1
|
Merino M, Maravilla-Herrera P, Lorenzo TM, Arance JA, Bobes J, Corrales M, Guzmán F, Morales M, Mur C. The socioeconomic burden of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Spain. GLOBAL & REGIONAL HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT 2024; 11:82-93. [PMID: 38601072 PMCID: PMC11005448 DOI: 10.33393/grhta.2024.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults highly interfere with function in multiple dimensions, increasing the economic burden associated with ADHD. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of ADHD in Spanish adults and estimate the associated economic burden within the healthcare, social, economic, and legal domains. Methods An economic model was developed from a social perspective using a bottom-up approach, based on the scientific literature and a multidisciplinary expert group. Results The cost incurred per diagnosed adult patient with ADHD included an annual cost of €15,652 and a one-time cost of €7,893 (3,035 M€ and 1,531 M€ for Spain, respectively). Regarding the annual cost, 50% was attributed to costs within the economic domain, of which 53% were work-absenteeism-related. Moreover, 28% was attributed to costs within the social domain, of which 74% were substance-abuse-related. Regarding the one-time cost, 52% was attributed to costs within the healthcare domain, of which approximately 50% were hospitalization-related costs. Moreover, 42% was attributed to costs within the legal domain, of which 62% were imprisonment-related costs. Conclusions This is the first report on the socioeconomic burden of ADHD in Spanish adults, shedding light on the large burden that adult ADHD poses on the healthcare system and society at large, as symptoms have been shown to impact almost every aspect of life. This is particularly important for undiagnosed/untreated patients with ADHD in Spain, as appropriate treatments have shown positive results in these areas and may reduce its associated socioeconomic burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Julio Bobes
- Department of Medicine, Oviedo University, Oviedo - Spain
- Network Biomedical Research Centre on Mental Health—CIBERSAM, Oviedo - Spain
| | - Montse Corrales
- Department of Psychiatry, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona - Spain
| | | | - María Morales
- Department of Psychiatry, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Majadahonda - Spain
| | - Carlos Mur
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Nostra Senyora de Meritxell, Escaldes-Engordany - Andorra
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Davies NP, Cheeseman H, Arnott D, Pierce E, Langley TE, Murray R, Bogdanovica I, Bains M. When is Subnational, Supralocal Tobacco Control "just right"? A Qualitative Study in England. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1241-1246. [PMID: 35287176 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subnational, supralocal (or "regional") approaches to tobacco control are often central federal nation tobacco control and can be superfluous for very small nations. However, their relevance to countries with weak intermediate tiers of governance are less clear. This study explores expert and policymaker perceptions on the function, form, footprint, and funding of regional tobacco control (RTC) in England. AIMS AND METHODS One-to-one semistructured interviews (n = 16) and four focus groups (n = 26) exploring knowledge and perceptions of the past, present, and future of RTC in England were conducted with public health leaders, clinicians, tobacco control practitioners, civil servants, and politicians. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically. RESULTS Participants reported several key functions for RTC, including illicit tobacco control, media campaigns, advocacy, policy development, and network facilitation for local actors. A small minority of participants reported little role for RTC. Broader perceived features of effective RTC included subject expertise, strong regional ties, systems leadership, and a distinctive program of work. Views varied on whether regional programs should be developed nationally or locally, and their optimal footprint. Participants generally agreed stable funding was a prerequisite for success, although there was lesser agreement on funding sources. CONCLUSIONS Pooling resources at the regional level in countries with weak intermediate tiers of governance may increase reach, cost-effectiveness and impact of campaigns, policy interventions, and advocacy, whilst retaining the ability to tailor approaches to regional populations. IMPLICATIONS There are likely to be greater funding and governance challenges associated with introducing or strengthening RTC in countries with weak intermediate tiers of governance. Despite this, evidence from England shows it is possible to develop RTC approaches reported as effective by key stakeholders. Possible benefits of regional approaches in this context include cost-effective delivery of illicit tobacco control, media campaigns, advocacy, research, policy development, and coordinated support for local action on tobacco.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Philip Davies
- University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
- Action on Smoking and Health, London, UK
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Pierce
- Action on Smoking and Health, London, UK
- East Midlands School of Public Health, Leicester, UK
| | - Tessa Elizabeth Langley
- University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rachael Murray
- University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ilze Bogdanovica
- University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Manpreet Bains
