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Eun Kim G, Jun Kim H, Jun Jin H. The association between Adenosine A 2A receptor gene polymorphisms and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Korean children. Gene 2023; 876:147503. [PMID: 37220831 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and heritable neurodevelopmental disorder. Particularly, ADHD is known to be related to the dopaminergic system. ADHD symptoms can appear when the dopamine binding affinity diminishes due to dopamine receptor abnormalities, such as the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R). This receptor interacts with the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR). The A2AR acts as an antagonist of D2R, that is, the increased binding of adenosine with A2AR inhibits the D2R activity. Furthermore, it is found that the single nucleotide polymorphisms of the adenosine A2A receptor gene (ADORA2A) revealed a significant relationship with ADHD in various populations. Therefore, we examined the genetic relationship between ADORA2A polymorphisms (rs2297838, rs5751876, and rs4822492) and Korean ADHD children. A case-control study was performed for 150 cases and 322 controls. Genotyping of ADORA2A polymorphisms was conducted by PCR-RFLP. The results demonstrated that the rs5751876 TC genotype was associated with children with ADHD (p = 0.018). The rs2298383 CC genotype was significantly associated with children with ADHD/HI (p = 0.026). However, when Bonferroni correction was used, the significance vanished (padjusted = 0.054 and padjusted = 0.078, respectively). Haplotype analysis showed that TTC, TCC, and CTG demonstrated a significant difference between ADHD/C children and control groups (padjusted = 0.006, padjusted = 0.011, and padjusted = 0.028, respectively). In conclusion, we propose a possible association between ADORA2A polymorphisms with Korean children having ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Eun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Hyung Jun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Han Jun Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea.
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Singer P, Yee BK. The adenosine hypothesis of schizophrenia into its third decade: From neurochemical imbalance to early life etiological risks. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1120532. [PMID: 36998267 PMCID: PMC10043328 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1120532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenosine hypothesis of schizophrenia was conceptualized about two decades ago in an attempt to integrate two prominent theories of neurochemical imbalance that attribute the pathogenesis of schizophrenia to hyperfunction of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine neurotransmission and hypofunction of cortical glutamate neurotransmission. Given its unique position as an endogenous modulator of both dopamine and glutamate signaling in the brain, adenosine was postulated as a potential new drug target to achieve multiple antipsychotic actions. This new strategy may offer hope for improving treatment, especially in alleviating negative symptoms and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia that do not respond to current medications. To date, however, the adenosine hypothesis has yet led to any significant therapeutic breakthroughs. Here, we address two possible reasons for the impasse. First, neither the presence of adenosine functional deficiency in people with schizophrenia nor its causal relationship to symptom production has been satisfactorily examined. Second, the lack of novel adenosine-based drugs also impedes progress. This review updates the latest preclinical and clinical data pertinent to the construct validity of the adenosine hypothesis and explores novel molecular processes whereby dysregulation of adenosine signaling could be linked to the etiology of schizophrenia. It is intended to stimulate and revitalize research into the adenosine hypothesis towards the development of a new and improved generation of antipsychotic drugs that has eluded us for decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Singer
- Roche Diagnostics International AG, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Philipp Singer Benjamin K. Yee
| | - Benjamin K. Yee
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Philipp Singer Benjamin K. Yee
