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Bardugo A, Bendor CD, Libruder C, Lutski M, Zucker I, Tsur AM, Derazne E, Yaniv G, Gardner RC, Gerstein HC, Cukierman-Yaffe T, Lebenthal Y, Batty GD, Tanne D, Furer A, Afek A, Twig G. Cognitive function in adolescence and the risk of early-onset stroke. J Epidemiol Community Health 2024:jech-2024-222114. [PMID: 38937113 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2024-222114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is increasingly prevalent at younger ages but the risk factors are uncertain. We examined the association between adolescent cognitive function and early-onset stroke. METHODS This was a nationwide population-based cohort study of 1 741 345 Israeli adolescents (42% women) who underwent comprehensive cognitive function tests at age 16-20 years, before mandatory military service, during 1987-2012. Cognitive function (range: 1-9) was categorised as low (1-3, corresponding to IQ score below 89), medium (4-7, IQ score range: 89-118), or high (8-9, IQ score above 118). Participant data were linked to the Israeli National Stroke Registry. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate risks for the first occurrence of ischaemic stroke during 2014-2018. RESULTS During 8 689 329 person-years of follow-up, up to a maximum age of 50 years, 908 first stroke events occurred (767 ischaemic and 141 haemorrhagic). Compared with a reference group of people with high cognitive function, body mass index-adjusted and sociodemographic-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for early-onset stroke were 1.78 (1.33-2.38) in medium and 2.68 (1.96-3.67) in low cognitive function groups. There was evidence of a dose-response relationship (P for trend <0.0001) such that one-unit of lower cognitive function z-score was associated with a 33% increased risk of stroke (1.33; 1.23-1.42). These associations were similar for ischaemic stroke but lower for haemorrhagic stroke; persisted in sensitivity analyses that accounted for diabetes status and hypertension; and were evident before age 40 years. CONCLUSIONS Alongside adolescent obesity and hypertension, lower cognitive function may be a risk factor for early-onset stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Bardugo
- Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology & Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Cole D Bendor
- Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology & Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Carmit Libruder
- Israel Center for Disease Control, State of Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Miri Lutski
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Israel Center for Disease Control, State of Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Inbar Zucker
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Israel Center for Disease Control, State of Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Avishai M Tsur
- Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology & Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Estela Derazne
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Yaniv
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Raquel C Gardner
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Tali Cukierman-Yaffe
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yael Lebenthal
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Institute of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - George David Batty
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Tanne
- Rambam Health Care Campus and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ariel Furer
- Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Gilad Twig
- The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology & Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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Schmengler H, Oldehinkel AJ, Vollebergh WAM, Pasman JA, Hartman CA, Stevens GWJM, Nolte IM, Peeters M. Disentangling the interplay between genes, cognitive skills, and educational level in adolescent and young adult smoking - The TRAILS study. Soc Sci Med 2023; 336:116254. [PMID: 37751630 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that smoking and lower educational attainment may have genetic influences in common. However, little is known about the mechanisms through which genetics contributes to educational inequalities in adolescent and young adult smoking. Common genetic liabilities may underlie cognitive skills associated with both smoking and education, such as IQ and effortful control, in line with indirect health-related selection explanations. Additionally, by affecting cognitive skills, genes may predict educational trajectories and hereby adolescents' social context, which may be associated with smoking, consistent with social causation explanations. Using data from the Dutch TRAILS Study (N = 1581), we estimated the extent to which polygenic scores (PGSs) for ever smoking regularly (PGSSMOK) and years of education (PGSEDU) predict IQ and effortful control, measured around age 11, and whether these cognitive skills then act as shared predictors of smoking and educational level around age 16, 19, 22, and 26. Second, we assessed if educational level mediated associations between PGSs and smoking. Both PGSs were associated with lower effortful control, and PGSEDU also with lower IQ. Lower IQ and effortful control, in turn, predicted having a lower educational level. However, neither of these cognitive skills were directly associated with smoking behaviour after controlling for covariates and PGSs. This suggests that IQ and effortful control are not shared predictors of smoking and education (i.e., no indirect health-related selection related to cognitive skills). Instead, PGSSMOK and PGSEDU, partly through their associations with lower cognitive skills, predicted selection into a lower educational track, which in turn was associated with more smoking, in line with social causation explanations. Our findings suggest that educational differences in the social context contribute to associations between genetic liabilities and educational inequalities in smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Schmengler
