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Pabst A, d'Argembeau A, de Longueville X, de Timary P, Maurage P. Social episodic memory in severe alcohol use disorder: Positive encoding bias and negative bias in accessibility of interpersonal information. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:1336-1346. [PMID: 38925609 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in higher-order social cognition are well documented in individuals with severe alcohol use disorder (SAUD). However, the basic mechanisms underpinning them are not well understood. This knowledge gap hampers the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. Here, we investigated whether individuals with SAUD show abnormalities in social episodic memory processes, which may represent relevant candidate mechanisms for alterations in social cognition. METHODS Recently detoxified patients with SAUD and matched healthy controls (HCs) completed two experimental tasks. We first used a Social Recognition Task in 40 SAUD patients and 40 HCs to measure the participants' ability to implicitly memorize the facial identity and emotion of novel interpersonal cues (i.e., dynamic facial expressions of anger and happiness). We then used a Social Memory Accessibility Task in 29 SAUD patients and 30 HCs) to measure participants' access to and fluency for already existing social memories by asking them to retrieve as many specific positive and negative interpersonal events as possible within equal time limits. RESULTS In the Social Recognition Task, we found that, compared to HCs, patients with SAUD had a globally lower recognition performance for the facial identities of novel social stimuli, but a preserved bias toward positive information. Conversely, in the social memory accessibility task, patients showed greater access to and fluency for negative interpersonal memories than controls (no group differences were observed for positive ones), resulting in a negative accessibility bias. CONCLUSIONS This exploration of episodic social memory in individuals with SAUD showed (1) a preserved bias for the encoding of positive versus negative novel social information, and (2) greater access to negative than positive interpersonal memories. These results enhance our understanding of socio-affective processing in individuals with SAUD and identify social memory alterations that may contribute to social cognition and interpersonal difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Pabst
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Arnaud d'Argembeau
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Laboratory (PsyNCog), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Philippe de Timary
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Frisone F, Calabrò G, Rossi C, Riva G. MEM-AV: A VR-Based Approach to Improve Autobiographical Memory Retrieval in Addiction. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2024; 27:353-355. [PMID: 38717129 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2024.42624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Frisone
- Humane Technology Laboratory, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Calabrò
- Responsible of the Drug Rehabilitation Center "Le.L.A.T.", Via Gaetano Alessi, Messina, Italy
| | - Chiara Rossi
- Humane Technology Laboratory, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Humane Technology Laboratory, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli, Milan, Italy
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Magnasco, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review deficits in emotional processing and social cognition potentially contributing to the dysfunctional emotion regulation and difficulties with interpersonal relationships observed in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and to provide directions for future research. METHOD First is presented a review of emotional and social-cognitive impairments in recently detoxified AUD individuals that include alexithymia, difficulties in decoding others' emotions, and reduced theory of mind and empathy skills. Social cognition disorders in AUD pose different issues discussed, such as whether (1) these deficits are consequences of excessive alcohol consumption or premorbid risk factors for addiction, (2) emotional and social impairments impede positive treatment outcome, (3) recovery of social abilities is possible with sustained abstinence, and (4) AUD patients are unaware of their emotional and social dysfunctions. Finally, current knowledge on structural and functional brain correlates of these deficits in AUD are reviewed. RESULTS Emotional and social-cognitive functions affected in AUD can potentially compromise efforts to initiate and maintain abstinence by hampering efficacy of clinical treatment. Such dysfunction can obstruct efforts to enable or reinstate higher-order abilities such as emotional self-regulation, motivation to change, success in interpersonal/social interactions, and emotional insight and awareness of social dysfunctions (i.e., accurate metacognition). CONCLUSIONS The present review highlights the need to account for emotional processing and social cognition in the evaluation and rehabilitation of alcohol-related neurocognitive disorders and to consider psychotherapeutic treatment involving remediation of emotional and social skills as implemented in psychiatric and neurological disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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El Haj M, Moustafa AA, Perle A, Tison P, Cottencin O, Nandrino JL. Impaired Specificity of Future Thinking in Alcohol Use Disorders. Alcohol Res 2019; 43:945-951. [PMID: 30817013 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While there has been a body of work that has investigated past thinking in individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUD), little is known about future thinking in these individuals. METHODS We invited participants with AUD and control participants to