1
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Chen PWY, Olivia M, Gong GC, Jan S, Tsai AY. Viral Dynamics in the Tropical Pacific Ocean: A Comparison between Within and Outside a Warm Eddy. Viruses 2024; 16:937. [PMID: 38932229 PMCID: PMC11209615 DOI: 10.3390/v16060937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In mesoscale eddies, the chemical properties and biological composition are different from those in the surrounding water due to their unique physical processes. The mechanism of physical-biological coupling in warm-core eddies is unclear, especially because no studies have examined the effects of environmental factors on bacteria and viruses. The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of an anticyclonic warm eddy on the relationship between bacterial and viral abundances, as well as viral activity (viral production), at different depths. At the core of the warm eddy, the bacterial abundance (0.48 to 2.82 × 105 cells mL-1) fluctuated less than that outside the eddy (1.12 to 7.03 × 105 cells mL-1). In particular, there was a four-fold higher viral-bacterial abundance ratio (VBR) estimated within the eddy, below the layer of the deep chlorophyll maximum, than outside the eddy. An anticyclonic warm eddy with downwelling at its center may contribute to viruses being transmitted directly into the deep ocean through adsorption on particulate organic matter while sinking. Overall, our findings provide valuable insights into the interaction between bacterial and viral abundances and their ecological mechanisms within a warm eddy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrichka Wei-Yi Chen
- Institute of Marine Environment and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan; (P.W.-Y.C.); (M.O.); (G.-C.G.)
- Doctoral Degree Program in Ocean Resource and Environmental Changes, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan
| | - Madeline Olivia
- Institute of Marine Environment and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan; (P.W.-Y.C.); (M.O.); (G.-C.G.)
- Doctoral Degree Program in Ocean Resource and Environmental Changes, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Ching Gong
- Institute of Marine Environment and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan; (P.W.-Y.C.); (M.O.); (G.-C.G.)
- Doctoral Degree Program in Ocean Resource and Environmental Changes, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan
| | - Sen Jan
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
| | - An-Yi Tsai
- Institute of Marine Environment and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan; (P.W.-Y.C.); (M.O.); (G.-C.G.)
- Doctoral Degree Program in Ocean Resource and Environmental Changes, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan
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2
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Li H, Cai L, Wang L, Wang Y, Xu J, Zhang R. The structure and assembly mechanisms of T4-like cyanophages community in the South China Sea. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0200223. [PMID: 38193726 PMCID: PMC10846272 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02002-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine ecosystems contain an immense diversity of phages, many of which infect cyanobacteria (cyanophage) that are largely responsible for primary productivity. To characterize the genetic diversity and biogeographic distribution of the marine T4-like cyanophage community in the northern South China Sea, the T4-like cyanophage portal protein gene (g20) was amplified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that marine T4-like cyanophages were highly diverse, with g20 operational taxonomic units being affiliated with five defined clades (Clusters I-V). Cluster II had a wide geographic distribution, Cluster IV was the most abundant in the open sea, and Cluster I was dominant in coastal shelf environments. Our results showed T4-like cyanophages (based on g20) community was generally shaped via heterogeneous selection. Highly variable environmental factors (such as salinity and temperature) can heterogeneously select different cyanophage communities. Nevertheless, the dominant drivers of the T4-like cyanophage community based on the g20 and g23 (T4-like phage major capsid protein gene) were different, probably due to different coverages by the primer sets. Furthermore, the community assembly processes of T4-like cyanophages were affected by host traits (abundance and distribution), viral traits (latent period, burst size, and host range), and environmental properties (temperature and salinity).IMPORTANCECyanophages are abundant and ubiquitous in the oceans, altering population structures and evolution of cyanobacteria, which account for a large portion of global carbon fixation, through host mortality, horizontal gene transfer, and the modulation of host metabolism. However, little is known about the biogeography and ecological drivers that shape the cyanophage community. Here, we use g20 and g23 genes to examine the biogeographic patterns and the assembly mechanisms of T4-like cyanophage community in the northern part of the South China Sea. The different coverages of primer sets might lead to the different dominant drivers of T4-like cyanophage community based on g20 and g23 genes. Our results showed that characteristics of viral traits (latent period, burst size, and host range) and host traits (abundance and distribution) were found to either limit or enhance the biogeographic distribution of T4-like cyanophages. Overall, both virus and host properties are critical to consider when determining rules of community assembly for viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lanlan Cai
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Juntian Xu
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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3
