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Duarte LF, Gatica S, Castillo A, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, González PA. Is there a role for herpes simplex virus type 1 in multiple sclerosis? Microbes Infect 2022; 25:105084. [PMID: 36586461 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2022.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies relate the onset and severity of multiple sclerosis (MS) with viral infections. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), which is neurotropic and highly prevalent in the brain of healthy individuals, has been proposed to relate to MS. Here, we review and discuss the reported connections between HSV-1 and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa F Duarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Gatica
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Almendra Castillo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.
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2
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RNA Sequencing of CD4 + T Cells in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients at Relapse: Deciphering the Involvement of Novel genes and Pathways. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2628-2645. [PMID: 34286457 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are known as a noteworthy potential modulator of inflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS). In the current study, we investigated the transcriptome profile of CD4+ T cells in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) at the relapse phase. We performed RNA sequencing of CD4+ T cells isolated from four relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients at the relapse phase and four age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The edgeR statistical method was employed to determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene set enrichment analysis was subsequently performed. Applying a physical interaction network, genes with higher degrees were selected as hub genes. A total of 1278 and 1034 genes were defined at significantly higher or lower levels, respectively, in CD4+ T cells of RRMS patients at the relapse phase as compared with healthy controls. The top up- and downregulated genes were JAML and KDM3A. The detected DEGs were remarkable on chromosomes 1 and 2, respectively. The DEGs were mainly enriched in the pathways "regulation of transcription, DNA-templated," "regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway," "protein phosphorylation," "epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway," and "positive regulation of neurogenesis." Moreover, 16 KEGG pathways mostly associated with the immune system and viral infections were enriched. In the constructed physical interaction networks, UBA52 and TP53 were shown to be the most highly ranked hub genes among upregulated and downregulated genes, respectively. By applying global transcriptome profiling of CD4+ T cells, we deciphered the involvement of several novel genes and pathways in MS pathogenesis. The present results must be confirmed by in vivo and in vitro studies.
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3
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Napoletani G, Protto V, Marcocci ME, Nencioni L, Palamara AT, De Chiara G. Recurrent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Infection Modulates Neuronal Aging Marks in In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6279. [PMID: 34208020 PMCID: PMC8230621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a widespread neurotropic virus establishing a life-long latent infection in neurons with periodic reactivations. Recent studies linked HSV-1 to neurodegenerative processes related to age-related disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Here, we explored whether recurrent HSV-1 infection might accelerate aging in neurons, focusing on peculiar marks of aged cells, such as the increase in histone H4 lysine (K) 16 acetylation (ac) (H4K16ac); the decrease of H3K56ac, and the modified expression of Sin3/HDAC1 and HIRA proteins. By exploiting both in vitro and in vivo models of recurrent HSV-1 infection, we found a significant increase in H4K16ac, Sin3, and HDAC1 levels, suggesting that the neuronal response to virus latency and reactivation includes the upregulation of these aging markers. On the contrary, we found a significant decrease in H3K56ac that was specifically linked to viral reactivation and apparently not related to aging-related markers. A complex modulation of HIRA expression and localization was found in the brain from HSV-1 infected mice suggesting a specific role of this protein in viral latency and reactivation. Overall, our results pointed out novel molecular mechanisms through which recurrent HSV-1 infection may affect neuronal aging, likely contributing to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Napoletani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia–Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.N.); (V.P.); (M.E.M.); (L.N.); (A.T.P.)
| | - Virginia Protto
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia–Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.N.); (V.P.); (M.E.M.); (L.N.); (A.T.P.)
| | - Maria Elena Marcocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia–Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.N.); (V.P.); (M.E.M.); (L.N.); (A.T.P.)
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia–Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.N.); (V.P.); (M.E.M.); (L.N.); (A.T.P.)
