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Smith DL, Mitchell SE, Johnson MS, Gibbs VK, Dickinson S, Henschel B, Li R, Kaiser KA, Chusyd DE, Brown AW, Allison DB, Speakman JR, Nagy TR. Benefits of calorie restriction in mice are mediated via energy imbalance, not absolute energy or protein intake. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01166-4. [PMID: 38850387 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) results in reduced energy and protein intake, raising questions about protein restriction's contribution to CR longevity benefits. We kept ad libitum (AL)-fed male C57BL/6J mice at 27°C (AL27) and pair-fed (PF) mice at 22°C (22(PF27)). The 22(PF27) group was fed to match AL27 while restricted for calories due to cold-induced metabolism. The 22(PF27) mice had significantly lower body weight, lean mass, fat mass, leptin, IGF-1, and TNF-α levels than AL27 mice (p<0.001 for all). Manipulations over ~11 weeks resulted in significant differences in body temperature, physical activity, and expression of key genes linked to hunger in the hypothalamus. Survival was significantly greater in 22(PF27) compared to AL27 overall (p<0.001). CR in the context of equivalent energy and protein intake resulted in hormonal, metabolic, and physiological benefits and extended longevity. Hence, energy imbalance, rather than low energy or protein intake per se, mediates the benefits of CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Smith
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Integrative Center for Aging Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Diabetes Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sharon E Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Scotland, Scotland, UK
| | - Maria S Johnson
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Diabetes Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Victoria K Gibbs
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephanie Dickinson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Beate Henschel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Kathryn A Kaiser
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Daniella E Chusyd
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Andrew W Brown
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - David B Allison
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Integrative Center for Aging Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - John R Speakman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Scotland, Scotland, UK.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Tim R Nagy
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Integrative Center for Aging Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Diabetes Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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2
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Piper MDW, Zanco B, Sgrò CM, Adler MI, Mirth CK, Bonduriansky R. Dietary restriction and lifespan: adaptive reallocation or somatic sacrifice? FEBS J 2023; 290:1725-1734. [PMID: 35466532 PMCID: PMC10952493 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reducing overall food intake, or lowering the proportion of protein relative to other macronutrients, can extend the lifespan of diverse organisms. A number of mechanistic theories have been developed to explain this phenomenon, mostly assuming that the molecules connecting diet to lifespan are evolutionarily conserved. A recent study using Drosophila melanogaster females has pinpointed a single essential micronutrient that can explain how lifespan is changed by dietary restriction. Here, we propose a likely mechanism for this observation, which involves a trade-off between lifespan and reproduction, but in a manner that is conditional on the dietary supply of an essential micronutrient - a sterol. Importantly, these observations argue against previous evolutionary theories that rely on constitutive resource reallocation or damage directly inflicted by reproduction. Instead, they are compatible with a model in which the inverse relationship between lifespan and food level is caused by the consumer suffering from varying degrees of malnutrition when maintained on lab food. The data also indicate that animals on different lab foods may suffer from different nutritional imbalances and that the mechanisms by which dietary restriction benefits the lifespan of different species may vary. This means that translating the mechanistic findings from lab animals to humans will not be simple and should be interpreted in light of the range of challenges that have shaped each organism's lifespan in the wild and the composition of the natural diets upon which they would feed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brooke Zanco
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Carla M. Sgrò
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Christen K. Mirth
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Russell Bonduriansky
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
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3
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Xu W, Luo Y, Yin J, Huang M, Luo F. Targeting AMPK signaling by polyphenols: a novel strategy for tackling aging. Food Funct 2023; 14:56-73. [PMID: 36524530 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02688k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable biological process and is accompanied by a gradual decline of physiological functions, such as the incidence of age-related diseases. Aging becomes a major burden and challenge for society to prevent or delay the occurrence and development of these age-related diseases. AMPK is a key regulator of intracellular energy and participates in the adaptation of calorie restriction. It is also an important mediator of nutritionally sensitive pathways that regulate the biological effects of nutrient active ingredients. AMPK can limit proliferation and activate autophagy. Recent studies have shown that nutritional intervention can delay aging and lessen age-related diseases in many animal and even human models. Polyphenols function as a natural antidote and are important anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents in human diets. Polyphenols can prevent age-related diseases because they regulate complex networks of cellular processes such as oxidative damage, inflammation, cellular aging, and autophagy, and have also attracted wide attention as a potential beneficial substance for longevity. In this review, we systemically summarized the progress of targeting AMPK signaling by dietary polyphenols in aging prevention. Polyphenols can reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory response, and maintain the steady state of energy. Polyphenols can also modulate sirtuins/NAD+, nutrient-sensing, proteostasis, mitochondrial function, autophagy and senescence via targeting AMPK signaling. Therefore, targeting the AMPK signaling pathway by dietary polyphenols may be a novel anti-aging strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China. .,Hunan Food and Drug Vocational College, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Clinic Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jiaxin Yin
- Hunan Food and Drug Vocational College, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Mengzhen Huang
- Hunan Food and Drug Vocational College, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Feijun Luo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China.