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Liao M, Xie Y, Shi M, Cui J. Over two decades of research on the marine RNA virosphere. IMETA 2022; 1:e59. [PMID: 38867898 PMCID: PMC10989941 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
RNA viruses (realm: Riboviria), including RNA phages and eukaryote-infecting RNA viruses, are essential components of marine ecosystems. A large number of marine RNA viruses have been discovered in the last two decades because of the rapid development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Indeed, the combination of NGS and state-of-the-art meta-omics methods (viromics, the study of all viruses in a specific environment) has led to a fundamental understanding of the taxonomy and genetic diversity of RNA viruses in the sea, suggesting the complex ecological roles played by RNA viruses in this complex ecosystem. Furthermore, comparisons of viromes in the context of highly variable marine niches reveal the biogeographic patterns and ecological impact of marine RNA viruses, whose role in global ecology is becoming increasingly clearer. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of the global marine RNA virosphere and outline the taxonomic hierarchy of RNA viruses with a specific focus on their ancient evolutionary history. We also review the development of methodology and the major progress resulting from its applications in RNA viromics. The aim of this review is not only to provide an in-depth understanding of multifaceted aspects of marine RNA viruses, but to offer future perspectives on developing a better methodology for discovery, and exploring the evolutionary origin and major ecological significance of marine RNA virosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng‐en Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Center for Biosafety Mega‐ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yunyi Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Center for Biosafety Mega‐ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Mang Shi
- School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Jie Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Center for Biosafety Mega‐ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Laboatory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao)QingdaoChina
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4
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Eissler Y, Castillo-Reyes A, Dorador C, Cornejo-D'Ottone M, Celis-Plá PSM, Aguilar P, Molina V. Virus-to-prokaryote ratio in the Salar de Huasco and different ecosystems of the Southern hemisphere and its relationship with physicochemical and biological parameters. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:938066. [PMID: 36060762 PMCID: PMC9434117 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.938066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The virus-to-prokaryote ratio (VPR) has been used in many ecosystems to study the relationship between viruses and their hosts. While high VPR values indicate a high rate of prokaryotes' cell lysis, low values are interpreted as a decrease in or absence of viral activity. Salar de Huasco is a high-altitude wetland characterized by a rich microbial diversity associated with aquatic sites like springs, ponds, streams and a lagoon with variable physicochemical conditions. Samples from two ponds, Poza Rosada (PR) and Poza Verde (PV), were analyzed by epifluorescence microscopy to determine variability of viral and prokaryotic abundance and to calculate the VPR in a dry season. In addition, to put Salar de Huasco results into perspective, a compilation of research articles on viral and prokaryotic abundance, VPR, and metadata from various Southern hemisphere ecosystems was revised. The ecosystems were grouped into six categories: high-altitude wetlands, Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Southern Oceans and Antarctic lakes. Salar de Huasco ponds recorded similar VPR values (an average of 7.4 and 1.7 at PR and PV, respectively), ranging from 3.22 to 15.99 in PR. The VPR variability was associated with VA and chlorophyll a, when considering all data available for this ecosystem. In general, high-altitude wetlands recorded the highest VPR average (53.22 ± 95.09), followed by the Oceans, Southern (21.91 ± 25.72), Atlantic (19.57 ± 15.77) and Indian (13.43 ± 16.12), then Antarctic lakes (11.37 ± 15.82) and the Pacific Ocean (6.34 ± 3.79). Physicochemical variables, i.e., temperature, conductivity, nutrients (nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate) and chlorophyll a as a biological variable, were found to drive the VPR in the ecosystems analyzed. Thus, the viral activity in the Wetland followed similar trends of previous reports based on larger sets of metadata analyses. In total, this study highlights the importance of including viruses as a biological variable to study microbial temporal dynamics in wetlands considering their crucial role in the carbon budgets of these understudied ecosystems in the southern hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoanna Eissler
- Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- *Correspondence: Yoanna Eissler
| | - Alonso Castillo-Reyes
- Escuela de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Cristina Dorador
- Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana y Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Antofagasta, Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Cornejo-D'Ottone
- Escuela de Ciencias del Mar e Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Paula S. M. Celis-Plá
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Research, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Viña del Mar, Chile
- HUB Ambiental UPLA, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Polette Aguilar
- HUB Ambiental UPLA, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Verónica Molina
- HUB Ambiental UPLA, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias y Geografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Verónica Molina