construct past and future events. We have also investigated the relationship between constructing past and future events and depression. RESULTS By analyzing the specificity (i.e., the ability in constructing specific events situated in time and space) of these events, results demonstrated lower specificity of past and future thinking in AUD participants compared to control participants. No significant differences were observed between the specificity of past and future thinking in AUD or in control participants. Further, significant negative correlations were observed between depression and past/future thinking in AUD participants but not in controls. CONCLUSIONS Difficulties in constructing specific future scenarios, as observed in AUD participants compared with controls, are presumably related to ruminative thinking and emotional avoidance aspects of depression, which should be investigated in future studies. More specifically, individuals with AUD may tend to construct general future scenarios to dwell on negative past events and/or to avoid coping with hopelessness and processing of upsetting or distressful future scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El Haj
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (EA 4638) , Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Unité de Gériatrie , Centre Hospitalier de Tourcoing, Tourcoing, France.,Institut Universitaire de France , Paris, France
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology & Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour , Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aïssata Perle
- Univ. Lille , CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Louis Nandrino
- Univ. Lille , CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
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Rolland B, D'Hondt F, Montègue S, Brion M, Peyron E, D'Aviau de Ternay J, de Timary P, Nourredine M, Maurage P. A Patient-Tailored Evidence-Based Approach for Developing Early Neuropsychological Training Programs in Addiction Settings. Neuropsychol Rev 2019; 29:103-115. [PMID: 30607658 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-018-9395-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are associated with impairments of cognitive functions, and cognitive training programs are thus rapidly developing in SUD treatment. However, neuropsychological impairments observed early after withdrawal (i.e., early impairments), that is, approximately in the first six months, may be widespread. Consequently, it might not be possible to train all the identified early impairments. In these situations, we propose that the priority of cognitive training should be given to the early impairments found to be associated with early dropout or relapse (i.e., relapse-related impairments). However, substance-specific relapse-related impairments have not been singled out among all early impairments so far. Using a systematic literature search, we identified the types of established early impairments for all SUDs, and we assessed the extent to which these early impairments were found to be associated with relapse-related impairments. All cognitive functions were investigated according to a classification based on current neuropsychological models, distinguishing classical cognitive, substance-bias, and social cognition systems. According to the current evidence, demonstrated relapse-related impairments in alcohol use disorder comprised impulsivity, long-term memory, and higher-order executive functions. For cannabis use disorder, the identified relapse-related impairments were impulsivity and working memory. For stimulant use disorder, the identified relapse-related impairments were attentional abilities and higher-order executive functions. For opioid use disorder, the only identified relapse-related impairments were higher executive functions. However, many early impairments were not explored with respect to dropout/relapse, particularly for stimulant and opioid use disorders. The current literature reveals substance-specific relapse-related impairments, which supports a pragmatic patient-tailored approach for defining which early impairments should be prioritized in terms of training among patients with SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Rolland
- Univ Lyon; UCBL ; INSERM U1028 ; CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neuroscience de Lyon (CRNL), F-69678, Bron, France.,Service Universitaire d'Addictologie de Lyon (SUAL), Pôle UP-MOPHA, F-69500, Bron, CH Le Vinatier, France
| | - Fabien D'Hondt
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000, Lille, France.,Clinique de Psychiatrie, CHU Lille, CURE, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Solène Montègue
- Service Universitaire d'Addictologie de Lyon (SUAL), Pôle UP-MOPHA, F-69500, Bron, CH Le Vinatier, France
| | - Mélanie Brion
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Julia D'Aviau de Ternay
- Service Universitaire d'Addictologie de Lyon (SUAL), Pôle UP-MOPHA, F-69500, Bron, CH Le Vinatier, France
| | - Philippe de Timary
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, B-1060, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mikaïl Nourredine
- Service Universitaire d'Addictologie de Lyon (SUAL), Pôle UP-MOPHA, F-69500, Bron, CH Le Vinatier, France