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center of Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wilma A M Vollebergh
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Joëlle A Pasman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center of Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center of Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Margot Peeters
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
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Intelligence and life expectancy in late adulthood: A meta-analysis. INTELLIGENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Schellhas L, Haan E, Easey KE, Wootton RE, Sallis HM, Sharp GC, Munafò MR, Zuccolo L. Maternal and child genetic liability for smoking and caffeine consumption and child mental health: an intergenerational genetic risk score analysis in the ALSPAC cohort. Addiction 2021; 116:3153-3166. [PMID: 33891774 PMCID: PMC9376939 DOI: 10.1111/add.15521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previous studies suggest an association between maternal tobacco and caffeine consumption during and outside of pregnancy and offspring mental health. We aimed to separate effects of the maternal environment (intrauterine or postnatal) from pleiotropic genetic effects. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a longitudinal study. We (i) validated smoking and caffeine genetic risk scores (GRS) derived from published genome-wide association study (GWAS) for use during pregnancy, (ii) compared estimated effects of maternal and offspring GRS on childhood mental health outcomes and (iii) tested associations between maternal and offspring GRS on their respective outcomes. SETTING We used data from a longitudinal birth cohort study from England, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). PARTICIPANTS Our sample included 7921 mothers and 7964 offspring. MEASUREMENTS Mental health and non-mental health phenotypes were derived from questionnaires and clinical assessments: 79 maternal phenotypes assessed during and outside of pregnancy and 71 offspring phenotypes assessed in childhood (<10 years) and adolescence (11-18 years). FINDINGS The maternal smoking and caffeine GRS were associated with maternal smoking and caffeine consumption during pregnancy (2nd trimester: Psmoking = 3.0 × 10-7 , Pcaffeine = 3.28 × 10-5 ). Both the maternal and offspring smoking GRS showed evidence of association with reduced childhood anxiety symptoms (βmaternal = -0.033; βoffspring = -0.031) and increased conduct disorder symptoms (βmaternal = 0.024; βoffspring = 0.030), after correcting for multiple testing. Finally, the maternal and offspring smoking GRS were associated with phenotypes related to sensation seeking behaviours in mothers and adolescence (e.g. increased symptoms of externalising disorders, extraversion and monotony avoidance). The caffeine GRS showed weaker evidence for associations with mental health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS We did not find strong evidence that maternal smoking and caffeine genetic risk scores have a causal effect on offspring mental health outcomes. Our results confirm that the smoking genetic risk scores also captures liability for sensation seeking personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schellhas
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
| | - Elis Haan
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
| | - Kayleigh E. Easey
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Robyn E. Wootton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Hannah M. Sallis
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Gemma C. Sharp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
- Bristol Dental SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of BristolBristolUK
| | - Luisa Zuccolo
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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Pearce A, Rougeaux E, Deighton J, Viner RM, Law C, Hope S. Can mental health competence reduce the higher risk of smoking initiation among teenagers with parents who smoke? Eur J Public Health 2021; 31:756-763. [PMID: 34535992 PMCID: PMC8561261 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental smoking strongly influences adolescent smoking, yet few studies have examined factors that may protect against this. We investigated whether skills-based components of positive mental health ('mental health competence', MHC) modified the association between parental and teenager smoking, in the UK-representative Millennium Cohort Study (approximately 18 000 children, born 2000-02; analytic sample: n = 10 133). METHODS Cohort members (CMs) reported at 14 years (y) whether they had ever smoked cigarettes. A dichotomized variable indicated whether one/both parents smoked when CMs were 11 y. A four-class latent MHC measure captured learning skills and prosocial behaviours at 11 y: High, High-Moderate, Moderate, Low. We examined effect measure modification (on the additive scale) by comparing risk differences (RDs) for CM smoking according to parental smoking, within each MHC