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5
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Xie L, Zhang R, Luo YW. Assessment of Explicit Representation of Dynamic Viral Processes in Regional Marine Ecological Models. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071448. [PMID: 35891428 PMCID: PMC9324674 DOI: 10.3390/v14071448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses, the most abundant microorganisms in the ocean, play important roles in marine ecosystems, mainly by killing their hosts and contributing to nutrient recycling. However, in models simulating ecosystems in real marine environments, the virus-mediated mortality (VMM) rates of their hosts are implicitly represented by constant parameters, thus ignoring the dynamics caused by interactions between viruses and hosts. Here, we construct a model explicitly representing marine viruses and the VMM rates of major hosts, heterotrophic bacteria, and apply it to two sites in the oligotrophic North Pacific and the more productive Arabian Sea. The impacts of the viral processes were assessed by comparing model results with the viral processes enabled and disabled. For reliable assessments, a data assimilation method was used to objectively optimize the model parameters in each run. The model generated spatiotemporally variable VMM rates, generally decreasing in the subsurface but increasing at the surface. Although the dynamics introduced by viruses could be partly stabilized by the ecosystems, they still caused substantial changes to the bacterial abundance, primary production and carbon export, with the changes greater at the more productive site. Our modeling experiments reveal the importance of explicitly simulating dynamic viral processes in marine ecological models.
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6
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Reduced bacterial mortality and enhanced viral productivity during sinking in the ocean. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:1668-1675. [PMID: 35365738 PMCID: PMC9123201 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Particle sinking is an important process in the ocean, influencing the biogeochemical cycle and driving the long-term preservation of carbon into the deep sea via the biological pump. However, as an important component of marine ecosystems, the role of viruses during sinking is still poorly understood. Therefore, we performed a series of transplantation experiments in the South China Sea to simulate environmental changes during sinking and investigate their effects on viral eco-dynamics and life strategy. Our study demonstrated increased viral production but decreased virus-mediated bacterial mortality after transplantation. A larger burst size and switch from the lysogenic to lytic strategy were shown to contribute to enhanced viral productivity. We provide experimental evidence that surface viral ecological characteristics changed dramatically after transplantation into deep-sea waters, indicating a potential importance of viruses during vertical sinking in the ocean. This effect probably provides positive feedback on the efficiency of the biological pump.
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7
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Baumas CMJ, Le Moigne FAC, Garel M, Bhairy N, Guasco S, Riou V, Armougom F, Grossart HP, Tamburini C. Mesopelagic microbial carbon production correlates with diversity across different marine particle fractions. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:1695-1708. [PMID: 33452475 PMCID: PMC8163737 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The vertical flux of marine snow particles significantly reduces atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. In the mesopelagic zone, a large proportion of the organic carbon carried by sinking particles dissipates thereby escaping long term sequestration. Particle associated prokaryotes are largely responsible for such organic carbon loss. However, links between this important ecosystem flux and ecological processes such as community development of prokaryotes on different particle fractions (sinking vs. non-sinking) are yet virtually unknown. This prevents accurate predictions of mesopelagic organic carbon loss in response to changing ocean dynamics. Using combined measurements of prokaryotic heterotrophic production rates and species richness in the North Atlantic, we reveal that carbon loss rates and associated microbial richness are drastically different with particle fractions. Our results demonstrate a strong negative correlation between prokaryotic carbon losses and species richness. Such a trend may be related to prokaryotes detaching from fast-sinking particles constantly enriching non-sinking associated communities in the mesopelagic zone. Existing global scale data suggest this negative correlation is a widespread feature of mesopelagic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé M. J. Baumas
- grid.500499.10000 0004 1758 6271Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO, UM 110), Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric A. C. Le Moigne
- grid.500499.10000 0004 1758 6271Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO, UM 110), Marseille, France
| | - Marc Garel
- grid.500499.10000 0004 1758 6271Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO, UM 110), Marseille, France
| | - Nagib Bhairy
- grid.500499.10000 0004 1758 6271Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO, UM 110), Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Guasco
- grid.500499.10000 0004 1758 6271Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO, UM 110), Marseille, France
| | - Virginie Riou
- grid.500499.10000 0004 1758 6271Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO, UM 110), Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Armougom
- grid.500499.10000 0004 1758 6271Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO, UM 110), Marseille, France