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Echeverry‐Alzate V, Jeanblanc J, Sauton P, Bloch V, Labat L, Soichot M, Vorspan F, Naassila M. Is R(+)-Baclofen the best option for the future of Baclofen in alcohol dependence pharmacotherapy? Insights from the preclinical side. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12892. [PMID: 32146727 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, studies conducted to evaluate the efficacy of RS(±)-Baclofen in the treatment of alcohol dependence yielded contrasting results. Human and animal studies recently questioned the use of the racemic drug in patients since a potential important role of the different enantiomers has been revealed with an efficacy thought to reside with the active R(+)-enantiomer. Here we conducted experiments in the postdependent rat model of alcohol dependence to compare the efficacy of R(+)-Baclofen or S(-)-Baclofen to that of RS(±)-Baclofen on ethanol intake, seeking, and relapse. R(+)-Baclofen was more effective than RS(±)-Baclofen in reducing ethanol intake and seeking during acute withdrawal and during relapse after abstinence. We also used an original population approach in order to identify drug responders. We found a significant proportion of responders to S(-)-Baclofen and RS(±)-Baclofen, displaying an increase in ethanol intake, and this increasing effect on alcohol intake was not seen in the R(+)-Baclofen group. At an intermediate dose of R(+)-Baclofen, devoid of any motor side effects, we identified a very large proportion of responders (75%) with a large decrease in ethanol intake (90% decrease). Finally, the response to RS(±)-Baclofen on ethanol intake was correlated to plasma level of Baclofen. R(+)-Baclofen and RS(±)-Baclofen were effective in reducing sucrose intake. Our study has important clinical implication since it suggests that the wide variability in the therapeutic responses of patients to RS(±)-Baclofen may come from the sensitivity to the R(+)-Baclofen but also to the one of the S(-)-Baclofen that can promote an increase in ethanol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Echeverry‐Alzate
- INSERM UMR 1247‐Research Group on Alcohol and Pharmacodependences (GRAP) Université de Picardie Jules Verne Amiens France
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA) Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Spain
- Department of Psychobiology & Behavioral Sciences Methods, School of Psychology Complutense University of Madrid Spain
| | - Jérôme Jeanblanc
- INSERM UMR 1247‐Research Group on Alcohol and Pharmacodependences (GRAP) Université de Picardie Jules Verne Amiens France
| | - Pierre Sauton
- INSERM UMR 1247‐Research Group on Alcohol and Pharmacodependences (GRAP) Université de Picardie Jules Verne Amiens France
| | - Vanessa Bloch
- INSERM UMR‐S 1144 Université de Paris, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie Paris France
- Faculté de Médecine Université de Paris Paris France
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris Paris France
| | - Laurence Labat
- INSERM UMR‐S 1144 Université de Paris, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie Paris France
- Faculté de Médecine Université de Paris Paris France
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris Paris France
| | - Marion Soichot
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Biologique – Hôpital Lariboisière Paris France
| | - Florence Vorspan
- INSERM UMR‐S 1144 Université de Paris, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie Paris France
- Faculté de Médecine Université de Paris Paris France
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris Paris France
| | - Mickael Naassila
- INSERM UMR 1247‐Research Group on Alcohol and Pharmacodependences (GRAP) Université de Picardie Jules Verne Amiens France
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Adenosine A 2AReceptors in Substance Use Disorders: A Focus on Cocaine. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061372. [PMID: 32492952 PMCID: PMC7348840 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several psychoactive drugs can evoke substance use disorders (SUD) in humans and animals, and these include psychostimulants, opioids, cannabinoids (CB), nicotine, and alcohol. The etiology, mechanistic processes, and the therapeutic options to deal with SUD are not well understood. The common feature of all abused drugs is that they increase dopamine (DA) neurotransmission within the mesocorticolimbic circuitry of the brain followed by the activation of DA receptors. D2 receptors were proposed as important molecular targets for SUD. The findings showed that D2 receptors formed heteromeric complexes with other GPCRs, which forced the addiction research area in new directions. In this review, we updated the view on the brain D2 receptor complexes with adenosine (A)2A receptors (A2AR) and discussed the role of A2AR in different aspects of addiction phenotypes in laboratory animal procedures that permit the highly complex syndrome of human drug addiction. We presented the current knowledge on the neurochemical in vivo and ex vivo mechanisms related to cocaine use disorder (CUD) and discussed future research directions for A2AR heteromeric complexes in SUD.