class. We then estimated RDs for CM smoking according to combinations of parental smoking and MHC. Analyses accounted for confounding, sample design, attrition and item missingness. RESULTS CMs were more likely to smoke cigarettes if their parent(s) smoked (27%) than CMs with no parent(s) who smoked (11%; RD: 16%). When stratified by MHC, RDs were stronger for low MHC (21%; 95% CI 11-31%) than other MHC classes (ranging: 7-11%). Compared to CMs with high MHC and non-smoker parents, those with low MHC and parent(s) who smoked had an RD of 28% (95% CI 20-36%). This was greater than the sum of RDs for those with low MHC and non-smoker parent(s) [7% (2-14%)] plus those with high MHC and whose parent(s) smoked [11% (7-15%)]. There was limited effect measure modification by moderate or High-Moderate MHC. CONCLUSION Improving MHC to moderate levels may help reduce intergenerational transference of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pearce
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Emeline Rougeaux
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jessica Deighton
- Evidence Based Practice Unit, UCL and the Anna Freud Centre, London, UK
| | - Russell M Viner
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Catherine Law
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Steven Hope
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Deary IJ, Hill WD, Gale CR. Intelligence, health and death. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5:416-430. [PMID: 33795857 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The field of cognitive epidemiology studies the prospective associations between cognitive abilities and health outcomes. We review research in this field over the past decade and describe how our understanding of the association between intelligence and all-cause mortality has consolidated with the appearance of new, population-scale data. To try to understand the association better, we discuss how intelligence relates to specific causes of death, diseases/diagnoses and biomarkers of health through the adult life course. We examine the extent to which mortality and health associations with intelligence might be attributable to people's differences in education, other indicators of socioeconomic status, health literacy and adult environments and behaviours. Finally, we discuss whether genetic data provide new tools to understand parts of the intelligence-health associations. Social epidemiologists, differential psychologists and behavioural and statistical geneticists, among others, contribute to cognitive epidemiology; advances will occur by building on a common cross-disciplinary knowledge base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Deary
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - W David Hill
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Catharine R Gale
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Short-term nicotine deprivation alters dorsal anterior cingulate glutamate concentration and concomitant cingulate-cortical functional connectivity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1920-1930. [PMID: 32559759 PMCID: PMC7608204 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0741-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most cigarette smokers who wish to quit too often relapse within the first few days of abstinence, primarily due to the aversive aspects of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome (NWS), which remains poorly understood. Considerable research has suggested that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) plays a key role in nicotine dependence, with its functional connections between other brain regions altered as a function of trait addiction and state withdrawal. The flow of information between dACC and fronto-striatal regions is secured through different pathways, the vast majority of which are glutamatergic. As such, we investigated dACC activity using resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and glutamate (Glu) concentration with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). We also investigated the changes in adenosine levels in plasma during withdrawal as a surrogate for brain adenosine, which plays a role in fine-tuning synaptic glutamate transmission. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover design, nontreatment seeking smoking participants (N = 30) completed two imaging sessions, one while nicotine sated and another after 36 h nicotine abstinence. We observed reduced dACC Glu (P = 0.029) along with a significant reduction in plasma adenosine (P = 0.03) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP; P < 0.0001) concentrations during nicotine withdrawal in comparison with nicotine sated state. This withdrawal state manipulation also led to an increase in rsFC strength (P < 0.05) between dACC and several frontal cortical regions, including left superior frontal gyrus (LSFG), and right middle frontal gyrus (RMFG). Moreover, the state-trait changes in dACC Glu and rsFC strength between the dACC and both SFG and MFG were positively correlated (P = 0.012, and P = 0.007, respectively). Finally, the change in circuit strength between dACC and LSFG was negatively correlated with the change in withdrawal symptom manifestations as measured by the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale (P = 0.04) and Tobacco Craving Questionnaire (P = 0.014). These multimodal imaging-behavioral findings reveal the complex cascade of changes induced by acute nicotine deprivation and call for further investigation into the potential utility of adenosine- and glutamate-signaling as novel therapeutic targets to treat the NWS.