- University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Diaz M, Garcia M, Vidal C, Santiago A, Gnutti G, Gómez D, Trapero-Bertran M, Fu M. Health and economic impact at a population level of both primary and secondary preventive lung cancer interventions: A model-based cost-effectiveness analysis. Lung Cancer 2021; 159:153-161. [PMID: 34352591 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Robust economic evaluations are needed to identify efficient strategies for lung cancer prevention that combine brief and intensive smoking cessation intervention programmes with screening using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) at different ages, frequencies, and coverages. We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation approaches combined with lung cancer screening in the European context at a population level from a societal perspective. MATERIALS AND METHODS A microsimulation model that describes the natural history of lung cancer and incorporates several prevention strategies was developed. Discounted lifetime QALYs and costs at a rate of 3% were used to calculate incremental cost-effectiveness ratios, defined as additional costs in 2017 Euros per QALY gained. RESULTS Smoking cessation interventions reduce the incidence of lung cancer by 8%-46% and are consistently more effective and cost-effective when starting at younger ages. Screening reduces lung cancer mortality by 1%-24% and is generally less effective and more costly than smoking cessation interventions. The most cost-effective strategy would be to implement intensive smoking cessation interventions at ages 35, 40 and 45, combined with screening every three years between the ages of 55 and 65. CONCLUSIONS Combining smoking cessation interventions with LDCT screening is a very attractive prevention strategy that substantially diminishes the burden of lung cancer. These combined prevention strategies, especially when providing several intensive interventions for smoking cessation at early ages, are more cost-effective than both approaches separately and allow for a more intensified LDCT without losing efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Diaz
- Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC-I&I), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme (CERP), Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO)-Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 08908, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Montse Garcia
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO)-Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Vidal
- Cancer Screening Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO)-Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Santiago
- Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC-I&I), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme (CERP), Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO)-Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 08908, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO)-Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Gnutti
- Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC-I&I), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme (CERP), Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO)-Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Gómez
- Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC-I&I), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme (CERP), Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO)-Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Trapero-Bertran
- Research Institute for Evaluation and Public Policies (IRAPP), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Marcela Fu
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO)-Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
González-Roz A, Weidberg S, García-Pérez Á, Martínez-Loredo V, Secades-Villa R. One-Year Efficacy and Incremental Cost-effectiveness of Contingency Management for Cigarette Smokers With Depression. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:320-326. [PMID: 32772097 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Contingency management (CM) is efficacious for smoking cessation. To date, the number of cost-effectiveness evaluations of behavioral and pharmacological smoking cessation treatments far outnumbers the ones on CM. This study estimated 1-year efficacy and incremental cost-effectiveness of adding CM in relation to abstinence outcomes for a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)+behavioral activation (BA) treatment. METHODS The study sample comprised 120 smokers with depression (% females: 70.8%; mean age: 51.67 [SD = 9.59]) enrolled in an 8-week randomized controlled clinical trial. Clinical effectiveness variables were point-prevalence abstinence, continuous abstinence, longest duration of abstinence (LDA), and Beck-Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) scores at 1-year follow-up. Cost-effectiveness analyses were based on resource utilization, unit costs per patient, and incremental cost per additional LDA week at 1 year. RESULTS There was a significant effect of time by treatment group interaction, which indicated superior effects of CBT+BA+CM across time. Point-prevalence abstinence (53.3% [32/60]) was superior in participants receiving CBT+BA+CM compared with those in CBT+BA (23.3% [14/60]), but both groups were equally likely to present sustained reductions in depression. The average cost per patient was €208.85 (US$236.57) for CBT+BA and €410.64 (US$465.14) for CBT+BA+CM, p < .001. The incremental cost of using CM to enhance 1-year abstinence by one extra LDA week was €18 (US$20.39) (95% confidence interval: 17.75-18.25). CONCLUSIONS Behavioral treatments addressing both smoking and depression are efficacious for sustaining high quit rates at 1 year. Adding CM to CBT+BA for smoking cessation is highly cost-effective, with an estimated net benefit of €4704 (US$5344.80). IMPLICATIONS Informing on the cost-effectiveness of CM might expedite the translation of research findings into clinical practice. Findings suggested that CM is feasible and highly cost-effective, confirming that its implementation is worthwhile. At a CM cost per patient of €410.64 (US$465.14), the net benefit equals €4704 (US$5344.80), although even starting from a minimum investment of €20 (US$22.72) was cost-effective. CLINICALTRIALS-GOV IDENTIFIER NCT03163056.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba González-Roz
