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Sanchez ZM, Folgar MI, Matias JP, Pimentel MP, Burkhart G. Framing substance use as "recreational" is neither accurate nor helpful for prevention purposes. JOURNAL OF PREVENTION (2022) 2023; 44:795-811. [PMID: 37642907 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-023-00745-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This debate paper discusses six reasons why the term "recreational substance use" should be avoided. (1) Social norms and beliefs are drivers of behavior; therefore, the normalized use of the term conveys injunctive norms of a fully socially acceptable substance. Injunctive norms are the most important drivers of initiation into substance use. (2) The illusion of being in control, suggesting that if consumed for leisure and recreation it can easily be controlled; (3) Idealized social representations that fuel an idealized image of an alternative glamourous or mindful consumption culture; (4) Downplaying potential harms; (5) The implicit promise of everyday pleasure, the ever-growing potency of cannabis products does not fit the narrative of its use for recreation; (6) Industry as a trojan horse branding discourse of the concept of medical cannabis to normalize the image of non-medical use: to complement "therapeutic" with "recreational". "Recreational use" is a subjective ill-defined term. This debate paper aims to find a better terminological solution, honestly denominating with a neutral, unbiased, and objective connotation what is now called "recreational use". Thus, we propose using the term "non-therapeutic" use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zila M Sanchez
- Preventive Medicine Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 740, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - João Pedro Matias
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marcos Paulo Pimentel
- GPRED - Grupo de Prevenção ao uso indevido de drogas da Polícia Federal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gregor Burkhart
- European Society for Prevention Research (EUSPR), Lisbon, Portugal
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Smith MJ, Phillips RV, Luque-Fernandez MA, Maringe C. Application of targeted maximum likelihood estimation in public health and epidemiological studies: a systematic review. Ann Epidemiol 2023; 86:34-48.e28. [PMID: 37343734 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The targeted maximum likelihood estimation (TMLE) statistical data analysis framework integrates machine learning, statistical theory, and statistical inference to provide a least biased, efficient, and robust strategy for estimation and inference of a variety of statistical and causal parameters. We describe and evaluate the epidemiological applications that have benefited from recent methodological developments. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review in PubMed for articles that applied any form of TMLE in observational studies. We summarized the epidemiological discipline, geographical location, expertize of the authors, and TMLE methods over time. We used the Roadmap of Targeted Learning and Causal Inference to extract key methodological aspects of the publications. We showcase the contributions to the literature of these TMLE results. RESULTS Of the 89 publications included, 33% originated from the University of California at Berkeley, where the framework was first developed by Professor Mark van der Laan. By 2022, 59% of the publications originated from outside the United States and explored up to seven different epidemiological disciplines in 2021-2022. Double-robustness, bias reduction, and model misspecification were the main motivations that drew researchers toward the TMLE framework. Through time, a wide variety of methodological, tutorial, and software-specific articles were cited, owing to the constant growth of methodological developments around TMLE. CONCLUSIONS There is a clear dissemination trend of the TMLE framework to various epidemiological disciplines and to increasing numbers of geographical areas. The availability of R packages, publication of tutorial papers, and involvement of methodological experts in applied publications have contributed to an exponential increase in the number of studies that understood the benefits and adoption of TMLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Smith
- Inequalities in Cancer Outcomes Network, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Rachael V Phillips
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez
- Inequalities in Cancer Outcomes Network, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Camille Maringe
- Inequalities in Cancer Outcomes Network, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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van der Kruk S, Harrison NJ, Bartram A, Newton S, Miller C, Room R, Olver I, Bowden J. Prevalence of parental supply of alcohol to minors: a systematic review. Health Promot Int 2023; 38:daad111. [PMID: 37758201 PMCID: PMC10533326 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daad111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Parental supply of alcohol to minors (i.e. those under the legal drinking age) is often perceived by parents as protective against harms from drinking, despite evidence linking it with adverse alcohol-related outcomes. This systematic review describes the prevalence of parental supply of alcohol, as reported in the international literature. The review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020218754). We searched seven online databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science and Public Health Database) and grey literature from January 2011 to December 2022 and assessed the risk of bias with the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist. Among 58 articles included in narrative synthesis from 29 unique datasets, there was substantial variation in the definition and measurement of parental supply of alcohol. Overall prevalence rates ranged from 7.0 to 60.0% for minor-report samples, and from 24.0 to 48.0% for parent-report samples. Data indicate that parental supply prevalence is generally proportionately higher for older minors or later-stage students, for girls, and has increased over time among minors who report drinking. Literature on the prevalence of parental supply of alcohol is robust in quantity but inconsistent in quality and reported prevalence. Greater consistency in defining and measuring parental supply is needed to better inform health promotion initiatives aimed at increasing parents' awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannen van der Kruk
- Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Nathan J Harrison
- Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Ashlea Bartram
- Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Skye Newton
- Adelaide Health Technology Assessment, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Caroline Miller
- Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Ian Olver
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Bowden
- Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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Slade T, Chapman C, Conroy C, Thornton L, Champion K, Stapinski L, Koning I, Teesson M, Newton NC. 24-month outcomes of an eHealth universal program for students and parents to prevent adolescent alcohol use: A cluster randomized controlled trial in schools. Internet Interv 2023; 33:100648. [PMID: 37533974 PMCID: PMC10392073 DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2023.100648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parents play a critical role in delaying adolescent initiation of alcohol and other drug use. However, the majority of prevention programs focus on adolescents only. This study tested the acceptability and effectiveness of an eHealth universal program for students and parents to prevent adolescent alcohol use. Methods A cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted between 2018 and 2020 with students from one grade level (aged 12-14 years) from 12 Australian secondary schools randomly allocated to the intervention or control conditions. Students accessed a web-based program in class and parents accessed the program online at their convenience. Data were collected via online questionnaires from students (N = 572) and parents (N = 78) at baseline, and 12- and 24- months post baseline. Multilevel, mixed effects regression models were used to analyse student data. Findings More students in the control group reported having at least one standard alcoholic drink and engaging in heavy episodic drinking in the previous 12 months at both 12- and 24-month follow up compared to students in the intervention, however, these differences were not statistically significant. Students in the intervention group reported greater increases in alcohol-related knowledge, compared to the control students. Qualitative data from parents indicated that they found the program useful, however, the number of parents who enrolled in the research study (13.9 %) was low. Parent engagement increased following implementation of an interactive parent/adolescent homework task. Conclusions Small sample size, low prevalence of alcohol use and parental engagement, and relatively short follow-up period may have contributed to lack of observed intervention effect, other than on alcohol-related knowledge. Parents who engaged with the program found it useful, however, implementation strategies that encourage parent-child interaction and communication may increase parent engagement for future programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Slade
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Cath Chapman
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Chloe Conroy
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Louise Thornton
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Katrina Champion
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lexine Stapinski
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ina Koning
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maree Teesson
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicola C. Newton
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Prasartpornsirichoke J, Kalayasiri R, Vichitkunakorn P, Ratta-apha W, Atsariyasing W, Anekwit N, Lamyai W, Thongpanich C, Likhitsathian S, Rungnirundorn T, Rattanasumawong W, Chuatai N, Srisuklorm S, Tanaree A, Patanavanich R. Association of supply sources of alcohol and alcohol-related harms in adolescent drinkers: the baseline characteristics of a high school cohort across Thailand. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2277. [PMID: 36471267 PMCID: PMC9724364 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main objective of this study was to investigate the association between parental supply of alcohol, alcohol-related harms, and the severity of alcohol use disorder in Thai 7th grade middle school students. METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive study obtained the baseline data from the project named the Thailand Parental Supply and Use of Alcohol, Cigarettes & Drugs Longitudinal Study Cohort in Secondary School Students in 2018. The sample size was 1187 students who have ever sipped or drank alcohol in the past 12 months. Pearson's Chi square, binary logistic regression, and ordinal logistic regression are applied in the analysis. RESULTS A single source of parental supply is not significantly associated with any alcohol-related harm and the severity of alcohol use disorder, while parental supply with peers and siblings supply of alcohol plays an important role in both outcomes. The increasing number of sources of alcohol supply increases the risk of alcohol-related harm and the severity of alcohol use disorder. Other risk factors found in both associations included binge drinking, alcohol flushing, low household economic status, distance from the student's family, and poor academic performance. Gender, exposure to alcohol ads on social media and location of residency were not associated with alcohol-related harms or severity of alcohol use disorder. CONCLUSIONS The results did not support parental guidance in teaching or giving children a drink or sip of alcohol within family to prevent related harms when drinking outside with their peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirada Prasartpornsirichoke
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Rasmon Kalayasiri
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.411628.80000 0000 9758 8584Department of Psychiatry, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Polathep Vichitkunakorn