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- grid.419247.d0000 0001 2108 8097Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany ,grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Postdam University, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Tamburini
- grid.500499.10000 0004 1758 6271Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO, UM 110), Marseille, France
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8
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Li H, Liu L, Wang Y, Cai L, He M, Wang L, Hu C, Jiao N, Zhang R. T4-like myovirus community shaped by dispersal and deterministic processes in the South China Sea. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:1038-1052. [PMID: 33089595 PMCID: PMC7984403 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As the most abundant and genetically diverse biological entities, viruses significantly influence ecological, biogeographical and evolutionary processes in the ocean. However, the biogeography of marine viruses and the drivers shaping viral community are unclear. Here, the biogeographic patterns of T4-like viruses and the relative impacts of deterministic (environmental selection) and dispersal (spatial distance) processes were investigated in the northern South China Sea. The dominant viral operational taxonomic units were affiliated with previously defined Marine, Estuary, Lake and Paddy Groups. A clear viral biogeographic pattern was observed along the environmental gradient from the estuary to open sea. Marine Groups I and IV had a wide geographical distribution, whereas Marine Groups II, III and V were abundant in lower-salinity continental or eutrophic environments. A significant distance-decay pattern was noted for the T4-like viral community, especially for those infecting cyanobacteria. Both deterministic and dispersal processes influenced viral community assembly, although environmental selection (e.g. temperature, salinity, bacterial abundance and community, etc.) had a greater impact than spatial distance. Network analysis confirmed the strong association between viral and bacterial community composition, and suggested a diverse ecological relationship (e.g. lysis, co-infection or mutualistic) between and within viruses and their potential bacterial hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University (Xiang'an), Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University (Xiang'an), Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University (Xiang'an), Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lanlan Cai
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maoqiu He
- State Key Laboratory of Trophic Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University (Xiang'an), Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University (Xiang'an), Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Nianzhi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University (Xiang'an), Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University (Xiang'an), Xiamen, Fujian, China
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9
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Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Zheng S, Zhao L, Li X, Zhang W, Grégori G, Xiao T. Virioplankton distribution in the tropical western Pacific Ocean in the vicinity of a seamount. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:1207-1224. [PMID: 32180355 PMCID: PMC7294315 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The shallow Caroline Seamount is located in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. Its summit is 57 m below the surface and penetrates the euphotic zone. Therefore, it is ideal for the study of the influence of seamount on plankton distribution. Here, virioplankton abundance and distribution were investigated by flow cytometry (FCM) in the Caroline Seamount in August and September 2017. The total abundance of virus‐like particles (VLP) was in the range of 0.64 × 106–18.77 × 106 particles/ml and the average was 5.37 ± 3.75 × 106 particles/ml. Three to four distinct viral subclusters with similar side scatter but different green fluorescence intensities were identified. Above the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), two medium fluorescence virus (MFV) subclusters were discriminated. Between the DCM and the deeper layers, only one MFV subcluster was resolved. In general, low fluorescence viruses (LFV) comprised the most abundant subclusters. In the 75–150 m water column, however, the MFV abundance was higher than the LFV abundance. High fluorescence viruses (HFV) constituted the least abundant subcluster throughout the entire water column. Virioplankton abundance was significantly enhanced at the seamount stations. Environmental factors including water temperature and nitrate concentration were the most correlated with the variation in virioplankton abundance at the seamount stations. Interactions between shallow seamounts and local currents can support large virus standing stocks, causing a so‐called indirect “seamount effect” on the virioplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan Zheng
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Jiaozhou Bay Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuegang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Wuchang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Gérald Grégori
- Aix-Marseille University, Toulon University, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography UM110, Marseille, France
| | - Tian Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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10