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia–Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.N.); (V.P.); (M.E.M.); (L.N.); (A.T.P.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Chiara
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy
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4
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Verzosa AL, McGeever LA, Bhark SJ, Delgado T, Salazar N, Sanchez EL. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection of Neuronal and Non-Neuronal Cells Elicits Specific Innate Immune Responses and Immune Evasion Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2021; 12:644664. [PMID: 34135889 PMCID: PMC8201405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.644664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses (α-HV) are a large family of double-stranded DNA viruses which cause many human and animal diseases. There are three human α-HVs: Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). All α-HV have evolved multiple strategies to suppress or exploit host cell innate immune signaling pathways to aid in their infections. All α-HVs initially infect epithelial cells (primary site of infection), and later spread to infect innervating sensory neurons. As with all herpesviruses, α-HVs have both a lytic (productive) and latent (dormant) stage of infection. During the lytic stage, the virus rapidly replicates in epithelial cells before it is cleared by the immune system. In contrast, latent infection in host neurons is a life-long infection. Upon infection of mucosal epithelial cells, herpesviruses immediately employ a variety of cellular mechanisms to evade host detection during active replication. Next, infectious viral progeny bud from infected cells and fuse to neuronal axonal terminals. Here, the nucleocapsid is transported via sensory neuron axons to the ganglion cell body, where latency is established until viral reactivation. This review will primarily focus on how HSV-1 induces various innate immune responses, including host cell recognition of viral constituents by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), induction of IFN-mediated immune responses involving toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways, and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING). This review focuses on these pathways along with other mechanisms including autophagy and the complement system. We will summarize and discuss recent evidence which has revealed how HSV-1 is able to manipulate and evade host antiviral innate immune responses both in neuronal (sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglia) and non-neuronal (epithelial) cells. Understanding the innate immune response mechanisms triggered by HSV-1 infection, and the mechanisms of innate immune evasion, will impact the development of future therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Verzosa
- Biology Department, College of Science and Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lea A McGeever
- Biology Department, College of Science and Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Shun-Je Bhark
- Biology Department, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tracie Delgado
- Biology Department, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nicole Salazar
- Biology Department, College of Science and Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Erica L Sanchez
- Biology Department, College of Science and Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
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5
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Komaroff AL, Pellett PE, Jacobson S. Human Herpesviruses 6A and 6B in Brain Diseases: Association versus Causation. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 34:e00143-20. [PMID: 33177186 PMCID: PMC7667666 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00143-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B), collectively termed HHV-6A/B, are neurotropic viruses that permanently infect most humans from an early age. Although most people infected with these viruses appear to suffer no ill effects, the viruses are a well-established cause of encephalitis in immunocompromised patients. In this review, we summarize the evidence that the viruses may also be one trigger for febrile seizures (including febrile status epilepticus) in immunocompetent infants and children, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, multiple sclerosis (MS), and, possibly, Alzheimer's disease. We propose criteria for linking ubiquitous infectious agents capable of producing lifelong infection to any neurologic disease, and then we examine to what extent these criteria have been met for these viruses and these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Komaroff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip E Pellett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Virology/Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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6
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Wang Y, Song X, Wang Y, Huang L, Luo W, Li F, Qin S, Wang Y, Xiao J, Wu Y, Jin F, Kitazato K, Wang Y. Dysregulation of cofilin-1 activity-the missing link between herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and Alzheimer's disease. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:381-396. [PMID: 32715819 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1794789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease triggered by environmental factors in combination with genetic predisposition. Infectious agents, in particular herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), are gradually being recognised as important factors affecting the development of AD. However, the mechanism linking HSV-1 and AD remains unknown. Of note, HSV-1 manipulates the activity of cofilin-1 to ensure their efficient infection in neuron cells. Cofilin-1, the main regulator of actin cytoskeleton reorganization, is implicating for the plastic of dendritic spines and axon regeneration of neuronal cells. Moreover, dysfunction of cofilin-1 is observed in most AD patients, as well as in mice with AD and ageing. Further, inhibition of cofilin-1 activity ameliorates the host cognitive impairment in an animal model of AD. Together, dysregulation of cofilin-1 led by HSV-1 infection is a potential link between HSV-1 and AD. Herein, we critically summarize the role of cofilin-1-mediated actin dynamics in both HSV-1 infection and AD, respectively. We also propose several hypotheses regarding the connecting roles of cofilin-1 dysregulation in HSV-1 infection and AD. Our review provides a foundation for future studies targeting individuals carrying HSV-1 in combination with cofilin-1 to promote a more individualised approach for treatment and prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Song
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and gynecology, The First affiliated hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lianzhou Huang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Weisheng Luo