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Neasta J, Darcq E, Jeanblanc J, Carnicella S, Ben Hamida S. GPCR and Alcohol-Related Behaviors in Genetically Modified Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:17-42. [PMID: 31919661 PMCID: PMC7007453 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00828-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest class of cell surface signaling receptors and regulate major neurobiological processes. Accordingly, GPCRs represent primary targets for the treatment of brain disorders. Several human genetic polymorphisms affecting GPCRs have been associated to different components of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Moreover, GPCRs have been reported to contribute to several features of alcohol-related behaviors in animal models. Besides traditional pharmacological tools, genetic-based approaches mostly aimed at deleting GPCR genes provided substantial information on how key GPCRs drive alcohol-related behaviors. In this review, we summarize the alcohol phenotypes that ensue from genetic manipulation, in particular gene deletion, of key GPCRs in rodents. We focused on GPCRs that belong to fundamental neuronal systems that have been shown as potential targets for the development of AUD treatment. Data are reviewed with particular emphasis on alcohol reward, seeking, and consumption which are behaviors that capture essential aspects of AUD. Literature survey indicates that in most cases, there is still a gap in defining the intracellular transducers and the functional crosstalk of GPCRs as well as the neuronal populations in which their signaling regulates alcohol actions. Further, the implication of only a few orphan GPCRs has been so far investigated in animal models. Combining advanced pharmacological technologies with more specific genetically modified animals and behavioral preclinical models is likely necessary to deepen our understanding in how GPCR signaling contributes to AUD and for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Neasta
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, University of Montpellier, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Douglas Hospital Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Jérôme Jeanblanc
- Research Group on Alcohol and Pharmacodependences-INSERM U1247, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80025, Amiens, France
| | - Sebastien Carnicella
- INSERM U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), University of Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sami Ben Hamida
- Douglas Hospital Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada.
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Increased Ethanol Consumption and Locomotion Develop upon Ethanol Deprivation in Rats Overexpressing the Adenosine (A) 2A Receptor. Neuroscience 2019; 418:133-148. [PMID: 31449988 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical data indicate that ethanol produces behavioral effects that can be regulated by many neurotransmitters and neuromodulators like adenosine (A). The most important receptors with respect to the rewarding effects of ethanol seem to be the A2A receptors. This study used a transgenic strategy, specifically rats overexpressing the A2A receptor, to characterize the neurobiological mechanisms of ethanol consumption as measured by intermittent access to 20% ethanol in a two-bottle choice paradigm. In this model, no change in ethanol consumption was observed in transgenic animals compared to wild type controls during the acquisition/maintenance phase. Following alcohol deprivation, only transgenic rats overexpressing the A2A receptor exhibited escalation of ethanol consumption and drank more (by ca. 90%), but not significantly, ethanol than did the wild type rats. During ethanol withdrawal, the immobility time of rats overexpressing the A2A receptor in the forced swim test was lower than that of wild type rats. Moreover, transgenic rats withdrawn from ethanol, compared to the drug-naive transgenic animals, exhibited an increase above 70% in locomotion. The results indicated that the overexpression of A2A receptors may be a risk factor for the escalation of ethanol consumption despite the reduction in depression-like signs of ethanol withdrawal.
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Lebourgeois S, González-Marín MC, Antol J, Naassila M, Vilpoux C. Evaluation of N-acetylcysteine on ethanol self-administration in ethanol-dependent rats. Neuropharmacology 2019; 150:112-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Simola N, Brudzynski SM. Rat 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations as a tool in studying neurochemical mechanisms that regulate positive emotional states. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 310:33-44. [PMID: 29959002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent and adult rats emit 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) to communicate the appetitive arousal and the presence of positive emotional states to conspecifics. NEW METHOD Based on its communicative function, emission of 50-kHz USVs is increasingly being evaluated in preclinical studies of affective behavior, motivation and social behavior. RESULTS Emission of 50-kHz USVs is initiated by the activation of dopamine receptors in the shell subregion of the nucleus accumbens. However, several lines of evidence show that non-dopaminergic receptors may influence the numbers of 50-kHz USVs that are emitted, as well as the acoustic parameters of calls. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Emission of 50-kHz USVs is a non-invasive method that may be used to study reward and motivation without the need for extensive training and complex animal manipulations. Moreover, emission of 50-kHz USVs can be used alone or combined with other well-standardized behavioral paradigms (e.g., conditioned place preference, self-administration). CONCLUSIONS This review summarizes the current evidence concerning molecular mechanisms that regulate the emission of 50-kHz USVs. Moreover, the review discusses the usefulness of 50-kHz USVs as an experimental tool to investigate how different neurotransmitter systems regulate the manifestations of positive emotional states, and also use of this tool in preclinical modeling of psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuropsychopharmacology Division, University of Cagliari, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Stefan M Brudzynski