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De Corte D, Martínez JM, Cretoiu MS, Takaki Y, Nunoura T, Sintes E, Herndl GJ, Yokokawa T. Viral Communities in the Global Deep Ocean Conveyor Belt Assessed by Targeted Viromics. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1801. [PMID: 31496997 PMCID: PMC6712177 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are an abundant, diverse and dynamic component of marine and terrestrial ecosystems. In the ocean, viruses play a key role in the biogeochemical cycles and controlling microbial abundance, diversity and evolution. Recent metagenomics studies assessed the structure of the viral community in the upper ocean. However, little is known about the compositional changes in viral communities along the deep ocean conveyor belt. To assess potential changes in the viral community in the global deep-water circulation system, water samples were collected in the core of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) (∼2,500 m) and Pacific Antarctic Bottom Water (∼4,000 m). Microbial and viral abundance were evaluated by flow cytometry. Subsequently, flow cytometry was used to sort virus-like particles and next generation sequencing was applied to build DNA libraries from the sorted virus populations. The viral communities were highly diverse across different oceanic regions with high dissimilarity between samples. Only 18% of the viral protein clusters were shared between the NADW and the Pacific Antarctic Bottom Water. Few viral groups, mainly associated with uncultured environmental and uncultured Mediterranean viruses were ubiquitously distributed along the global deep-water circulation system. Thus, our results point to a few groups of widely distributed abundant viruses in addition to the presence of rare and diverse types of viruses at a local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele De Corte
- Research and Development Center for Marine Biosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshihiro Takaki
- Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Takuro Nunoura
- Research Center for Bioscience and Nanoscience (CeBN), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Eva Sintes
- Department of Limnology and Oceanography, Center of Functional Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Palma, Spain
| | - Gerhard J Herndl
- Department of Limnology and Oceanography, Center of Functional Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Taichi Yokokawa
- Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
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11
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He L, Yin K, Yuan X. Double Maximum Ratios of Viruses to Bacteria in the Water Column: Implications for Different Regulating Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1593. [PMID: 31379770 PMCID: PMC6646418 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The viruses play an important role in limiting bacterial abundance in oceans and, hence, in regulating bacterial biogeochemical functions. A cruise was conducted in September 2005 along a transect in the deep South China Sea (SCS). The results showed the double maxima in the ratio of viral to bacterial abundance (VBR) in the water column: a deep maximum at 800–1000 m coinciding with the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) and a subsurface maximum at 50–100 m near the subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) layer. At the deep maximum of VBR, both viral and bacterial abundances were lower than those in the upper layer, but the former was reduced less than the latter. In contrast, at the subsurface maximum of VBR, both viral and bacterial abundances increased to the maximum, with viral abundance increasing more than bacterial abundance. The results suggest that two VBR maxima were formed due to different mechanisms. In the SCM, the VBR maximum is due to an abundant supply of organic matter, which increases bacterial growth, and stimulates viral abundance faster. In contrast, in the OMZ, organic matter is consumed and limits bacterial growth, but viruses are less limited by organic matter and continue to infect bacteria, leading to the maximum VBR. The OMZ in the deep-water column of oceans is over hundreds of years old and receives a constant supply of organic matter from the water above. However, the oxygen level cannot be depleted to anoxia. Bacterial respiration is largely responsible for oxygen consumption in the OMZ; and hence, any process that limits bacterial abundance and respiration contributes to the variation in the OMZ. Viral control of bacterial abundance can be a potential mechanism responsible for slowing down oxygen consumption to anoxia in the OMZ. Our finding provides preliminary evidence that viruses are an important player in controlling bacterial abundance when bacterial growth is limited by organic matter, and thus, regulates the decomposition of organic matter, oxygen consumption and nutrient re-mineralization in deep oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Kedong Yin
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
- *Correspondence: Kedong Yin,
| | - Xiangcheng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Chan S, Pullerits K, Riechelmann J, Persson KM, Rådström P, Paul CJ. Monitoring biofilm function in new and matured full-scale slow sand filters using flow cytometric histogram image comparison (CHIC). WATER RESEARCH 2018; 138:27-36. [PMID: 29571086 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While slow sand filters (SSFs) have produced drinking water for more than a hundred years, understanding of their associated microbial communities is limited. In this study, bacteria in influent and effluent water from full-scale SSFs were explored using flow cytometry (FCM) with cytometric histogram image comparison (CHIC) analysis; and routine microbial counts for heterotrophs, total coliforms and Escherichia coli. To assess if FCM can monitor biofilm function, SSFs differing in age and sand composition were compared. FCM profiles from two established filters were indistinguishable. To examine biofilm in the deep sand bed, SSFs were monitored during a scraping event, when the top layer of sand and the schmutzdecke are removed to restore