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shurong Qin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ji Xiao
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yanting Wu
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Fujun Jin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
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7
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Ye J, Wen Y, Chu X, Li P, Cheng B, Cheng S, Liu L, Zhang L, Ma M, Qi X, Liang C, Kafle OP, Jia Y, Wu C, Wang S, Wang X, Ning Y, Zhang F. Association between herpes simplex virus 1 exposure and the risk of depression in UK Biobank. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e108. [PMID: 32564518 PMCID: PMC7403656 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection is reported to be associated with depression. But limited efforts were made to investigate the relationship between HSV-1 infection and the risk of depression, especially from the genetic perspective. METHODS In UK Biobank cohort, linear and logistic regression analyses were first performed to test the association of HSV-1 seropositivity/antibody with depression, including depression status (N = 2951) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) score (N = 2839). Using individual genotypic and phenotypic data from the UK Biobank, genome-wide environmental interaction study (GWEIS) was then conducted by PLINK2.0 to evaluate gene × HSV-1 interacting effect on the risk of depression. Finally, gene set enrichment analysis was conducted to identify the biological pathways involved in the observed gene × HSV-1 interaction for depression. RESULT In UK Biobank cohort, significant associations were observed between depression status and HSV-1 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.16; P = 2.40 × 10-2 for HSV-1 antibody and OR = 1.28; 95% CI, 1.12-1.47, P = 2.59 × 10-3 for HSV-1 seropositivity). GWEIS revealed four significant gene × HSV-1 interaction signals for PHQ score (all P < 5.0 × 10-8 ) and the leading loci was SULF2 (rs6094791, P = 8.60 × 10-9 ). Pathway analyses identified 21 pathways for PHQ score and 19 for depression status, including multiple neural development- and immune-related ones, such as KEGG_NEUROACTIVE_LIGAND_RECEPTOR_INTERACTION (false discovery rate [FDR] = 3.18 × 10-2 ) for depression and LU_AGING_BRAIN_UP (FDR = 4.21 × 10-2 ) for PHQ score. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that HSV-1 was associated with the risk of depression, which was modulated by the several genes that were related to the nerve development or immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaomeng Chu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bolun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiqiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chujun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Om Prakash Kafle
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yumeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cuiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yujie Ning
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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8
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Ciobanu LG, Sachdev PS, Trollor JN, Reppermund S, Thalamuthu A, Mather KA, Cohen-Woods S, Stacey D, Toben C, Schubert KO, Baune BT. Downregulated transferrin receptor in the blood predicts recurrent MDD in the elderly cohort: A fuzzy forests approach. J Affect Disord 2020; 267:42-48. [PMID: 32063571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, no predictive markers for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) exist. The search for such markers has been challenging due to clinical and molecular heterogeneity of MDD, the lack of statistical power in studies and suboptimal statistical tools applied to multidimensional data. Machine learning is a powerful approach to mitigate some of these limitations. METHODS We aimed to identify the predictive markers of recurrent MDD in the elderly using peripheral whole blood from the Sydney Memory and Aging Study (SMAS) (N = 521, aged over 65) and adopting machine learning methodology on transcriptome data. Fuzzy Forests is a Random Forests-based classification algorithm that takes advantage of the co-expression network structure between genes; it allows to alleviate the problem of p >> n via reducing the dimensionality of transcriptomic feature space. RESULTS By adopting Fuzzy Forests on transcriptome data, we found that the downregulated TFRC (transferrin receptor) can predict recurrent MDD with an accuracy of 63%. LIMITATIONS Although we corrected our data for several important confounders, we were not able to account for the comorbidities and medication taken, which may be numerous in the elderly and might have affected the levels of gene transcription. CONCLUSIONS We found that downregulated TFRC is predictive of recurrent MDD, which is consistent with the previous literature, indicating the role of the innate immune system in depression. This study is the first to successfully apply Fuzzy Forests methodology on psychiatric condition, opening, therefore, a methodological avenue that can lead to clinically useful predictive markers of complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana G Ciobanu
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simone Reppermund
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia
| | - Sarah Cohen-Woods
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - David Stacey
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Catherine Toben
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - K Oliver Schubert
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Mental Health Services, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Elizabeth Vale, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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9
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Lopatko Lindman K, Weidung B, Olsson J, Josefsson M, Kok E, Johansson A, Eriksson S, Hallmans G, Elgh F, Lövheim H. A genetic signature including apolipoprotein Eε4 potentiates the risk of herpes simplex-associated Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2019; 5:697-704. [PMID: 31921962 PMCID: PMC6944738 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) in combination with genetic susceptibility has previously been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Methods Plasma from 360 AD cases, obtained on average 9.6 years before diagnosis, and their age- and sex-matched controls, were analyzed for anti-HSV1 immunoglobulin (Ig) G with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). A POE genotype and nine other selected risk genes for AD were extracted from a genome-wide association study analysis by deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland. Results The interaction between APOEε4 heterozygosity (APOEε2/ε4 or ε3/ε4) and anti-HSV1 IgG carriage increased the risk of AD (OR 4.55, P = .02). A genetic risk score based on the nine AD risk genes also interacted with anti-HSV1 IgG for the risk of developing AD (OR 2.35, P = .01). Discussion The present findings suggest that the APOEε4 allele and other AD genetic risk factors might potentiate the risk of HSV1-associated AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Lopatko Lindman