- grid.7130.50000 0004 0470 1162Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, Thailand
| | - Woraphat Ratta-apha
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanlop Atsariyasing
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natwarat Anekwit
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatry and Drugs, Mahasarakham Hospital, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | - Warot Lamyai
- Nakhon Phanom Rajanagarindra Psychiatric Hospital, Nakhon Phanom, Thailand
| | | | - Surinporn Likhitsathian
- grid.7132.70000 0000 9039 7662Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Teerayuth Rungnirundorn
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.411628.80000 0000 9758 8584Department of Psychiatry, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanida Rattanasumawong
- grid.414965.b0000 0004 0576 1212Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nawapat Chuatai
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Sakol Srisuklorm
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Athip Tanaree
- Songkhla Rajanagarindra Psychiatric Hospital, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Roengrudee Patanavanich
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Stapinski LA, Nepal S, Guckel T, Grummitt LR, Chapman C, Lynch SJ, Lawler SM, Teesson M, Newton NC. Evaluation of Positive Choices, a National Initiative to Disseminate Evidence-Based Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention Strategies: Web-Based Survey Study. JMIR Pediatr Parent 2022; 5:e34721. [PMID: 36018617 PMCID: PMC9463616 DOI: 10.2196/34721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To prevent adolescents from initiating alcohol and other drug use and reduce the associated harms, effective strategies need to be implemented. Despite their availability, effective school-based programs and evidence-informed parental guidelines are not consistently implemented. The Positive Choices alcohol and other drug prevention initiative and website was launched to address this research and practice gap. The intended end users were school staff, parents, and school students. An 8-month postlaunch evaluation of the website showed that end users generally had positive feedback on the website's usability, and following its use, most of them would consider the evidence base and effectiveness of drug education resources. This study extends this initial evaluation by examining the effectiveness and impact of the Positive Choices initiative over a 3-year period. OBJECTIVE Guided by the five dimensions of the RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance) framework, the study assessed the impact of the Positive Choices initiative in increasing awareness and implementation of evidence-based drug prevention. METHODS Data were collected between 2017 and 2019, using web-based evaluation and community awareness surveys. Data from the surveys were merged to examine reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance using descriptive statistics. Google Analytics was used to further understand the reach of the website. The System Usability Scale was used to measure website usability. In addition, inductive analysis was used to assess the participants' feedback about Positive Choices. RESULTS A total of 5 years after launching, the Positive Choices website has reached 1.7 million users. A national Australian campaign increased awareness from 8% to 14% among school staff and from 15% to 22% among parents after the campaign. Following a brief interaction with the website, most participants, who were not already following the recommended strategies, reported an intention to shift toward evidence-based practices. The System Usability Scale score for the website was good for both user groups. The participants intended to maintain their use of the Positive Choices website in the future. Both user groups reported high level of confidence in communicating about topics related to alcohol and other drugs. Participants' suggestions for improvement informed a recent website update. CONCLUSIONS The Positive Choices website has the capacity to be an effective strategy for disseminating evidence-based drug prevention information and resources widely. The findings highlight the importance of investing in ongoing maintenance and promotion to enhance awareness of health websites. With the increased use and acceptability of health education websites, teams should ensure that websites are easy to navigate, are engaging, use simple language, contain evidence-informed resources, and are supported by ongoing promotional activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexine Ann Stapinski
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Smriti Nepal
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,SAX Institute, Glebe, Australia
| | - Tara Guckel
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Lucinda Rachel Grummitt
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Cath Chapman
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Samantha Jane Lynch
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Siobhan Maree Lawler
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Maree Teesson
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Nicola Clare Newton
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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Aiken A, Chan G, Yuen WS, Clare PJ, Hutchinson D, McBride N, Najman JM, McCambridge J, Upton E, Slade T, Boland VC, De Torres C, Bruno R, Kypri K, Wadolowski M, Mattick RP, Peacock A. Trajectories of parental and peer supply of alcohol in adolescence and associations with later alcohol consumption and harms: A prospective cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 237:109533. [PMID: 35752023 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supply of alcohol to adolescents is associated with increased alcohol consumption and harms including alcohol use disorder (AUD). We aimed to identify: (1) trajectories of alcohol supply to adolescents; (2) sociodemographic characteristics associated with supply trajectory; (3) patterns of alcohol consumption by supply trajectory; and (4) supply trajectory associations with adverse alcohol outcomes. METHODS We used Australian longitudinal survey