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L3 3A1 Canada
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Burnstock G. Purinergic Signalling: Therapeutic Developments. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:661. [PMID: 28993732 PMCID: PMC5622197 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signalling, i.e., the role of nucleotides as extracellular signalling molecules, was proposed in 1972. However, this concept was not well accepted until the early 1990's when receptor subtypes for purines and pyrimidines were cloned and characterised, which includes four subtypes of the P1 (adenosine) receptor, seven subtypes of P2X ion channel receptors and 8 subtypes of the P2Y G protein-coupled receptor. Early studies were largely concerned with the physiology, pharmacology and biochemistry of purinergic signalling. More recently, the focus has been on the pathophysiology and therapeutic potential. There was early recognition of the use of P1 receptor agonists for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia and A2A receptor antagonists are promising for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clopidogrel, a P2Y12 antagonist, is widely used for the treatment of thrombosis and stroke, blocking P2Y12 receptor-mediated platelet aggregation. Diquafosol, a long acting P2Y2 receptor agonist, is being used for the treatment of dry eye. P2X3 receptor antagonists have been developed that are orally bioavailable and stable in vivo and are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of chronic cough, bladder incontinence, visceral pain and hypertension. Antagonists to P2X7 receptors are being investigated for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Other investigations are in progress for the use of purinergic agents for the treatment of osteoporosis, myocardial infarction, irritable bowel syndrome, epilepsy, atherosclerosis, depression, autism, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical SchoolLondon, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, MelbourneVIC, Australia
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Lesscher HMB, Bailey A, Vanderschuren LJMJ. Genetic Variability in Adenosine Deaminase-Like Contributes to Variation in Alcohol Preference in Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1271-1279. [PMID: 28449374 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial part of the risk for alcohol use disorder is determined by genetic factors. We previously used chromosome substitution (CSS) mice, to identify a quantitative trait loci (QTL) for alcohol preference on mouse chromosome 2. The aim of this study was to identify candidate genes within this QTL that confer the risk for alcohol preference. METHODS In order to delineate the neurobiological underpinnings of alcohol consumption, we expanded on the QTL approach to identify candidate genes for high alcohol preference in mice. We narrowed down a QTL for alcohol preference on mouse chromosome 2, that we previously identified using CSS mice, to 4 candidate genes in silico. Expression levels of these candidate genes in prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens-brain regions implicated in reward and addiction-were subsequently compared for the CSS-2 and the C57BL/6J host strain. RESULTS We observed increased expression of adenosine deaminase-like (Adal) in all 3 regions in CSS-2 mice. Moreover, we found that the adenosine deaminase inhibitor EHNA reduced the difference in alcohol preference between CSS-2 and C57BL/6J mice. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies Adal as a genetically protective factor against alcohol consumption in mice, in which elevated Adal levels contribute to low alcohol preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M B Lesscher
- Division of Behavioural Neuroscience , Department of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alexis Bailey
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education , St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Louk J M J Vanderschuren
- Division of Behavioural Neuroscience , Department of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Gilbertson RJ. Elevated Consumption of Ethanol and Caffeine in Adolescent Rodents During Acquisition: The Role of Ethanol Concentration. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2016.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Becker HC, Lopez MF. An Animal Model of Alcohol Dependence to Screen Medications for Treating Alcoholism. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 126:157-77. [PMID: 27055614 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of alcohol use disorders in the United States, only a relatively small percentage of those afflicted seek treatment. This is further compounded by the fact that there are too few medications available to effectively treat this significant public health problem. The need for identifying and evaluating more effective treatments that aid in preventing relapse and/or tempering risky and harmful alcohol consumption cannot be overstated. Use of animal models represents a critical step in the process of screening, identifying, and informing plans for prioritizing the most promising candidate medications that can be advanced to the next stage of evaluation (clinical laboratory paradigms and controlled clinical trials). Numerous animal models have been developed to study excessive levels of alcohol self-administration. In recent years, a large literature has amassed of studies in which rodent models of dependence have been linked with alcohol self-administration procedures. This chapter focuses on studies employing a dependence model that involves chronic exposure to alcohol vapor by inhalation, which yields in both mice and rats significant escalation of voluntary alcohol consumption. These animal models of dependence and alcohol self-administration have revealed valuable insights about underlying mechanisms that drive excessive drinking. Additionally, this preclinical approach is useful in evaluating the effects of medications on escalated drinking associated with dependence vs more stable levels displayed by nondependent animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Becker
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Charleston, SC, United States; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; RHJ Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - M F Lopez
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Charleston, SC, United States
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Simola N, Costa G, Morelli M. Activation of adenosine A₂A receptors suppresses the emission of pro-social and drug-stimulated 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in rats: possible relevance to reward and motivation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:507-19. [PMID: 26564233 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Rats emit 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in response to pleasurable stimuli, and these USVs are considered a tool for investigating reward and motivation. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to clarify how activity of adenosine A2A receptors, which modulate reward and motivation, influences 50-kHz USV emission in rats. METHODS Rats received one of the following treatments in a test cage: (1) acute administration of the A2A receptor agonist CGS 21680 (0.05-0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) during social interactions; (2) long-term amphetamine (1 or 2 mg/kg, i.p.) or morphine (7.5 mg/kg, s.c.) administration on alternate days, alone or with CGS 21680, followed after 7 days of discontinuation by test cage re-exposure, to assess drug-conditioning effects, and thereafter drug challenge; (3) acute administration of the D1/D2 receptor agonist apomorphine (4 mg/kg, i.p.), alone or with CGS 21680; and (4) long-term administration of the non-selective A1/A2A receptor antagonist caffeine (15 mg/kg, i.p.), on alternate days. USVs and locomotor activity were evaluated throughout the treatments. RESULTS CGS 21680 attenuated 50-kHz USV emission stimulated by social interactions, amphetamine, apomorphine, and morphine, and rats administered CGS 21680 with amphetamine or morphine emitted fewer conditioned 50-kHz USVs upon test cage re-exposure, compared with rats administered amphetamine or morphine alone. Moreover, CGS 21680 administration prevented long-term changes in locomotor activity in amphetamine- and morphine-treated rats. Finally, caffeine had no effect on 50-kHz USVs. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that activation of A2A receptors attenuates 50-kHz USV emission in rats and further elucidate how these receptors modulate the motivational properties of natural and pharmacological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale, 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Giulia Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale, 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale, 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy.,CNR, National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute, Cagliari, Italy
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Mayfield J, Arends MA, Harris RA, Blednov YA. Genes and Alcohol Consumption: Studies with Mutant Mice. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 126:293-355. [PMID: 27055617 PMCID: PMC5302130 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we review the effects of global null mutant and overexpressing transgenic mouse lines on voluntary self-administration of alcohol. We examine approximately 200 publications pertaining to the effects of 155 mouse genes on alcohol consumption in different drinking models. The targeted genes vary in function and include neurotransmitter, ion channel, neuroimmune, and neuropeptide signaling systems. The alcohol self-administration models include operant conditioning, two- and four-bottle choice continuous and intermittent access, drinking in the dark limited access, chronic intermittent ethanol, and scheduled high alcohol consumption tests. Comparisons of different drinking models using the same mutant mice are potentially the most informative, and we will highlight those examples. More mutants have been tested for continuous two-bottle choice consumption than any other test; of the 137 mouse genes examined using this model, 97 (72%) altered drinking in at least one sex. Overall, the effects of genetic manipulations on alcohol drinking often depend on the sex of the mice, alcohol concentration and time of access, genetic background, as well as the drinking test.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - M A Arends