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Mendelian randomisation analysis of the effect of educational attainment and cognitive ability on smoking behaviour. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2949. [PMID: 31270314 PMCID: PMC6610141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent analyses have shown educational attainment to be associated with a number of health outcomes. This association may, in part, be due to an effect of educational attainment on smoking behaviour. In this study, we apply a multivariable Mendelian randomisation design to determine whether the effect of educational attainment on smoking behaviour is due to educational attainment or general cognitive ability. We use individual data from the UK Biobank study (N = 120,050) and summary data from large GWA studies of educational attainment, cognitive ability and smoking behaviour. Our results show that more years of education are associated with a reduced likelihood of smoking that is not due to an effect of general cognitive ability on smoking behaviour. Given the considerable physical harms associated with smoking, the effect of educational attainment on smoking is likely to contribute to the health inequalities associated with differences in educational attainment.
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Wraw C, Der G, Gale CR, Deary IJ. Intelligence in youth and health behaviours in middle age. INTELLIGENCE 2018; 69:71-86. [PMID: 30100645 PMCID: PMC6075942 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between intelligence in youth and a range of health-related behaviours in middle age. METHOD Participants were the 5347 men and women who responded to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY-79) 2012 survey. IQ was recorded with the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) when participants were aged 15 to 23 years of age. Self-reports on exercise (moderate activity, vigorous activity, and strength training), dietary, smoking, drinking, and oral health behaviours were recorded when participants were in middle age (mean age = 51.7 years). A series of regression analyses tested for an association between IQ in youth and the different health related behaviours in middle age, while adjusting for childhood socio-economic status (SES) and adult SES. RESULTS Higher IQ in youth was significantly associated with the following behaviours that are beneficial to health: being more likely to be able to do moderate cardiovascular activity (Odds Ratio, 95% CI) (1.72, 1.35 to 2.20, p < .001) and strength training (1.61, 1.37 to 1.90, p < .001); being less likely to have had a sugary drink in the previous week (0.75, 0.71 to 0.80, p < .001); a lower likelihood of drinking alcohol heavily (0.67, 0.61 to 0.74, p < .001); being less likely to smoke (0.60, 0.56 to 0.65, p < .001); being more likely to floss (1.47, 1.35 to 1.59, p < .001); and being more likely to say they "often" read the nutritional information (1.20, 1.09 to 1.31, p < .001) and ingredients (1.24, 1.12 to 1.36, p < .001) on food packaging compared to always reading them. Higher IQ was also linked with dietary behaviours that may or may not be linked with poorer health outcomes (i.e. being more likely to have skipped a meal (1.10, 1.03 to 1.17, p = .005) and snacked between meals (1.37, 1.26 to 1.50, p < .001) in the previous week). An inverted u-shaped association was also found between IQ and the number of meals skipped per week. Higher IQ was also linked with behaviours that are known to be linked with poorer health (i.e. a higher likelihood of drinking alcohol compared to being abstinent from drinking alcohol (1.58, 1.47 to 1.69, p < .001)). A u-shaped association was found between IQ and the amount of alcohol consumed per week and an inverted u-shaped association was found between IQ and the number of cigarettes smoked a day. Across all outcomes, adjusting for childhood SES tended to attenuate the estimated effect size only slightly. Adjusting for adult SES led to more marked attenuation but statistical significance was maintained in most cases. CONCLUSION In the present study, a higher IQ in adolescence was associated with a number of healthier behaviours in middle age. In contrast to these results, a few associations were also identified between higher intelligence and behaviours that may or may not be linked with poor health (i.e. skipping meals and snacking between meals) and with behaviours that are known to be linked with poor health (i.e. drinking alcohol and the number of cigarettes smoked). To explore mechanisms of association, future studies could test for a range of health behaviours as potential mediators between IQ and morbidity or mortality in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wraw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Geoff Der
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, 200 Renfield Street, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G2 3QB, UK
| | - Catharine R. Gale
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9JZ, UK
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9JZ, UK
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Cadar D, Kaushal A. Commentary on Daly & Egan (2017): Intelligence, education and addiction. Addiction 2017; 112:660-661. [PMID: 28261985 DOI: 10.1111/add.13733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Cadar
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aradhna Kaushal
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
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