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bodil Weidung
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatric Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Olsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Section of Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Josefsson
- Centre for Demographic and Ageing Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eloise Kok
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sture Eriksson
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Elgh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Section of Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hugo Lövheim
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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10
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Commonality in dysregulated expression of gene sets in cortical brains of individuals with autism, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:152. [PMID: 31127088 PMCID: PMC6534650 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals affected with different neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism (AUT), schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD), may share similar clinical manifestations, suggesting shared genetic influences and common biological mechanisms underlying these disorders. Using brain transcriptome data gathered from postmortem donors affected with AUT, SCZ and BPD, it is now possible to identify shared dysregulated gene sets, i.e., those abnormally expressed in brains of neuropsychiatric patients, compared to non-psychiatric controls. Here, we apply a novel aberrant gene expression analysis method, coupled with consensus co-expression network analysis, to identify gene sets with shared dysregulated expression in cortical brains of individuals affected with AUT, SCZ and BPD. We identify eight gene sets with dysregulated expression shared by AUT, SCZ and BPD, 23 by AUT and SCZ, four by AUT and BPD, and two by SCZ and BPD. The identified genes are enriched with functions relevant to amino acid transport, synapse, neurotransmitter release, oxidative stress, nitric oxide synthase biosynthesis, immune response, protein folding, lysophosphatidic acid-mediated signaling and glycolysis. Our method has been proven to be effective in discovering and revealing multigene sets with dysregulated expression shared by different neuropsychiatric disorders. Our findings provide new insights into the common molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and progression of AUT, SCZ and BPD, contributing to the study of etiological overlap between these neuropsychiatric disorders.
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11
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Duarte LF, Farías MA, Álvarez DM, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, González PA. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection of the Central Nervous System: Insights Into Proposed Interrelationships With Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:46. [PMID: 30863282 PMCID: PMC6399123 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is highly prevalent in humans and can reach the brain without evident clinical symptoms. Once in the central nervous system (CNS), the virus can either reside in a quiescent latent state in this tissue, or eventually actively lead to severe acute necrotizing encephalitis, which is characterized by exacerbated neuroinflammation and prolonged neuroimmune activation producing a life-threatening disease. Although HSV-1 encephalitis can be treated with antivirals that limit virus replication, neurological sequelae are common and the virus will nevertheless remain for life in the neural tissue. Importantly, there is accumulating evidence that suggests that HSV-1 infection of the brain both, in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals could lead to neuronal damage and eventually, neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review and discuss acute and chronic infection of particular brain regions by HSV-1 and how this may affect neuron and cognitive functions in the host. We review potential cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration, such as protein aggregation, dysregulation of autophagy, oxidative cell damage and apoptosis, among others. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of HSV-1 infection on brain inflammation and its potential relationship with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa F Duarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica A Farías
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diana M Álvarez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Itzhaki RF. Corroboration of a Major Role for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:324. [PMID: 30405395 PMCID: PMC6202583 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence has emerged recently for the concept that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) is a major risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This concept proposes that latent HSV1 in brain of carriers of the type 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE-ε4) is reactivated intermittently by events such as immunosuppression, peripheral infection, and inflammation, the consequent damage accumulating, and culminating eventually in the development of AD. Population data to investigate this epidemiologically, e.g., to find if subjects treated with antivirals might be protected from developing dementia—are available in Taiwan, from the National Health Insurance Research Database, in which 99.9% of the population has been enrolled. This is being extensively mined for information on microbial infections and disease. Three publications have now appeared describing data on the development of senile dementia (SD), and the treatment of those with marked overt signs of disease caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV), or by HSV. The striking results show that the risk of SD is much greater in those who are HSV-seropositive than in seronegative subjects, and that antiviral treatment causes a dramatic decrease in number of subjects who later develop SD. It should be stressed that these results apply only to those with severe cases of HSV1 or VZV infection, but when considered with the over 150 publications that strongly support an HSV1 role in AD, they greatly justify usage of antiherpes antivirals to treat AD. Three other studies are described which directly relate to HSV1 and AD: they deal respectively with lysosomal changes in HSV1-infected cell cultures, with evidence for a role of human herpes virus type 6 and 7 (HHV6 and HHV7) in AD, and viral effects on host gene expression, and with the antiviral characteristics of beta amyloid (Aβ). Three indirectly relevant studies deal respectively with schizophrenia, relating to antiviral treatment to target HSV1, with the likelihood that HSV1 is a cause of fibromyalgia (FM), and with FM being associated with later development of SD. Studies on the link between epilepsy, AD and herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) are described also, as are the possible roles of APOE-ε4, HHV6 and HSV1 in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth F Itzhaki
