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Hall LM, Moussa-Tooks AB, Bailey AJ, Sheffield JM. Examining delusional ideation: Relationships with race and socioeconomic status. Schizophr Res 2023; 262:104-111. [PMID: 37944343 PMCID: PMC10841742 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Race and socioeconomic status (SES) are commonly cited as risk factors for psychosis and psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). However, few studies have investigated the relationships between race and SES with specific domains of PLEs. Specifically, little work has examined the relationships between race and SES with delusional ideation, severity (preoccupation, conviction, distress), and delusional themes. Using cross-sectional, general population data (N = 727) from the Nathan Kline Institute-Rockland (NKI-Rockland) database, we investigated racial differences in delusional ideation and severity between Black and White participants, including differences in delusional themes. Then, we investigated SES's relationship with delusional thinking and the interaction between race and SES on delusional thinking. Black American participants endorsed higher delusional ideation with stronger severity than White Americans. A significant interaction between race and delusional theme revealed that Black Americans endorse significantly more delusional ideation in themes of grandiosity, religiosity, and referential-guilt. Black Americans endorse greater delusional severity in grandiose and religious ideations. Black Americans endorse stronger preoccupation and conviction - but not distress-in their referential-guilt ideation. SES was not significantly associated with delusional thinking, nor did SES moderate the significant relationships between race and delusional ideation. These results illuminate the clear racial disparity that exist in delusional ideation within a general population, which did not extend to SES in this dataset. Future work should investigate deeper into the contributory factors to these racial disparities, particularly whether they are based in psychological and/or cultural differences or are the result of assessment/measurement bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Hall
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America.
| | - Alexandra B Moussa-Tooks
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Allen J Bailey
- Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addition, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Julia M Sheffield
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
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2
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Pingani L, Giberti S, Coriani S, Ferrari S, Fierro L, Mattei G, Nasi AM, Pinelli G, Wesselmann ED, Galeazzi GM. Translation and Validation of an Italian Language Version of the Religious Beliefs and Mental Illness Stigma Scale (I-RBMIS). JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2021; 60:3530-3544. [PMID: 33547519 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-021-01195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to validate the Italian version of the Religious Beliefs and Mental Illness Stigma Scale (I-RBMIS): a self-report measure of religious beliefs that may contribute to stigma regarding mental disorders. Scale validation included: linguistic validation; pilot test for understandability; face validity; factor analysis as test of dimensionality; Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test to evaluate sample sampling adequacy; internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha; scale validity was assessed through concurrent criterion validity using as gold standard the Italian version of Attribution Questionnaire 27 and mental health knowledge schedule; A total of 311 people agreed to participate in the study. Face validity showed that 13 items out of 16 were completely understandable while only three items (4, 9 and 13) highlighted small lexical concerns. The average compilation time was under 4 min. Bartlett's test for sphericity was statistically significant (Χ2 = 1497.54; df = 120; p < 0.001). Cronbach's alpha values were acceptable both for the entire questionnaire (0.80) and for the morality/sin subscale (0.73), whereas it was slightly below the standard cutoff for the spiritually oriented causes/treatments (0.68). Scale validity showed a positive correlation between I-RBMIS and AQ-27-I, and a negative correlation between I-RBMIS and MAKS-I. I-RBMIS demonstrated good psychometric properties to assess stigmatizing religious beliefs toward mental illness in general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pingani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, "De Sanctis" Pavilion - "San Lazzaro" University Campus, Via Amendola 2, 42121, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
- Department of Health Professions, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
- Department of Mental Health, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Sara Giberti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, "De Sanctis" Pavilion - "San Lazzaro" University Campus, Via Amendola 2, 42121, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Sandra Coriani
- Department of Health Professions, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, "De Sanctis" Pavilion - "San Lazzaro" University Campus, Via Amendola 2, 42121, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Lucia Fierro
- Department of Health Professions, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mattei
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, "De Sanctis" Pavilion - "San Lazzaro" University Campus, Via Amendola 2, 42121, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Marco Biagi Department of Economics and Marco Bigi Foundation, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Nasi
- Department of Health Professions, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Department of Mental Health, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pinelli
- Department of the Arts, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Gian Maria Galeazzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, "De Sanctis" Pavilion - "San Lazzaro" University Campus, Via Amendola 2, 42121, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Serfaty DR, Cherniak AD, Strous RD. How are psychotic symptoms and treatment factors affected by religion? A cross-sectional study about religious coping among ultra-Orthodox Jews. Psychiatry Res 2020; 293:113349. [PMID: 32798928 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Religious coping is prevalent among individuals diagnosed with psychotic disorders, however its clinical relevance has been insufficiently studied. Thirty ultra-Orthodox Jewish patients experiencing current psychotic symptoms and receiving treatment in the inpatient and day-care units were administered measures assessing severity of psychotic symptoms, psychological distress/well-being, beliefs about treatment credibility/expectancy, and aspects of religious belief and coping. Among men, negative religious coping was associated with lower treatment credibility. Among women, positive religious coping was associated with increased treatment expectancy and greater quality of life; and trust in God was associated with reduced psychiatric symptoms and greater treatment expectancy. Study findings indicate that religious factors may promote treatment motivation and engagement, crucial factors for subpopulations facing culturally-based barriers to treatment, as well as boost more favorable outcomes. Sensitivity to religious factors in treatment appears to play an important role in the management of psychotic disorders and should be engaged when culturally appropriate in order to maximize treatment potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron D Cherniak
- Mayanei Hayeshua Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel; Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rael D Strous
- Mayanei Hayeshua Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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McKay RT, Ross RM. Religion and delusion. Curr Opin Psychol 2020; 40:160-166. [PMID: 33227572 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We review scholarship that examines relationships - and distinctions - between religion and delusion. We begin by outlining and endorsing the position that both involve belief. Next, we present the prevailing psychiatric view that religious beliefs are not delusional if they are culturally accepted. While this cultural exemption has controversial implications, we argue it is clinically valuable and consistent with a growing awareness of the social - as opposed to purely epistemic - function of belief formation. Finally, we review research on continuities between religious and delusional cognition, which reveals that religious content is quite common in delusions and which provides tentative evidence for a positive relationship between religious belief and delusion-like belief in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T McKay
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Robert M Ross
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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