flow through the filter. The performance of an established SSF was stable: total organic carbon (TOC), pH, numbers of heterotrophs, coliforms, E. coli, and FCM bacterial profile were unaffected by scraping. However, the performance of two newly-built SSFs containing new and mixed sand was compromised: breakthrough of both microbial indicators and TOC occurred following scraping. The compromised performance of the new SSFs was reflected in distinct effluent bacterial communities; and, the presence of microbial indicators correlated to influent bacterial communities. This demonstrated that FCM can monitor SSF performance. Removal of the top layer of sand did not alter the effluent water from the established SSF, but did affect that of the SSFs containing new sand. This suggests that the impact of the surface biofilm on effluent water is greater when the deep sand bed biofilm is not established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Chan
- Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Sweden Water Research AB, Ideon Science Park, Scheelevägen 15, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden; Sydvatten AB, Hyllie Stationstorg 21, SE-215 32 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Kristjan Pullerits
- Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Sweden Water Research AB, Ideon Science Park, Scheelevägen 15, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden; Sydvatten AB, Hyllie Stationstorg 21, SE-215 32 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Janine Riechelmann
- Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kenneth M Persson
- Sweden Water Research AB, Ideon Science Park, Scheelevägen 15, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden; Sydvatten AB, Hyllie Stationstorg 21, SE-215 32 Malmö, Sweden; Water Resources Engineering, Department of Building and Environmental Technology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Peter Rådström
- Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Catherine J Paul
- Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Water Resources Engineering, Department of Building and Environmental Technology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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13
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Le Moine Bauer S, Stensland A, Daae FL, Sandaa RA, Thorseth IH, Steen IH, Dahle H. Water Masses and Depth Structure Prokaryotic and T4-Like Viral Communities Around Hydrothermal Systems of the Nordic Seas. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1002. [PMID: 29904373 PMCID: PMC5990851 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The oceanographic features of the Nordic Seas, situated between Iceland and Svalbard, have been extensively studied over the last decades. As well, the Nordic Seas hydrothermal systems situated on the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge System have received an increasing interest. However, there is very little knowledge on the microbial communities inhabiting the water column of the Nordic Seas, and nothing is known about the influence of the different water masses and hydrothermal plumes on the microbial community structures. In this study, we aimed at characterizing the impact of hydrothermal plumes on prokaryotic and T4-like viral communities around the island of Jan Mayen. To this end, we used 16S rRNA-gene and g23-gene profiling as well as flow cytometry counts to examine prokaryotic and viral communities in 27 samples obtained from different water masses in this area. While Thaumarchaeota and Marine group II Archaea dominated the waters deeper than 500 m, members of Flavobacteria generally dominated the shallower waters. Furthermore, extensive chemical and physical characteristics of all samples were obtained, including temperature measurements and concentrations of major ions and gases. The effect of these physiochemical variables on the communities was measured by using constrained and unconstrained multivariate analyzes, Mantel tests, network analyzes, phylogenetic analyzes, taxonomic analyzes and temperature-salinity (Θ-S) plots. Our results suggest that hydrothermal activity has little effect on pelagic microbial communities in hydrothermal plumes of the Nordic Seas. However, we provide evidences that observed differences in prokaryotic community structure can largely be attributed to which water mass each sample was taken from. In contrast, depth was the major factor structuring the T4-like viral communities. Our results also show that it is crucial to include water masses when studying the influence of hydrothermal plumes on microbial communities, as it could prevent to falsely associate a change in community structure with the presence of a plume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Le Moine Bauer
- Department of Biological Sciences and K.G. Jebsen Center for Deep Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne Stensland
- Department of Earth Science and K.G. Jebsen Center for Deep Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frida L Daae
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ruth-Anne Sandaa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingunn H Thorseth
- Department of Earth Science and K.G. Jebsen Center for Deep Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ida H Steen
- Department of Biological Sciences and K.G. Jebsen Center for Deep Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Håkon Dahle
- Department of Biological Sciences and K.G. Jebsen Center for Deep Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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14
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Abstract