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo s/n, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sara Weidberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo s/n, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ángel García-Pérez
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo s/n, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Satyana RPU, Uli RE, Magliano D, Zomer E, Liew D, Ademi Z. Assessing the impact of smoking on the health and productivity of the working-age Indonesian population using modelling. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e041832. [PMID: 33444213 PMCID: PMC7678342 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the impact of smoking in the working-age Indonesian population in terms of costs, years of life, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and productivity-adjusted life years (PALYs) lost. METHODS Life table modelling of Indonesian smokers aged 15-54 years, followed up until 55 years (retirement age). Contemporary data on demographics, all-cause mortality, population attributable fractions and prevalence of smoking were derived from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. The quality of life and reduction in productivity due to smoking were derived from published sources. The analysis was repeated but with the assumption that the cohorts were non-smokers. The differences in results represented the losses incurred due to smoking. Gross domestic product (GDP) per equivalent full-time worker (US$11 765) was used for estimation of the cost of each PALY, and an annual discount rate of 3.0% was applied to all costs and outcomes. RESULTS The prevalences of smoking among Indonesian working-age men and women were 67.2% and 2.16%, respectively. This study estimated that smoking caused 846 123 excess deaths, 2.9 million years of life lost (0.40%), 41.6 million QALYs lost (5.9%) and 15.6 million PALYs lost (2.3%). The total cost of productivity loss due to smoking amounted to US$183.7 billion among the working-age population followed up until retirement. Healthcare cost was predicted to be US$1.8 trillion. Over a 1-year time horizon, US$10.2 billion was lost in GDP and 117 billion was lost in healthcare costs. CONCLUSION Smoking imposes significant health and economic burden in Indonesia. The findings stress the importance of developing effective tobacco control strategies at the macro and micro levels, which would benefit the country both in terms of health and wealth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina P U Satyana
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya no. 6, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
| | - Regina E Uli
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya no. 6, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
| | - Dianna Magliano
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ella Zomer
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danny Liew
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zanfina Ademi
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sapunova ID, Kontsevaya AV, Myrzamatova AO, Mukaneeva DK, Khudyakov MB, Ipatov PV, Drapkina OM. Economic damage from smoking associated with four groups of chronic non-communicable diseases in the Russian Federation in 2016. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2019. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2019-6-6-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I. D. Sapunova
- National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - P. V. Ipatov
- National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine
| | - O. M. Drapkina
- National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gender Differences in Labour Losses Associated with Smoking-Related Mortality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193644. [PMID: 31569364 PMCID: PMC6801577 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to estimate the number of premature deaths, years of potential productive life lost (YPPLL) and labour losses attributable to tobacco smoking due to premature death by gender for the Spanish population. The human capital approach was applied. Employment, gross wage and death data were obtained from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics. Relative risks of death due to cigarette smoking and former smoking were applied. The base case used an annual discount rate of 3% and an annual labour productivity growth rate of 1%. Univariate deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed on discount rates and labour productivity growth rates. Between 2002 and 2016, smoking was estimated to cause around 13,171–13,781 annual deaths in the population under 65 years of age (legal retirement age) in Spain. This increase was mostly due to female deaths. YPPLLs for females have increased over the years, while for males they have fallen markedly. Labour losses associated with smoking mortality ranged from €2269 million in 2002 to €1541 in 2016 (base year 2016). In fact, labour productivity losses have decreased over the years for men (−39.8%) but increased sharply for women (101.6%). The evolution of monetary value of lost productivity due to smoking mortality shows clearly differentiated trends by gender.