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Rochat L, Maurage P, Heeren A, Billieux J. Let's Open the Decision-Making Umbrella: A Framework for Conceptualizing and Assessing Features of Impaired Decision Making in Addiction. Neuropsychol Rev 2018; 29:27-51. [PMID: 30293096 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-018-9387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Decision-making impairments play a pivotal role in the emergence and maintenance of addictive disorders. However, a sound conceptualization of decision making as an umbrella construct, encompassing its cognitive, affective, motivational, and physiological subcomponents, is still lacking. This prevents an efficient evaluation of the heterogeneity of decision-making impairments and the development of tailored treatment. This paper thus unfolds the various processes involved in decision making by adopting a critical approach of prominent dual- or triadic-process models, which postulate that decision making is influenced by the interplay of impulsive-automatic, reflective-controlled, and interoceptive processes. Our approach also focuses on social cognition processes, which play a crucial role in decision making and addictive disorders but were largely ignored in previous dual- or triadic-process models. We propose here a theoretical framework in which a range of coordinated processes are first identified on the basis of their theoretical and clinical relevance. Each selected process is then defined before reviewing available results underlining its role in addictive disorders (i.e., substance use, gambling, and gaming disorders). Laboratory tasks for measuring each process are also proposed, initiating a preliminary process-based decision-making assessment battery. This original approach may offer an especially informative view of the constitutive features of decision-making impairments in addiction. As prior research has implicated these features as risk factors for the development and maintenance of addictive disorders, our processual approach sets the scene for novel and transdiagnostic experimental and applied research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Rochat
- Cognitive Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Science Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Heeren
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Science Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joël Billieux
- Addictive and Compulsive Behaviours Lab (ACB-Lab), Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- Centre for Excessive Gambling, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Addiction Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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El Haj M, Daoudi M, Gallouj K, Moustafa AA, Nandrino JL. When your face describes your memories: facial expressions during retrieval of autobiographical memories. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:861-872. [PMID: 29750658 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Thanks to the current advances in the software analysis of facial expressions, there is a burgeoning interest in understanding emotional facial expressions observed during the retrieval of autobiographical memories. This review describes the research on facial expressions during autobiographical retrieval showing distinct emotional facial expressions according to the characteristics of retrieved memoires. More specifically, this research demonstrates that the retrieval of emotional memories can trigger corresponding emotional facial expressions (e.g. positive memories may trigger positive facial expressions). Also, this study demonstrates the variations of facial expressions according to specificity, self-relevance, or past versus future direction of memory construction. Besides linking research on facial expressions during autobiographical retrieval to cognitive and affective characteristics of autobiographical memory in general, this review positions this research within the broader context research on the physiologic characteristics of autobiographical retrieval. We also provide several perspectives for clinical studies to investigate facial expressions in populations with deficits in autobiographical memory (e.g. whether autobiographical overgenerality in neurologic and psychiatric populations may trigger few emotional facial expressions). In sum, this review paper demonstrates how the evaluation of facial expressions during autobiographical retrieval may help understand the functioning and dysfunctioning of autobiographical memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El Haj
- University of Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France; Département de Psychologie, Domaine du Pont de Bois, B.P. 60149, F-59653 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Unité de Gériatrie, Centre Hospitalier de Tourcoing, F-59000 Tourcoing, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Daoudi
- IMT Lille Douai, University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 9189 Centre de Recherche en Informatique Signal et Automatique de Lille (CRIStAL), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Karim Gallouj
- Unité de Gériatrie, Centre Hospitalier de Tourcoing, F-59000 Tourcoing, France
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology and Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney 2751, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jean-Louis Nandrino
- University of Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France
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Noël X, Jaafari N, Bechara A. Addictive behaviors: Why and how impaired mental time matters? PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 235:219-237. [PMID: 29054290 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mental time travel (MTT) allows navigation into the past, the future, and the minds of others, and it subserves future-oriented decision-making. Impaired MTT has been associated with a tendency to over-rely on the present, which is a characteristic of addictive behaviors. We here discuss the possible relationship between impaired autographical memory, future-oriented MTT, shortened time horizons, suboptimal social cognition, and poor decision-making in individuals with drug and gambling use disorders. We elaborate on how impaired MTT could compromise the process of change in addiction recovery and the effectiveness of psychotherapy. We argue that facilitating MTT represents, for individuals with addictive behaviors, an important process to enhance readiness to change, and to improve the quality and the efficiency of psychosocial interventions that focus on "emotional correction."