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - R A Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - Y A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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Krügel U. Purinergic receptors in psychiatric disorders. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:212-25. [PMID: 26518371 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders describe different mental or behavioral patterns, causing suffering or poor coping of ordinary life with manifold presentations. Multifactorial processes can contribute to their development and progression. Purinergic neurotransmission and neuromodulation in the brain have attracted increasing therapeutic interest in the field of psychiatry. Purine nucleotides and nucleosides are well recognized as signaling molecules mediating cell to cell communication. The actions of ATP are mediated by ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptor subfamilies, whilst the actions of adenosine are mediated by P1 (A1 or A2) adenosine receptors. Purinergic mechanisms and specific receptor subtypes have been shown to be linked to the regulation of many aspects of behavior and mood and to dysregulation in pathological processes of brain function. In this review the recent knowledge on the role of purinergic receptors in the two most frequent psychiatric diseases, major depression and schizophrenia, as well as on related animal models is summarized. At present the most promising data for therapeutic strategies derive from investigations of the adenosine system emphasizing a unique function of A2A receptors at neurons and astrocytes in these disorders. Among the P2 receptor family, in particular P2X7 and P2Y1 receptors were related to disturbances in major depression and schizophrenia, respectively. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Krügel
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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Alaux-Cantin S, Buttolo R, Houchi H, Jeanblanc J, Naassila M. Memantine reduces alcohol drinking but not relapse in alcohol-dependent rats. Addict Biol 2015; 20:890-901. [PMID: 25138717 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a chronic relapsing disorder with consequences on health and that requires more effective treatments. Among alternative therapies, the therapeutic potential of the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist memantine has been suggested. Despite promising results, its efficiency in the treatment of alcoholism remains controversial. Currently, there is no pre-clinical data regarding its effects on the motivation for ethanol in post-dependent (PD) animals exposed to intermittent ethanol vapor, a validated model of alcoholism. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of acute injections of memantine (0, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg) on operant ethanol self-administration in non-dependent (ND) and PD rats tested either during acute withdrawal or relapse after protracted abstinence. Our results showed that memantine (25 mg/kg) abolished ethanol self-administration in ND rats and reduced by half the one of PD rats during acute withdrawal. While this effect was observed only 6 hours after treatment in ND rats, it was long lasting in PD rats (at least 30 hours after injection). Furthermore, our results indicated that memantine did not modify the breaking point for ethanol. This suggests that memantine probably act by potentiating the pharmacological effect of ethanol but not by reducing motivation for ethanol. Finally, memantine was also ineffective in reducing relapse after protracted abstinence. Altogether, our pre-clinical results highlighted a potential therapeutic use of memantine that may be used as a replacement therapy drug but not as relapse-preventing drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Alaux-Cantin
- INSERM ERI 24; Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances (GRAP); UFR de Pharmacie; Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens France
| | - Romain Buttolo
- INSERM ERI 24; Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances (GRAP); UFR de Pharmacie; Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens France
| | - Hakim Houchi
- INSERM ERI 24; Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances (GRAP); UFR de Pharmacie; Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens France
| | - Jérôme Jeanblanc
- INSERM ERI 24; Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances (GRAP); UFR de Pharmacie; Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens France
| | - Mickaël Naassila
- INSERM ERI 24; Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances (GRAP); UFR de Pharmacie; Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens France
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Simon-O'Brien E, Alaux-Cantin S, Warnault V, Buttolo R, Naassila M, Vilpoux C. The histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate decreases excessive ethanol intake in dependent animals. Addict Biol 2015; 20:676-89. [PMID: 25041570 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence indicates that epigenetic mechanisms are involved in drug addiction, and that enzymes involved in chromatin remodeling may represent interesting targets in addiction treatment. No study has addressed whether histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACi) can reduce excessive ethanol intake or prevent relapse in alcohol-dependent animals. Here, we assessed the effects of two HDACi, sodium butyrate (NaB) and MS-275, in the operant ethanol self-administration paradigm in dependent and non-dependent rats. To characterize some of the epigenetic mechanisms associated with alcohol dependence and NaB treatment, we measured the levels of histone H3 acetylation in different brain areas of dependent and non-dependent rats, submitted or not to NaB treatment. Our results demonstrated that (1) NaB and MS-275 strongly