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4
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Ruth Archer C, Bunning H, Rapkin J, Jensen K, Moore PJ, House CM, Del Castillo E, Hunt J. Ovarian apoptosis is regulated by carbohydrate intake but not by protein intake in speckled cockroaches. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 143:104452. [PMID: 36309083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
When the likelihood of reproducing successfully is low, any prior investment in developing oocytes may be wasted. One means of recouping this investment is oosorption - where ova are absorbed and resources salvaged so they can be re-allocated to other traits. Food-limited female speckled cockroaches (Nauphoeta cinerea) appear to use this strategy. However, it is unclear if total food intake or the availability of specific nutrients induces this process. Here, we used the geometric framework of nutrition to determine how protein, carbohydrate and energy intake affect levels of ovarian apoptosis and necrosis (controlled versus uncontrolled cell death) in the terminal oocytes of female N. cinerea. We then compare the effects of nutrient intake on apoptosis (a key step towards oosorption) and offspring production to better understand the relationship between diet, apoptosis and female fitness. We found that even when food was abundant, females experienced high levels of apoptosis if their diet lacked carbohydrate. Necrosis was reduced when energy intake was high, but largely irrespective of nutrient ratio. Offspring production peaked on a low protein, high carbohydrate nutrient ratio (1P:7.96C), similar to that which minimized apoptosis (1P:7.34C) but not in the region of nutrient space that minimized necrosis. Thus, females consuming an ideal nutrient blend for reproduction can invest heavily in their current brood without needing to salvage nutrients from developing ova. However, offspring production was more dependent on carbohydrate consumption than apoptosis was, suggesting that the importance of carbohydrate in reproduction goes beyond regulating oosorption. This reliance on carbohydrate for female reproduction may reflect the unusual reproductive and nutritional physiology of speckled cockroaches; attributes that make this species an exciting model for understanding how diet regulates reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ruth Archer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Harriet Bunning
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Tremough Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - James Rapkin
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Tremough Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - Kim Jensen
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Tremough Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK; Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Patricia J Moore
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Clarissa M House
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Enrique Del Castillo
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, 357 Leonhard Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - John Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Tremough Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK; School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia.