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Noël
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nematollah Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie à vocation régionale Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France; Université de Poitiers-INSERM CIC-P 1402 CHU de Poitiers-INSERM U 1084, Experimental and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory-Groupement de Recherche CNRS, Poitiers, France
| | - Antoine Bechara
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Nandrino JL, Gandolphe MC, El Haj M. Autobiographical memory compromise in individuals with alcohol use disorders: Towards implications for psychotherapy research. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:61-70. [PMID: 28756101 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been found that Autobiographical memory (i.e., memory for personal experiences and facts about the self) are not properly maintained in people with alcohol-use disorders (AUD). The present paper offers a comprehensive overview of findings regarding the consequences of AUD on autobiographical memory. More specifically, we offer a theoretical model (the AMAUD Autobiographical Memory and Alcohol Use Disorders model) according to which chronic alcohol consumption compromises emotion regulation as well as executive control, which maintains the construction of autobiographical memory. Compromises in emotional regulation and executive functioning can be linked to a weak aspiration to construct detailed memories (i.e., autobiographical overgenerality), compromises of subjective reliving, anterograde amnesia, negative self-defining memories, and a difficulty to mentally project oneself forward in time to generate complex autobiographical representations and self-images. By gathering cognitive and clinical aspects of autobiographical decline in AUD, this model constitutes a theoretical foundation that may lead to a better understanding of this decline. Different clinical perspectives are proposed for developing personalized autobiographical memory rehabilitation programs for individuals with AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Nandrino
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Marie-Charlotte Gandolphe
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Mohamad El Haj
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France
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10
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Le Berre AP, Fama R, Sullivan EV. Executive Functions, Memory, and Social Cognitive Deficits and Recovery in Chronic Alcoholism: A Critical Review to Inform Future Research. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1432-1443. [PMID: 28618018 PMCID: PMC5531758 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a complex and dynamic disease, punctuated by periods of abstinence and relapse, and influenced by a multitude of vulnerability factors. Chronic excessive alcohol consumption is associated with cognitive deficits, ranging from mild to severe, in executive functions, memory, and metacognitive abilities, with associated impairment in emotional processes and social cognition. These deficits can compromise efforts in initiating and sustaining abstinence by hampering efficacy of clinical treatment and can obstruct efforts in enabling good decision making success in interpersonal/social interactions, and awareness of cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions. Despite evidence for differences in recovery levels of selective cognitive processes, certain deficits can persist even with prolonged sobriety. Herein is presented a review of alcohol-related cognitive impairments affecting component processes of executive functioning, memory, and the recently investigated cognitive domains of metamemory, social cognition, and emotional processing; also considered are trajectories of cognitive recovery with abstinence. Finally, in the spirit of critical review, limitations of current knowledge are noted and avenues for new research efforts are proposed that focus on (i) the interaction among emotion-cognition processes and identification of vulnerability factors contributing to the development of emotional and social processing deficits and (ii) the time line of cognitive recovery by tracking alcoholism's dynamic course of sobriety and relapse. Knowledge about the heterochronicity of cognitive recovery in alcoholism has the potential of indicating at which points during recovery intervention may be most beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Pascale Le Berre
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rosemary Fama
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Edith V. Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Nandrino JL, Gandolphe MC. Characterization of Self-Defining Memories in Individuals with Severe Alcohol Use Disorders After Mid-Term Abstinence: The Impact of the Emotional Valence of Memories. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1484-1491. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Nandrino
- CNRS UMR 9193; SCALab; Université de Lille; Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- Clinique Medico-Psychologique; Fondation Santé des Etudiants de France; Villeneuve d'Ascq France
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