Viruses infect all kingdoms of marine life from bacteria to whales. Viruses in the world's oceans play important roles in the mortality of phytoplankton, and as drivers of evolution and biogeochemical cycling. They shape host population abundance and distribution and can lead to the termination of algal blooms. As discoveries about this huge reservoir of genetic and biological diversity grow, our understanding of the major influences viruses exert in the global marine environment continues to expand. This chapter discusses the key discoveries that have been made to date about marine viruses and the current direction of this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D Weynberg
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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15
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Liang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Luo T, Rivkin RB, Jiao N. Distributions and relationships of virio- and picoplankton in the epi-, meso- and bathypelagic zones of the Western Pacific Ocean. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 93:fiw238. [PMID: 27915283 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virio- and picoplankton mediate important biogeochemical processes and the environmental factors that regulate their dynamics, and the virus-host interactions are incompletely known, especially in the deep sea. Here we report on their distributions and relationships with environmental factors at 21 stations covering a latitudinal range (2-23° N) in the Western Pacific Ocean. This region is characterized by a complex western boundary current system. Synechococcus, autotrophic picoeukaryotes, heterotrophic prokaryotes and virus-like particles (VLPs) were high (<2.4 × 102-6.3 × 104, <34-2.8 × 103, 3.9 × 104-1.3 × 106 cells mL-1 and 5.1 × 105-2.7 × 107 mL-1, respectively), and Prochlorococcus were low (<2.3 × 102-1.0 × 105 cells mL-1) in the Luzon Strait and the four most southerly stations, where upwelling occurs. Covariations in the abundances of VLPs with heterotrophic and autotrophic picoplankton, and their correlation (i.e. r2 = 0.63 and 0.52, respectively) suggested a strong host dependence in the epi- and mesopelagic zones. In the bathypelagic zone, only abiotic factors significantly influenced VLPs abundance variation (r2 = 0.12). This study shows that the dynamics of virio- and picoplankton in this Western Pacific are controlled by suite of complex and depth-dependent relationship among physical and biological factors that in turn link the physical hydrography of the western boundary current system with microbial-mediated biogeochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Liang
- Research Center for Marine Biology and Carbon Sequestration, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.,Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Yongyu Zhang
- Research Center for Marine Biology and Carbon Sequestration, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Tingwei Luo
- Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Richard B Rivkin
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Nianzhi Jiao
- Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
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16
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Gérikas Ribeiro C, Lopes Dos Santos A, Marie D, Helena Pellizari V, Pereira Brandini F, Vaulot D. Pico and nanoplankton abundance and carbon stocks along the Brazilian Bight. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2587. [PMID: 27867760 PMCID: PMC5111892 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pico and nanoplankton communities from the Southwest Atlantic Ocean along the Brazilian Bight are poorly described. The hydrography in this region is dominated by a complex system of layered water masses, which includes the warm and oligotrophic Tropical Water (TW), the cold and nutrient rich South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) and the Coastal Water (CW), which have highly variable properties. In order to assess how pico- and nanoplankton communities are distributed in these different water masses, we determined by flow cytometry the abundance of heterotrophic bacteria, Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and autotrophic pico and nanoeukaryotes along three transects, extending from 23°S to 31°S and 39°W to 49°W. Heterotrophic bacteria (including archaea, maximum of 1.5 × 106 cells mL−1) were most abundant in Coastal and Tropical Water whereas Prochlorococcus was most abundant in open-ocean oligotrophic waters (maximum of 300 × 103 cells mL−1). Synechococcus(up to 81 × 103 cells mL−1), as well as autotrophic pico and nanoeukaryotes seemed to benefit from the influx of nutrient-rich waters near the continental slope. Autotrophic pico and nanoeukaryotes were also abundant in deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) layers from offshore waters, and their highest abundances were 20 × 103 cells mL−1 and 5 × 103 cells mL−1, respectively. These data are consistent with previous observations in other marine areas where Synechococcus and autotrophic eukaryotes dominate mesotrophic waters, whereas Prochlorococcus dominate in more oligotrophic areas. Regardless of the microbial community structure near the surface, the carbon stock dominance by autotrophic picoeukaryotes near the DCM is possibly linked to vertical mixing of oligotrophic surface waters with the nutrient-rich SACW and their tolerance to lower light levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gérikas Ribeiro
- Departamento de Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Adriana Lopes Dos Santos
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7144 , Station Biologique de Roscoff , France
| | - Dominique Marie
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7144 , Station Biologique de Roscoff , France
| | - Vivian Helena Pellizari
- Departamento de Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Frederico Pereira Brandini
- Departamento de Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Daniel Vaulot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7144 , Station Biologique de Roscoff , France
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