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5
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Krakauer NY, Krakauer JC. Diet Composition, Anthropometrics, and Mortality Risk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12885. [PMID: 36232184 PMCID: PMC9566505 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While overeating is considered a cause of the obesity epidemic as quantified by body mass index (BMI), the association of diet with a body shape index (ABSI) and hip index (HI), which are transformations of waist and hip circumference that are independent of BMI and which predict mortality risk, is poorly known. We used data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study of about 15,000 middle-aged adults to investigate associations between macronutrient intake (energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat, the latter two divided into plant and animal sources, all based on self-reported food frequency) with anthropometric indices (BMI, ABSI, and HI). We also analyzed the association of diet and anthropometrics with death rate during approximately 30 years of follow-up. High intake of energy and animal fat and protein was generally associated with higher ABSI and lower HI at baseline, as well as greater mortality hazard. BMI was also positively linked with animal fat and protein intake. In contrast, higher intake of carbohydrates and plant fat and protein was associated with lower ABSI and BMI, higher HI, and lower mortality hazard. For example, after adjustment for potential confounders, each standard deviation of additional plant fat intake (as a fraction of total energy) was associated with a 5% decrease in mortality rate, while animal fat intake was associated with a 5% mortality increase per standard deviation. The directions of the associations between diet and anthropometrics are consistent with those found between anthropometrics and mortality without reference to diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Y. Krakauer
- Department of Civil Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
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6
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Savola E, Vale PF, Walling CA. Larval diet affects adult reproduction, but not survival, independent of the effect of injury and infection in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 142:104428. [PMID: 35932926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Early-life conditions have profound effects on many life-history traits, where early-life diet affects both juvenile development, and adult survival and reproduction. Early-life diet also has consequences for the ability of adults to withstand environmental challenges such as starvation, temperature and desiccation. However, it is less well known how early-life diet influences the consequences of infection in adults. Here we test whether varying the larval diet of female Drosophila melanogaster (through altering protein to carbohydrate ratio, P:C) influences the long-term consequences of injury and infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonasentomophila. Given previous work manipulating adult dietary P:C, we predicted that adults from larvae raised on higher P:C diets would have increased reproduction, but shorter lifespans and an increased rate of ageing, and that the lowest larval P:C diets would be particularly detrimental for adult survival in infected individuals. For larval development, we predicted that low P:C would lead to a longer development time and lower viability. We found that early-life and lifetime egg production were highest at intermediate to high larval P:C diets, but this was independent of injury and infection. There was no effect of larval P:C on adult survival. Larval development was quickest on intermediate P:C and egg-to-pupae and egg-to-adult viability were slightly higher on higher P:C. Overall, despite larval P:C affecting several measured traits, we saw no evidence that larval P:C altered the consequence of infection or injury for adult survival or early-life and lifetime reproduction. Taken together, these data suggest that larval diets appear to have a limited impact on the adult life history consequences of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eevi Savola
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Pedro F Vale
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Craig A Walling
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
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7
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Malod K, du Rand EE, Archer CR, Nicolson SW, Weldon CW. Oxidative Damage Is Influenced by Diet But Unaffected by Selection for Early Age of Oviposition in the Marula Fly, Ceratitis cosyra (Diptera: Tephritidae). Front Physiol 2022; 13:794979. [PMID: 35295580 PMCID: PMC8918681 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.794979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of life-history traits, such as lifespan or reproductive effort, is tightly correlated with the amount and blend of macronutrients that individuals consume. In a range of herbivorous insects, consuming high protein to carbohydrate ratios (P:C) decreases lifespan but increases female fecundity. In other words, females face a resource-based trade-off between lifespan and fecundity. Redox metabolism may help mediate this trade-off, if oxidative damage is elevated by reproductive investment and if this damage, in turn, reduces lifespan. Here, we test how diets varying in P:C ratio affect oxidative damage and antioxidant protection in female and male of the marula fly, Ceratitis cosyra (Diptera: Tephritidae). We use replicated lines that have been subjected to experimental evolution and differ in their lifespan and reproductive scheduling. We predicted that high fecundity would be associated with high oxidative damage and reduced antioxidant defences, while longer lived flies would show reduced damage and elevated antioxidant defences. However, higher levels of oxidative damage were observed in long-lived control lines than selection lines, but only when fed the diet promoting lifespan. Flies fed diets promoting female fecundity (1:4 and 1:2 P:C) suffered greater oxidative damage to lipids than flies fed the best diet (0:1 P:C) for lifespan. Total antioxidant capacity was not affected by the selection regime or nutrition. Our results reiterate the importance of nutrition in affecting life-history traits, but suggest that in C. cosyra, reactive oxygen species play a minimal role in mediating dietary trade-offs between lifespan and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Malod