Collapse
|
8
|
Trapero‐Bertran M, Leidl R, Muñoz C, Kulchaitanaroaj P, Coyle K, Präger M, Józwiak‐Hagymásy J, Cheung KL, Hiligsmann M, Pokhrel S. Estimates of costs for modelling return on investment from smoking cessation interventions. Addiction 2018; 113 Suppl 1:32-41. [PMID: 29532538 PMCID: PMC6033022 DOI: 10.1111/add.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Modelling return on investment (ROI) from smoking cessation interventions requires estimates of their costs and benefits. This paper describes a standardized method developed to source both economic costs of tobacco smoking and costs of implementing cessation interventions for a Europe-wide ROI model [European study on Quantifying Utility of Investment in Protection from Tobacco model (EQUIPTMOD)]. DESIGN Focused search of administrative and published data. A standardized checklist was developed in order to ensure consistency in methods of data collection. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Adult population (15+ years) in Hungary, Netherlands, Germany, Spain and England. For passive smoking-related costs, child population (0-15 years) was also included. MEASUREMENTS Costs of treating smoking-attributable diseases; productivity losses due to smoking-attributable absenteeism; and costs of implementing smoking cessation interventions. FINDINGS Annual costs (per case) of treating smoking attributable lung cancer were between €5074 (Hungary) and €52 106 (Germany); coronary heart disease between €1521 (Spain) and €3955 (Netherlands); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease between €1280 (England) and €4199 (Spain); stroke between €1829 (Hungary) and €14 880 (Netherlands). Costs (per recipient) of smoking cessation medications were estimated to be: for standard duration of varenicline between €225 (England) and €465 (Hungary); for bupropion between €25 (Hungary) and €220 (Germany). Costs (per recipient) of providing behavioural support were also wide-ranging: one-to-one behavioural support between €34 (Hungary) and €474 (Netherlands); and group-based behavioural support between €12 (Hungary) and €257 (Germany). The costs (per recipient) of delivering brief physician advice were: €24 (England); €9 (Germany); €4 (Hungary); €33 (Netherlands); and €27 (Spain). CONCLUSIONS Costs of treating smoking-attributable diseases as well as the costs of implementing smoking cessation interventions vary substantially across Hungary, Netherlands, Germany, Spain and England. Estimates for the costs of these diseases and interventions can contribute to return on investment estimates in support of national or regional policy decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Trapero‐Bertran
- Centre of Research in Economics and Health (CRES‐UPF) University Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
- Faculty of Economics and Social SciencesUniversitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Reiner Leidl
- Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH) ‐ German Research Center for Environmental Health, Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC‐M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL)NeuherbergGermany
- Munich Center of Health SciencesLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Celia Muñoz
- Centre of Research in Economics and Health (CRES‐UPF) University Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Puttarin Kulchaitanaroaj
- Health Economics Research Group, Institute of Environment, Health and SocietiesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
| | - Kathryn Coyle
- Health Economics Research Group, Institute of Environment, Health and SocietiesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Maximilian Präger
- Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH) ‐ German Research Center for Environmental Health, Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC‐M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL)NeuherbergGermany
| | - Judit Józwiak‐Hagymásy
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Health Policy and Health EconomicsEötvös Loránd University, and Syreon Research InstituteBudapestHungary
| | - Kei Long Cheung
- CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Department of Health Services ResearchMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Mickael Hiligsmann
- CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Department of Health Services ResearchMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Subhash Pokhrel
- Health Economics Research Group, Institute of Environment, Health and SocietiesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pokhrel S, West R. EQUIPTMOD as a basis for rational investment decisions in tobacco control. Addiction 2018; 113 Suppl 1:3-6. [PMID: 29644749 DOI: 10.1111/add.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Pokhrel
- Health Economics Research Group, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Robert West
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|