decreased excessive alcohol intake of dependent rats in the operant ethanol self-administration paradigm but not of non-dependent rats; (2) NaB reduced excessive drinking and prevented the escalation of ethanol intake in the intermittent access to 20% ethanol paradigm; and (3) NaB completely blocked the increase of ethanol consumption induced by an alcohol deprivation, thus demonstrating a preventive effect of NaB on relapse. The mapping of cerebral histone H3 acetylation revealed a hyperacetylation in the amygdala and cortical areas in dependent rats. Interestingly, NaB did not exacerbate the hyperacetylation observed in these regions, but instead restored it, specifically in cortical areas. Altogether, our results clearly demonstrated the efficacy of NaB in preventing excessive ethanol intake and relapse and support the hypothesis that HDACi may have a potential use in alcohol addiction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Simon-O'Brien
- UFR de Pharmacie; INSERM ERI 24; Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances (GRAP); Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens France
| | - Stéphanie Alaux-Cantin
- UFR de Pharmacie; INSERM ERI 24; Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances (GRAP); Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens France
| | - Vincent Warnault
- UFR de Pharmacie; INSERM ERI 24; Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances (GRAP); Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens France
| | - Romain Buttolo
- UFR de Pharmacie; INSERM ERI 24; Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances (GRAP); Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens France
| | - Mickaël Naassila
- UFR de Pharmacie; INSERM ERI 24; Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances (GRAP); Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens France
| | - Catherine Vilpoux
- UFR de Pharmacie; INSERM ERI 24; Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances (GRAP); Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens France
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Fritz BM, Boehm SL. Adenosinergic regulation of binge-like ethanol drinking and associated locomotor effects in male C57BL/6J mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 135:83-9. [PMID: 26033424 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We recently observed that the addition of caffeine (a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist) to a 20% ethanol solution significantly altered the intoxication profile of male C57BL/6J (B6) mice induced by voluntary binge-like consumption in the 'Drinking-in-the-Dark' (DID) paradigm. In the current study, the roles of A1 and A2A adenosine receptor subtypes, specifically, in binge-like ethanol consumption and associated locomotor effects were explored. Adult male B6 mice (PND 60-70) were allowed to consume 20% ethanol (v/v) or 2% sucrose (w/v) for 6days via DID. On day 7, mice received a systemic administration (i.p.) of the A1 antagonist DPCPX (1, 3, 6mg/kg), the A2A antagonist MSX-3 (1, 2, 4mg/kg), or vehicle immediately prior to fluid access in DID. Antagonism of the A1 receptor via DPCPX was found to dose-dependently decrease binge-like ethanol intake and associated blood ethanol concentrations (p's<0.05), although no effect was observed on sucrose intake. Antagonism of A2A had no effect on ethanol or sucrose consumption, however, MSX-3 elicited robust locomotor stimulation in mice consuming either solution (p's<0.05). Together, these findings suggest unique roles for the A1 and A2A adenosine receptor subtypes in binge-like ethanol intake and its associated locomotor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Fritz
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Stephen L Boehm
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Rau AR, Ariwodola OJ, Weiner JL. Postsynaptic adenosine A2A receptors modulate intrinsic excitability of pyramidal cells in the rat basolateral amygdala. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyv017. [PMID: 25716780 PMCID: PMC4438553 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basolateral amygdala plays a critical role in the etiology of anxiety disorders and addiction. Pyramidal neurons, the primary output cells of this region, display increased firing following exposure to stressors, and it is thought that this increase in excitability contributes to stress responsivity and the expression of anxiety-like behaviors. However, much remains unknown about the underlying mechanisms that regulate the intrinsic excitability of basolateral amygdala pyramidal neurons. METHODS Ex vivo gramicidin perforated patch recordings were conducted in current clamp mode where hyper- and depolarizing current steps were applied to basolateral amygdala pyramidal neurons to assess the effects of adenosine A(2A) receptor modulation on intrinsic excitability. RESULTS Activation of adenosine A(2A) receptors with the selective A(2A) receptor agonist CGS-21680 significantly increased the firing rate of basolateral amygdala pyramidal neurons in rat amygdala brain slices, likely via inhibition of the slow afterhyperpolarization potential. Both of these A(2A) receptor-mediated effects were blocked by preapplication of a selective A(2A) receptor antagonist (ZM-241385) or by intra-pipette infusion of a protein kinase A inhibitor, suggesting a postsynaptic locus of A(2A) receptors on basolateral amygdala pyramidal neurons. Interestingly, bath application of the A(2A) receptor antagonist alone significantly attenuated basolateral amygdala pyramidal cell firing, consistent with a role for tonic adenosine in the regulation of the intrinsic excitability of these neurons. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data suggest that adenosine, via activation of A(2A) receptors, may directly facilitate basolateral amygdala pyramidal cell output, providing a possible balance for the recently described inhibitory effects of adenosine A1 receptor activation on glutamatergic excitation of basolateral amygdala pyramidal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Rau