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Esther E. du Rand
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - C. Ruth Archer
- Institute for Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Susan W. Nicolson
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Christopher W. Weldon
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Christopher W. Weldon,
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8
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Carey MR, Archer CR, Rapkin J, Castledine M, Jensen K, House CM, Hosken DJ, Hunt J. Mapping sex differences in the effects of protein and carbohydrates on lifespan and reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster: is measuring nutrient intake essential? Biogerontology 2022; 23:129-144. [PMID: 35122572 PMCID: PMC8888493 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how diet affects reproduction and survival is a central aim in evolutionary biology. Although this relationship is likely to differ between the sexes, we lack data relating diet to male reproductive traits. One exception to this general pattern is Drosophila melanogaster, where male dietary intake was quantified using the CApillary FEeder (CAFE) method. However, CAFE feeding reduces D. melanogaster survival and reproduction, so may distort diet-fitness outcomes. Here, we use the Geometric Framework of Nutrition to create nutrient landscapes that map sex-specific relationships between protein, carbohydrate, lifespan and reproduction in D. melanogaster. Rather than creating landscapes with consumption data, we map traits onto the nutrient composition of forty agar-based diets, generating broad coverage of nutrient space. We find that male and female lifespan was maximised on low protein, high carbohydrate blends (~ 1P:15.9C). This nutrient ratio also maximised male reproductive rates, but females required more protein to maximise daily fecundity (1P:1.22C). These results are consistent with CAFE assay outcomes. However, the approach employed here improved female fitness relative to CAFE assays, while effects of agar versus CAFE feeding on male fitness traits depended on the nutrient composition of experimental diets. We suggest that informative nutrient landscapes can be made without measuring individual nutrient intake and that in many cases, this may be preferable to using the CAFE approach. The most appropriate method will depend on the question and species being studied, but the approach adopted here has the advantage of creating nutritional landscapes when dietary intake is hard to quantify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Carey
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Cornwall, UK
| | - C Ruth Archer
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Cornwall, UK.,Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - James Rapkin
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Cornwall, UK
| | - Meaghan Castledine
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Cornwall, UK
| | - Kim Jensen
- Department of Animal Science - ANIS Nutrition, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Clarissa M House
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Hosken
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Cornwall, UK
| | - John Hunt
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW, Australia.
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Whole-Grain Intake in the Mediterranean Diet and a Low Protein to Carbohydrates Ratio Can Help to Reduce Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease, Slow Down the Progression of Aging, and to Improve Lifespan: A Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082540. [PMID: 34444699 PMCID: PMC8401068 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increase in the aging population is a phenomenon all over the world. Maintaining good functional ability, good mental health, and cognitive function in the absence of severe disease and physical disability define successful aging. A healthy lifestyle in middle age predisposes successful aging. Longevity is the result of a multifactorial phenomenon, which involves feeding. Diets that emphasize fruit and vegetables, whole grains rather than refined grains, low-fat dairy, lean meats, fish, legumes, and nuts are inversely associated with mortality or to a lower risk of becoming frail among elderly subjects. A regular physical activity and a regular intake of whole grain derivatives together with the optimization of the protein/carbohydrate ratio in the diet, where the ratio is significantly less than 1 such as in the Mediterranean diet and the Okinawan diet, reduces the risk of developing aging-related diseases and increases healthy life expectancy. The purpose of our review was to analyze cohort and case-control studies that investigated the effects of cereals in the diet, especially whole grains and derivatives as well as the effects of a diet with a low protein-carbohydrate ratio on the progression of aging, mortality, and lifespan.