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Zappulo E, Riccio MP, Binda S, Pellegrinelli L, Pregliasco F, Buonomo AR, Pinchera B, D'Urso G, Bravaccio C, Borgia G, Gentile I. Prevalence of HSV1/2 Congenital Infection Assessed Through Genome Detection on Dried Blood Spot in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders. In Vivo 2018; 32:1255-1258. [PMID: 30150453 PMCID: PMC6199606 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Etiopathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) remains to be elucidated. Congenital infections, particularly viral infections, have repeatedly been associated with the onset of such disorders. Our study aimed at assessing the prevalence of herpes simplex type 1 and 2 (HSV1/2) congenital infections in patients with ASD. MATERIALS AND METHODS In our case-control study, a total of 38 children with ASD were compared to 44 age- and sex-matched controls regarding the presence of HSV1/2 infection though viral DNA polymerase chain reaction performed on dried blood spots collected at birth. RESULTS No HSV congenital infection was detected in either group. CONCLUSION Our negative finding is in agreement with other studies that failed to demonstrate a definitive role of HSV on the onset of ASD. Further investigation of congenital HSV prevalence in larger and more powerful studies is needed to undeniably discard a role of such virus in the etiopathogenesis of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Zappulo
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Riccio
- Department of Medical Translational Science, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Sandro Binda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pellegrinelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Pregliasco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Riccardo Buonomo
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Pinchera
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giordano D'Urso
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Bravaccio
- Department of Medical Translational Science, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Borgia
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ivan Gentile
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Viruses, particularly herpes simplex virus (HSV), may be a cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The evidence supporting the viral hypothesis suggests that antiviral treatment trials, which have not been conducted, are warranted. RECENT FINDINGS HSV1 (oral herpes) and HSV2 (genital herpes) can trigger amyloid aggregation, and their DNA is common in amyloid plaques. HSV1 reactivation is associated with tau hyperphosphorylation and possibly tau propagation. Anti-HSV drugs reduce Aβ and p-tau accumulation in infected mouse brains. Clinically, after the initial oral infection, herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV1) becomes latent in the trigeminal ganglion and recurrent reactivation may produce neuronal damage and AD pathology. Clinical studies show cognitive impairment in HSV seropositive patients, and antiviral drugs show strong efficacy against HSV. An antiviral treatment trial in AD is clearly warranted. A phase II treatment trial with valacyclovir, an anti-HSV drug, recently began with evaluation of clinical and biomarker outcomes.
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15
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Shen L, Zhang K, Feng C, Chen Y, Li S, Iqbal J, Liao L, Zhao Y, Zhai J. iTRAQ-Based Proteomic Analysis Reveals Protein Profile in Plasma from Children with Autism. Proteomics Clin Appl 2018; 12:e1700085. [PMID: 29274201 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201700085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Autism is a childhood neurological disorder with poorly understood etiology and pathology. This study is designed to identify differentially expressed proteins that might serve as potential biomarkers for autism. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We perform iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation) analysis for normal and autistic children's plasma of the same age group. RESULTS The results show that 24 differentially expressed proteins were identified between autistic subjects and controls. For the first time, differential expression of complement C5 (C5) and fermitin family homolog 3 (FERMT3) are related to autism. Five proteins, that is, complement C3 (C3), C5, integrin alpha-IIb (ITGA2B), talin-1 (TLN1), and vitamin D-binding protein (GC) were validated via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). By ROC (receiver operating characteristic) analysis, combinations of these five proteins C3, C5, GC, ITGA2B, and TLN1 distinguished autistic children from healthy controls with a high AUC (area under the ROC curve) value (0.982, 95% CI, 0.957-1.000, p < 0.000). CONCLUSION These above described proteins are found involved in different pathways that have previously been linked to the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The results strongly support that focal adhesions, acting cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, motility and migration, synaptogenesis, and complement system are involved in the pathogenesis of autism, and highlight the important role of platelet function in the pathophysiology of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Shen
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Kaoyuan Zhang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Chengyun Feng
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Baoan, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Youjiao Chen
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Xiang Ya Changde Hospital, Changde City, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Shuiming Li
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Javed Iqbal
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Liping Liao
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Yuxi Zhao
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhai
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Baoan, Shenzhen, P. R. China
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16