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine (Mr Rau, Mr Ariwodola, and Dr Weiner), Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (Mr Rau), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Olusegun J Ariwodola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine (Mr Rau, Mr Ariwodola, and Dr Weiner), Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (Mr Rau), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jeff L Weiner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine (Mr Rau, Mr Ariwodola, and Dr Weiner), Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (Mr Rau), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
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Meinhardt MW, Sommer WH. Postdependent state in rats as a model for medication development in alcoholism. Addict Biol 2015; 20:1-21. [PMID: 25403107 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rational development of novel therapeutic strategies for alcoholism requires understanding of its underlying neurobiology and pathophysiology. Obtaining this knowledge largely relies on animal studies. Thus, choosing the appropriate animal model is one of the most critical steps in pre-clinical medication development. Among the range of animal models that have been used to investigate excessive alcohol consumption in rodents, the postdependent model stands out. It was specifically developed to test the role of negative affect as a key driving force in a perpetuating addiction cycle for alcoholism. Here, we will describe our approach to make rats dependent via chronic intermittent exposure to alcohol, discuss the validity of this model, and compare it with other commonly used animal models of alcoholism. We will summarize evidence that postdependent rats fulfill several criteria of a 'Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV/V-like' diagnostic system. Importantly, these animals show long-lasting excessive consumption of and increased motivation for alcohol, and evidence for loss of control over alcohol intake. Our conclusion that postdependent rats are an excellent model for medication development for alcoholism is underscored by a summary of more than two dozen pharmacological tests aimed at reversing these abnormal alcohol responses. We will end with open questions on the use of this model. In the tradition of the Sanchis-Segura and Spanagel review, we provide comic strips that illustrate the postdependent procedure and relevant phenotypes in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang H. Sommer
- Institute of Psychopharmacology; University of Heidelberg; Germany
- Department of Addiction Medicine; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
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Ruby CL, Vadnie CA, Hinton DJ, Abulseoud OA, Walker DL, O'Connor KM, Noterman MF, Choi DS. Adenosinergic regulation of striatal clock gene expression and ethanol intake during constant light. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2432-40. [PMID: 24755889 PMCID: PMC4138755 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm and sleep disruptions occur frequently in individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUD) and present significant barriers to treatment. Recently, a variant of adenosine transporter, equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1), was associated with the co-occurrence of sleep problems and AUD. We have previously shown that mice lacking ENT1 (ENT1 KO) have reduced adenosine levels in the striatum and drink more alcohol compared with wild types (WT). However, it is unknown whether ENT1 deletion disrupts circadian rhythms, which may contribute to alcohol preference in ENT1 KO mice. Here we used these mice to determine whether endogenous adenosine regulates circadian genetic and behavioral rhythms and influences alcohol intake during chronodisruption. We examined circadian locomotor activity in ENT1 KO vs WT littermates and found that ENT1 KO mice were both active earlier and hyperactive compared with WT mice at night. We used real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry to estimate striatal clock gene levels and found that PER2 expression in the striatum was blunted by ENT1 deletion or A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonism. Next, we exposed ENT1 KO and WT mice to constant light (LL) and found further elevation in ethanol intake in ENT1 KO, but not in WT mice, supporting the notion that circadian dysfunction may contribute to increased alcohol intake in ENT1 KO mice. Finally, we showed that A2AR agonist administration normalized PER1 and PER2 expression and circadian locomotor activity in ENT1 KO mice. Together, our results demonstrate that adenosine signaling regulates cellular and behavioral circadian timing and influences alcohol intake during chronodisruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Ruby
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, USA
| | - Chelsea A Vadnie
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David J Hinton
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Osama A Abulseoud
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Denise L Walker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Katheryn M O'Connor
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maria F Noterman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA, Tel: +1 507 284 5602, Fax: +1 507 266 0824, E-mail:
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