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Shi Z, Yan J, Zhao M, Li S, She T, Qian X. Co-encapsulation of granzyme B and perforin in nanocapsules for tumour therapy: biomimicking immune cells. J Control Release 2024; 369:658-667. [PMID: 38604384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Granzyme B (GrB)-based immunotherapy is of interest for cancer treatment. However, insufficient cellular uptake and a lack of targeting remain challenges to make use of GrB for solid tumour therapy. As GrB induced cell death requires the help of perforin (PFN), we designed a system (nGPM) for the co-delivery of GrB and PFN. Therefore, GrB and PFN were loaded in a porous polymeric nanocapsule rich in acetylcholine analogues and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) responsive peptides. The neutrally charged nGPM nanocapsules showed as long circulating time and accumulated at the tumour sites. Once in the tumour the outside shell of nanocapsules became degraded by overexpressed MMP-2 proteases, resulting in the release of GrB and PFN. We found that the PFN complex formed small pores on the surface of tumour cells which allow GrB to enter the cytoplasm of tumour cells inducing cell apoptosis and tumour suppression significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Shi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medical Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China; The Third Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Juanjuan Yan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medical Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medical Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China
| | - Tiantian She
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medical Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China
| | - Xiaomin Qian
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medical Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China.
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Perdigoto AL, Deng S, Du KC, Kuchroo M, Burkhardt DB, Tong A, Israel G, Robert ME, Weisberg SP, Kirkiles-Smith N, Stamatouli AM, Kluger HM, Quandt Z, Young A, Yang ML, Mamula MJ, Pober JS, Anderson MS, Krishnaswamy S, Herold KC. Immune cells and their inflammatory mediators modify β cells and cause checkpoint inhibitor-induced diabetes. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e156330. [PMID: 35925682 PMCID: PMC9536276 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) targeting programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) have revolutionized cancer treatment but can trigger autoimmune complications, including CPI-induced diabetes mellitus (CPI-DM), which occurs preferentially with PD-1 blockade. We found evidence of pancreatic inflammation in patients with CPI-DM with shrinkage of pancreases, increased pancreatic enzymes, and in a case from a patient who died with CPI-DM, peri-islet lymphocytic infiltration. In the NOD mouse model, anti-PD-L1 but not anti-CTLA-4 induced diabetes rapidly. RNA sequencing revealed that cytolytic IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells infiltrated islets with anti-PD-L1. Changes in β cells were predominantly driven by IFN-γ and TNF-α and included induction of a potentially novel β cell population with transcriptional changes suggesting dedifferentiation. IFN-γ increased checkpoint ligand expression and activated apoptosis pathways in human β cells in vitro. Treatment with anti-IFN-γ and anti-TNF-α prevented CPI-DM in anti-PD-L1-treated NOD mice. CPIs targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway resulted in transcriptional changes in β cells and immune infiltrates that may lead to the development of diabetes. Inhibition of inflammatory cytokines can prevent CPI-DM, suggesting a strategy for clinical application to prevent this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gary Israel
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, and
| | - Marie E. Robert
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stuart P. Weisberg
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Angeliki M. Stamatouli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Zoe Quandt
- Department of Medicine and
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Arabella Young
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark S. Anderson
- Department of Medicine and
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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