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10
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Ivimey-Cook ER, Sales K, Carlsson H, Immler S, Chapman T, Maklakov AA. Transgenerational fitness effects of lifespan extension by dietary restriction in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210701. [PMID: 33975472 PMCID: PMC8113902 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) increases lifespan in a broad variety of organisms and improves health in humans. However, long-term transgenerational consequences of dietary interventions are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of DR by temporary fasting (TF) on mortality risk, age-specific reproduction and fitness across three generations of descendants in Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that while TF robustly reduces mortality risk and improves late-life reproduction of the individuals subject to TF (P0), it has a wide range of both positive and negative effects on their descendants (F1-F3). Remarkably, great-grandparental exposure to TF in early life reduces fitness and increases mortality risk of F3 descendants to such an extent that TF no longer promotes a lifespan extension. These findings reveal that transgenerational trade-offs accompany the instant benefits of DR, underscoring the need to consider fitness of future generations in pursuit of healthy ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R. Ivimey-Cook
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TU, UK
| | - Kris Sales
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TU, UK
| | - Hanne Carlsson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TU, UK
| | - Simone Immler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TU, UK
| | - Tracey Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TU, UK
| | - Alexei A. Maklakov
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TU, UK
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11
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Pini T, Raubenheimer D, Simpson SJ, Crean AJ. Obesity and Male Reproduction; Placing the Western Diet in Context. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:622292. [PMID: 33776921 PMCID: PMC7991841 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.622292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that obesity has negative repercussions for reproductive physiology in males. Much of this evidence has accumulated from rodent studies employing diets high in fat and sugar ("high fat" or "western" diets). While excessive fats and carbohydrates have long been considered major determinants of diet induced obesity, a growing body of research suggests that the relationships between diet composition and obesity are more complex than originally thought, involving interactions between dietary macronutrients. However, rodent dietary models have yet to evolve to capture this, instead relying heavily on elevated levels of a single macronutrient. While this approach has highlighted important effects of obesity on male reproduction, it does not allow for interpretation of the complex, interacting effects of dietary protein, carbohydrate and fat. Further, the single nutrient approach limits the ability to draw conclusions about which diets best support reproductive function. Nutritional Geometry offers an alternative approach, assessing outcomes of interest over an extended range of dietary macronutrient compositions. This review explores the practical application of Nutritional Geometry to study the effects of dietary macronutrient balance on male reproduction, including experimental considerations specific to studies of diet and reproductive physiology. Finally, this review discusses the promising use of Nutritional Geometry in the development of evidence-based pre-conception nutritional guidance for men.
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12
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Moatt JP, Savola E, Regan JC, Nussey DH, Walling CA. Lifespan Extension Via Dietary Restriction: Time to Reconsider the Evolutionary Mechanisms? Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900241. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Moatt
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FL UK
| | - Eevi Savola
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FL UK
| | - Jennifer C. Regan
- Institute for Immunology and InfectionSchool of Biological ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FL UK
| | - Daniel H. Nussey
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FL UK
| | - Craig A. Walling
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FL UK
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13
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Žák J, Dyková I, Reichard M. Good performance of turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri) on pelleted diet as a step towards husbandry standardization. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8986. [PMID: 32488062 PMCID: PMC7265286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary alteration is one of the most universally effective aging interventions, making its standardization a fundamental need for model organisms in aging. In this dietetic study we address the current lack of standardized formulated diet for turquoise killifish Nothobranchius furzeri – a promising model organism. We first demonstrated that N. furzeri can be fully weaned at the onset of puberty onto a commercially available pelleted diet as the sole nutrition when kept in social tanks. We then compared nine somatic and six reproductive parameters between fish fed a typical laboratory diet - frozen chironomid larvae (bloodworms) and fish weaned from bloodworms to BioMar pellets. Both dietary groups had comparable somatic and reproductive performance. There was no difference between diet groups in adult body size, specific growth rate, condition or extent of hepatocellular vacuolation. Fish fed a pelleted diet had higher juvenile body mass and more visceral fat. Pellet-fed males had lower liver mass and possessed a lipid type of hepatocellular vacuolation instead of the prevailing glycogen-like vacuolation in the bloodworm-fed group. No considerable effect was found on reproductive parameters. The negligible differences between dietary groups and good acceptance of pellets indicate their suitability as a useful starting point for the development of standardized diet for Nothobranchius furzeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Žák
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 7, 122 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Dyková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Reichard
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.