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Hogestyn JM, Mock DJ, Mayer-Proschel M. Contributions of neurotropic human herpesviruses herpes simplex virus 1 and human herpesvirus 6 to neurodegenerative disease pathology. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:211-221. [PMID: 29557362 PMCID: PMC5879884 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.226380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses (HVs) have developed ingenious mechanisms that enable them to traverse the defenses of the central nervous system (CNS). The ability of HVs to enter a state of latency, a defining characteristic of this viral family, allows them to persist in the human host indefinitely. As such, HVs represent the most frequently detected pathogens in the brain. Under constant immune pressure, these infections are largely asymptomatic in healthy hosts. However, many neurotropic HVs have been directly connected with CNS pathology in the context of other stressors and genetic risk factors. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which neurotropic HVs contribute to neurodegenerative disease (NDD) pathology by highlighting two prominent members of the HV family, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). We (i) introduce the infectious pathways and replicative cycles of HSV-1 and HHV-6 and then (ii) review the clinical evidence supporting associations between these viruses and the NDDs Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS), respectively. We then (iii) highlight and discuss potential mechanisms by which these viruses exert negative effects on neurons and glia. Finally, we (iv) discuss how these viruses could interact with other disease-modifying factors to contribute to the initiation and/or progression of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Mock
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Margot Mayer-Proschel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester; Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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17
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Carter CJ, France J, Crean S, Singhrao SK. The Porphyromonas gingivalis/Host Interactome Shows Enrichment in GWASdb Genes Related to Alzheimer's Disease, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:408. [PMID: 29311898 PMCID: PMC5732932 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is of established etiology in which polymicrobial synergistic ecology has become dysbiotic under the influence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Following breakdown of the host's protective oral tissue barriers, P. gingivalis migrates to developing inflammatory pathologies that associate with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Periodontal disease is a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders (CVD), type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), AD and other chronic diseases, whilst T2DM exacerbates periodontitis. This study analyzed the relationship between the P. gingivalis/host interactome and the genes identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for the aforementioned conditions using data from GWASdb (P < 1E-03) and, in some cases, from the NCBI/EBI GWAS database (P < 1E-05). Gene expression data from periodontitis or P. gingivalis microarray was compared to microarray datasets from the AD hippocampus and/or from carotid artery plaques. The results demonstrated that the host genes of the P. gingivalis interactome were significantly enriched in genes deposited in GWASdb genes related to cognitive disorders, AD and dementia, and its co-morbid conditions T2DM, obesity, and CVD. The P. gingivalis/host interactome was also enriched in GWAS genes from the more stringent NCBI-EBI database for AD, atherosclerosis and T2DM. The misregulated genes in periodontitis tissue or P. gingivalis infected macrophages also matched those in the AD hippocampus or atherosclerotic plaques. Together, these data suggest important gene/environment interactions between P. gingivalis and susceptibility genes or gene expression changes in conditions where periodontal disease is a contributory factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James France
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - StJohn Crean
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Sim K Singhrao
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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18
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Carter CJ. Genetic, Transcriptome, Proteomic, and Epidemiological Evidence for Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Polymicrobial Brain Invasion as Determinant Factors in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2017; 1:125-157. [PMID: 30480234 PMCID: PMC6159731 DOI: 10.3233/adr-170017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse pathogens are detected in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. A bioinformatics survey showed that AD genome-wide association study (GWAS) genes (localized in bone marrow, immune locations and microglia) relate to multiple host/pathogen interactomes (Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Bornavirus, Borrelia burgdorferri, cytomegalovirus, Ebola virus, HSV-1, HERV-W, HIV-1, Epstein-Barr, hepatitis C, influenza, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Porphyrymonas gingivalis, Helicobacter pylori, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma cruzi). These interactomes also relate to the AD hippocampal transcriptome and to plaque or tangle proteins. Upregulated AD hippocampal genes match those upregulated by multiple bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa in immunocompetent cells. AD genes are enriched in GWAS datasets reflecting pathogen diversity, suggesting selection for pathogen resistance, as supported by the old age of AD patients, implying resistance to earlier infections. APOE4 is concentrated in regions of high parasitic burden and protects against childhood tropical infections and hepatitis C. Immune/inflammatory gain of function applies to APOE4, CR1, and TREM2 variants. AD genes are also expressed in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is disrupted by AD risk factors (age, alcohol, aluminum, concussion, cerebral hypoperfusion, diabetes, homocysteine, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, obesity, pesticides, pollution, physical inactivity, sleep disruption, smoking) and by pathogens, directly or via olfactory routes to basal-forebrain BBB control centers. The BBB benefits from statins, NSAIDs, estrogen, melatonin, memantine, and the Mediterranean diet. Polymicrobial involvement is supported by upregulation of bacterial, viral, and fungal sensors/defenders in the AD brain, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid. AD serum amyloid-β autoantibodies may attenuate its antimicrobial effects favoring microbial survival and cerebral invasion leading to activation of neurodestructive immune/inflammatory processes, which may also be augmented by age-related immunosenescence. AD may thus respond to antibiotic, antifungal, or antiviral therapy.
