCC3") encodes a porin, an extracellular and a periplasmic cytochrome c with remarkably large numbers of heme-binding motifs. Second, a cluster (tentatively named "PCC4") encodes a porin and three periplasmic multiheme cytochromes c. A conserved inner membrane protein (IMP) encoded in PCC3 and PCC4 gene clusters might be responsible for translocating electrons across the inner membrane. Other bacteria possessing PCC3 and PCC4 are mostly Proteobacteria isolated from environments with a potential niche for Fe(II) oxidation. In addition to cytochrome c, multicopper oxidase (MCO) genes potentially involved in Fe(II) oxidation were also identified. Notably, candidate EET genes were not found in some FeOB, especially the anaerobic ones, probably suggesting EET genes or Fe(II) oxidation mechanisms are different from the searched models. Overall, based on current EET models, the search extends our understanding of bacterial EET and provides candidate genes for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomei He
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, United States.,NASA Astrobiology Institute, University of WisconsinMadison, WI, United States.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, United States
| | - Roman A Barco
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean SciencesEast Boothbay Harbor, ME, United States.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David Emerson
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean SciencesEast Boothbay Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Eric E Roden
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, United States.,NASA Astrobiology Institute, University of WisconsinMadison, WI, United States
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