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14
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Senior AM, Solon-Biet SM, Cogger VC, Le Couteur DG, Nakagawa S, Raubenheimer D, Simpson SJ. Dietary macronutrient content, age-specific mortality and lifespan. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20190393. [PMID: 31039722 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein and calorie restrictions extend median lifespan in many organisms. However, studies suggest that among-individual variation in the age at death is also affected. Ultimately, both of these outcomes must be caused by effects of nutrition on underlying patterns of age-specific mortality (ASM). Using model life tables, we tested for effects of dietary macronutrients on ASM in mice ( Mus musculus). High concentrations of protein and fat relative to carbohydrates were associated with low life expectancy and high variation in the age at death, a result caused predominantly by high mortality prior to middle age. A lifelong diet comprising the ratio of macronutrients self-selected by mouse (in early adulthood) was associated with low mortality up until middle age, but higher late-life mortality. This pattern results in reasonably high life expectancy, but very low variation in the age at death. Our analyses also indicate that it may be possible to minimize ASM across life by altering the ratio of dietary protein to carbohydrate in the approach to old age. Mortality in early and middle life was minimized at around one-part protein to two-parts carbohydrate, whereas in later life slightly greater than equal parts protein to carbohydrate reduced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair M Senior
- 1 Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, New South Wales 2006 , Australia.,2 School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Samantha M Solon-Biet
- 1 Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, New South Wales 2006 , Australia.,2 School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Victoria C Cogger
- 1 Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, New South Wales 2006 , Australia.,3 School of Medicine, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, New South Wales 2006 , Australia.,4 Ageing and Alzheimers Institute and ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital Concord , New South Wales , Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- 1 Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, New South Wales 2006 , Australia.,3 School of Medicine, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, New South Wales 2006 , Australia.,4 Ageing and Alzheimers Institute and ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital Concord , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- 5 Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052 , Australia.,6 Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010 , Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- 1 Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, New South Wales 2006 , Australia.,2 School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- 1 Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, New South Wales 2006 , Australia.,2 School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, New South Wales 2006 , Australia
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15
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von Frieling J, Roeder T. Factors that affect the translation of dietary restriction into a longer life. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:814-824. [PMID: 31889425 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional interventions, such as dietary or calorie restriction, are known to have a variety of health-promoting effects. The most impressive are the direct effects on life expectancy, which have been reproduced in many animal models. A variety of dietary restriction protocols have been described, which differ either in their macronutrient composition or in the time window for consumption. Mechanistically, the effects of dietary restriction are mediated mainly through signaling pathways that have central roles in the maintenance of cellular energy balance. Among these, target of rapamycin and insulin signaling appear to be the most important. Such nutritional interventions can have their effects in two different ways: either by direct interaction with the metabolism of the host organism, or by modulating the composition and performance of its endogenous microbiome. Various dietary restriction regimens have been identified that significantly alter the microbiome and thus profoundly modulate host metabolism. This review aims to discuss the mechanisms by which dietary restriction can affect life expectancy, and in particular the role of the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob von Frieling
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Physiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Physiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.,DZL, German Center for Lung Research, ARCN, Kiel, Germany
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16
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Mautz BS, Rode NO, Bonduriansky R, Rundle HD. Comparing ageing and the effects of diet supplementation in wild vs. captive antler flies,
Protopiophila litigata. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1913-1924. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Mautz
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | | | - Russell Bonduriansky
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
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17