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19
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Bayer AL, Fraker CA. The Folate Cycle As a Cause of Natural Killer Cell Dysfunction and Viral Etiology in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:315. [PMID: 29218028 PMCID: PMC5703744 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The folate pathway is critical to proper cellular function and metabolism. It is responsible for multiple functions, including energy (ATP) production, methylation reactions for DNA and protein synthesis and the production of immunomodulatory molecules, inosine and adenosine. These play an important role in immune signaling and cytotoxicity. Herein, we hypothesize that defects in the folate pathway in genetically susceptible individuals could lead to immune dysfunction, permissive environments for chronic cyclical latent/lytic viral infection, and, ultimately, the development of unchecked autoimmune responses to infected tissue, in this case islet beta cells. In the context of type 1 diabetes (T1D), there has been a recent increase in newly diagnosed cases of T1D in the past 20 years that has exceeded previous epidemiological predictions with yet unidentified factor(s). This speaks to a potential environmental trigger that adversely affects immune responses. Most research into the immune dysfunction of T1D has focused on downstream adaptive responses of T and B cells neglecting the role of the upstream innate players such as natural killer (NK) cells. Constantly, surveilling the blood and tissues for pathogens, NK cells remove threats through direct cytotoxic responses and recruitment of adaptive responses using cytokines, such as IL-1β and IFN-γ. One long-standing hypothesis suggests viral infection as a potential trigger for the autoimmune response in T1D. Recent data suggest multiple viruses as potential causal agents. Intertwined with this is an observed reduced NK cell enumeration, cytotoxicity, and cytokine signaling in T1D patients. Many of the viruses implicated in T1D are chronic latent/lysogenic infections with demonstrated capacity to reduce NK cell response and number through mechanisms that resemble those of pregnancy tolerance. Defects in the folate pathway in T1D patients could result in decreased immune response to viral infection or viral reactivation. Dampened NK responses to infections result in improper signaling, improper antigen presentation, and amplified CD8+ lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxicity, a hallmark of beta cell infiltrates in patients with T1D onset. This would suggest a critical role for NK cells in T1D development linked to viral infection and the importance of the folate pathway in maintaining proper NK response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Bayer
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Christopher A. Fraker
- Tissue and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Christopher A. Fraker,
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20
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Itzhaki RF, Lathe R, Balin BJ, Ball MJ, Bearer EL, Braak H, Bullido MJ, Carter C, Clerici M, Cosby SL, Del Tredici K, Field H, Fulop T, Grassi C, Griffin WST, Haas J, Hudson AP, Kamer AR, Kell DB, Licastro F, Letenneur L, Lövheim H, Mancuso R, Miklossy J, Otth C, Palamara AT, Perry G, Preston C, Pretorius E, Strandberg T, Tabet N, Taylor-Robinson SD, Whittum-Hudson JA. Microbes and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:979-84. [PMID: 26967229 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth F Itzhaki
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian J Balin
- Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Melvyn J Ball
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Elaine L Bearer
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Heiko Braak
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section, Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria J Bullido
- Centro de Biologia Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, and Centro de Investigacion en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mario Clerici
- University of Milano and IRCCS SM Nascente, Don C Gnocchi Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - S Louise Cosby
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - Kelly Del Tredici
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section, Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Tamas Fulop
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ, Canada
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical School, Universitá Cattolica, Rome; San Raffaele Pisana Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization, and Health Care, Rome, Italy
| | - W Sue T Griffin
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jürgen Haas
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan P Hudson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Angela R Kamer
- NYU College of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Federico Licastro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Hugo Lövheim
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Judith Miklossy
- Prevention Alzheimer International Foundation, International Alzheimer Research Center, Martigny-Croix, Switzerland
| | - Carola Otth
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome; San Raffaele Pisana Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization, and Health Care, Rome, Italy
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Applied Morphology Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Timo Strandberg
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki; University of Oulu, Centre of Life Course Health Research, Oulu, Finland
| | - Naji Tabet
- Division of Old Age Psychiatry, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Judith A Whittum-Hudson
- Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), and Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Christensen T. Human endogenous retroviruses in neurologic disease. APMIS 2016; 124:116-26. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Stich O, Andres TA, Gross CM, Gerber SI, Rauer S, Langosch JM. An observational study of inflammation in the central nervous system in patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2015; 17:291-302. [PMID: 25109751 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The potential influence of infections and immunological changes on the aetiology and pathogenesis of bipolar disorder (BD) has been discussed. Our aim was to detect intrathecal specific antibody synthesis against the neurotropic infectious agents that have previously been linked to BD. METHODS Paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from 40 patients with BD were analysed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect the concentration of antibodies against the following neurotropic infectious pathogens: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The specific antibody index (AI) was calculated, and an AI > 1.4 was considered to be evidence of intrathecal specific antibody synthesis. Twenty-six patients with pseudotumour cerebri served as controls. RESULTS Eight out of 40 patients with BD displayed specific intrathecal antibody synthesis against at least one of the tested neurotropic agents compared to only one patient in the control group (p = 0.061, not significant). Of these eight patients with BD, no significant prevalence of any particular neurotropic pathogen was evident. Five out of 40 patients with BD showed oligoclonal bands in the CSF, suggestive of a chronic immune reaction in the central nervous system (CNS). CONCLUSIONS We found evidence for increased production of antibody in the CSF of individuals with BD. However, the trend for polyspecific intrathecal antibody synthesis, as well as the presence of oligoclonal bands, might indicate activation of the intrathecal humoral immune system in a subgroup of patients with BD, as it is known to be associated with autoimmune disorders of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Stich
- Department of Neurology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
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Genome-wide methylation study on depression: differential methylation and variable methylation in monozygotic twins. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e557. [PMID: 25918994 PMCID: PMC4462612 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressive disorders have been shown to be highly influenced by environmental pathogenic factors, some of which are believed to exert stress on human brain functioning via epigenetic modifications. Previous genome-wide methylomic studies on depression have suggested that, along with differential DNA methylation, affected co-twins of monozygotic (MZ) pairs have increased DNA methylation variability, probably in line with theories of epigenetic stochasticity. Nevertheless, the potential biological roots of this variability remain largely unexplored. The current study aimed to evaluate whether DNA methylation differences within MZ twin pairs were related to differences in their psychopathological status. Data from the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 Beadchip was used to evaluate peripheral blood DNA methylation of 34 twins (17 MZ pairs). Two analytical strategies were used to identify (a) differentially methylated probes (DMPs) and (b) variably methylated probes (VMPs). Most DMPs were located in genes previously related to neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Remarkably, one of these DMPs (cg01122889) was located in the WDR26 gene, the DNA sequence of which has been implicated in major depressive disorder from genome-wide association studies. Expression of WDR26 has also been proposed as a biomarker of depression in human blood. Complementarily, VMPs were located in genes such as CACNA1C, IGF2 and the p38 MAP kinase MAPK11, showing enrichment for biological processes such as glucocorticoid signaling. These results expand on previous research to indicate that both differential methylation and differential variability have a role in the etiology and clinical manifestation of depression, and provide clues on specific genomic loci of potential interest in the epigenetics of depression.
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Itzhaki RF. Herpes simplex virus type 1 and Alzheimer's disease: increasing evidence for a major role of the virus. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:202. [PMID: 25157230 PMCID: PMC4128394 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), when present in brain of carriers of the type 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE), has been implicated as a major factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is proposed that virus is normally latent in many elderly brains but reactivates periodically (as in the peripheral nervous system) under certain conditions, for example stress, immunosuppression, and peripheral infection, causing cumulative damage and eventually development of AD. Diverse approaches have provided data that explicitly support, directly or indirectly, these concepts. Several have confirmed HSV1 DNA presence in human brains, and the HSV1-APOE-ε4 association in AD. Further, studies on HSV1-infected APOE-transgenic mice have shown that APOE-e4 animals display a greater potential for viral damage. Reactivated HSV1 can cause direct and inflammatory damage, probably involving increased formation of beta amyloid (Aβ) and of AD-like tau (P-tau)-changes found to occur in HSV1-infected cell cultures. Implicating HSV1 further in AD is the discovery that HSV1 DNA is specifically localized in amyloid plaques in AD. Other relevant, harmful effects of infection include the following: dynamic interactions between HSV1 and amyloid precursor protein (APP), which would affect both viral and APP transport; induction of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in HSV1-infected astrocyte cultures, which has been linked to the likely effects of reactivation of the virus in brain. Several epidemiological studies have shown, using serological data, an association between systemic infections and cognitive decline, with HSV1 particularly implicated. Genetic studies too have linked various pathways in AD with those occurring on HSV1 infection. In relation to the potential usage of antivirals to treat AD patients, acyclovir (ACV) is effective in reducing HSV1-induced AD-like changes in cell cultures, and valacyclovir, the bioactive form of ACV, might be most effective if combined with an antiviral that acts by a different mechanism, such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth F. Itzhaki
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, Lancs, UK
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