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Camus MF, Piper MD, Reuter M. Sex-specific transcriptomic responses to changes in the nutritional environment. eLife 2019; 8:47262. [PMID: 31436529 PMCID: PMC6773443 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Males and females typically pursue divergent reproductive strategies and accordingly require different dietary compositions to maximise their fitness. Here we move from identifying sex-specific optimal diets to understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie male and female responses to dietary variation in Drosophila melanogaster. We examine male and female gene expression on male-optimal (carbohydrate-rich) and female-optimal (protein-rich) diets. We find that the sexes share a large core of metabolic genes that are concordantly regulated in response to dietary composition. However, we also observe smaller sets of genes with divergent and opposing regulation, most notably in reproductive genes which are over-expressed on each sex's optimal diet. Our results suggest that nutrient sensing output emanating from a shared metabolic machinery are reversed in males and females, leading to opposing diet-dependent regulation of reproduction in males and females. Further analysis and experiments suggest that this reverse regulation occurs within the IIS/TOR network. "You are what you eat" is a popular saying that can often make scientific sense. Everything an animal eats gets broken down into smaller molecules that fuel the many biological processes required to survive, move and reproduce. However, the food that the sexes need to maximize their fertility may not be exactly the same, as males make lots of small, mobile sperm cells while females create a small number of large eggs. In fruit flies for example, females benefit most from foods that contain lots of protein, while males are more fertile when they eat foods that are rich in carbohydrates. However, it remained unclear how these differences have evolved. Here, Camus et al. examine the genes that are active in male and female fruit flies which eat a diet rich in either carbohydrates or in proteins. Their experiments showed that both sexes share a large collection of genes which respond to the two diets in the same way. However, the type of food had opposite effects on the activity of certain genes involved in male and female reproduction. When the fruit flies had a protein-rich diet, for example, genes that promoted reproduction got turned on in females, but switched off in males. The opposite pattern was observed when the insects were exposed to carbohydrate-rich diets. Further analyses suggested that these different responses might be linked to a molecular network called IIS/TOR, which is a specific cascade of reactions that responds to nutrient availability. The findings of Camus et al. suggest that male and female flies produce different signals in reaction to food, which helps them to reproduce when they are able to meet their particular nutritional needs. Armed with a better understanding of the fundamental differences between the sexes, it may be possible to improve research into human health and animal keeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Florencia Camus
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Dw Piper
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Max Reuter
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Regan JC, Froy H, Walling CA, Moatt JP, Nussey DH. Dietary restriction and insulin‐like signalling pathways as adaptive plasticity: A synthesis and re‐evaluation. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Regan
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Hannah Froy
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Craig A. Walling
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Joshua P. Moatt
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Daniel H. Nussey
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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19
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Moatt JP, Fyfe MA, Heap E, Mitchell LJM, Moon F, Walling CA. Reconciling nutritional geometry with classical dietary restriction: Effects of nutrient intake, not calories, on survival and reproduction. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12868. [PMID: 30456818 PMCID: PMC6352320 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) is one of the main experimental paradigms to investigate the mechanisms that determine lifespan and aging. Yet, the exact nutritional parameters responsible for DR remain unclear. Recently, the advent of the geometric framework of nutrition (GF) has refocussed interest from calories to dietary macronutrients. However, GF experiments focus on invertebrates, with the importance of macronutrients in vertebrates still widely debated. This has led to the suggestion of a fundamental difference in the mode of action of DR between vertebrates and invertebrates, questioning the suggestion of an evolutionarily conserved mechanism. The use of dietary dilution rather than restriction in GF studies makes comparison with traditional DR studies difficult. Here, using a novel nonmodel vertebrate system (the stickleback fish, Gasterosteus aculeatus), we test the effect of macronutrient versus calorie intake on key fitness‐related traits, both using the GF and avoiding dietary dilution. We find that the intake of macronutrients rather than calories determines both mortality risk and reproduction. Male mortality risk was lowest on intermediate lipid intakes, and female risk was generally reduced by low protein intakes. The effect of macronutrient intake on reproduction was similar between the sexes, with high protein intakes maximizing reproduction. Our results provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence that macronutrient, not caloric, intake predicts changes in mortality and reproduction in the absence of dietary dilution. This supports the suggestion of evolutionary conservation in the effect of diet on lifespan, but via variation in macronutrient intake rather than calories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Moatt
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Murray A. Fyfe
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Elizabeth Heap
- Edinburgh Genomics, Roslin Institute; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Luke J. M. Mitchell
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Fiona Moon
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Craig A. Walling
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
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