data (N = 1813) to model latent trajectories of parent and peer alcohol supply over five annual follow-ups (Waves 2-6; Mage 13.9-17.8 years). Regression models assessed associations between supply trajectories and Wave 1 (Mage=12.9 years) sociodemographic factors and associations between supply trajectories and Wave 7 (Mage=18.8 years) alcohol outcomes. RESULTS We identified five alcohol supply classes: (1) minimal supply (n = 739, 40.8%); (2) early parent sips, late peer/parent whole drinks (n = 254, 14.0%); (3) late peer/parent whole drinks (n = 419, 23.1%); (4) early parent sips, mid peer/parent whole drinks (n = 293, 16.2%); (5) early peer/parent whole drinks (n = 108, 6.0%). Compared to minimal supply, the other classes were 2.7-12.9 times as likely to binge drink, 1.6-3.0 times as likely to experience alcohol-related harms, and 2.1-8.6 times as likely to report AUD symptoms at age 19. CONCLUSION Earlier supply of whole drinks, particularly from peers, was associated with increased risk of early adulthood adverse alcohol outcomes. While minimal supply represented the lowest risk, supplying sips only in early-mid adolescence and delaying supply of whole drinks until late adolescence is likely to be less risky than earlier supply of whole drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Aiken
- National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Gary Chan
- National Centre For Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Wing See Yuen
- National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Philip J Clare
- National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Prevention Research Collaboration, The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Delyse Hutchinson
- National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nyanda McBride
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Jackob M Najman
- Queensland Alcohol and Drug Research and Education Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jim McCambridge
- Department of Health Sciences, Seebohm Rowntree Building, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Upton
- National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tim Slade
- Sydney Medical School / The Matilda Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Veronica C Boland
- National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Clara De Torres
- National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Raimondo Bruno
- National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Kypros Kypri
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Monika Wadolowski
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Richard P Mattick
- National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Amy Peacock
- National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
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[Alcohol use before the age of 14: marker variable or independent risk factor?]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2021; 64:707-713. [PMID: 34023931 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-021-03336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even if the legal age for alcoholic beverages in Germany is 16 or 18, the majority of young people have tried alcohol before this age. Parents are a frequent source of supply, especially for small amounts of alcohol ("sipping"). AIM OF THE WORK To investigate whether trying small amounts of alcohol is an independent predictor for binge drinking initiation. MATERIAL AND METHODS A longitudinal analysis was carried out with 2566 students from 6th to 8th grade from thirteen German federal states (survey period 2018 to 2020). Inclusion criteria were an age of 13 years or younger and had never drunk a full drink of alcohol. The main study parameter was the first binge drinking event within 12 months. RESULTS Of the respondents, 35.9% stated that they had already tried alcohol but had not yet drunk a whole drink, while 64.1% had not yet had any experience with alcohol. After 12 months, those who had tried alcohol stated more often that they had already practiced binge drinking. This relationship persisted even after all study variables associated with binge drinking were controlled including age, type of school, sensation seeking, smoking, consumption of energy drinks and coffee, media time, sleep duration, hyperactivity, and behavior problems (adjusted odds ratio = 2.33; 95% CI 1.64-3.31). DISCUSSION There was an independent association between prematurely trying alcohol and the onset of binge drinking. The findings are in line with those of other studies that question the practice of early alcohol exposure. However, further studies are necessary to establish a causal relationship.
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Parental supply of sips and whole drinks of alcohol to adolescents and associations with binge drinking and alcohol-related harms: A prospective cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 215:108204. [PMID: 32871506 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents frequently supply alcohol to their children, often only sips. We investigated whether supply of sips and whole drinks, from parents and other sources, are differentially associated with subsequent drinking outcomes. METHODS A cohort of 1910 adolescents (mean age 12.9yrs) were surveyed annually over seven years from 2010-11. We examined prospective, adjusted associations between the quantity of supply from parental and non-parental sources in the preceding 12 months and five outcomes in the subsequent year, over several consecutive years: binge drinking; alcohol-related harms; symptoms of alcohol abuse, dependence and alcohol use disorder (AUD). RESULTS In early waves, most parental supply comprised sips, while supply of whole drinks increased in later waves. Among those not receiving alcohol from other sources, parental supply of sips was associated with increased odds of binge drinking (OR: 1.85; 99.5 % CI: 1.17-2.91) and alcohol-related harms (OR: 1.70; 99.5 % CI: 1.20-2.42), but not with reporting symptoms of alcohol abuse, dependence or AUD, compared with no supply. Relative to no supply, supply of sips from other sources was associated with increased odds of binge drinking (OR: 2.04; 99.5 % CI: 1.14-3.67) only. Compared with supply of sips, supply of whole drinks by parents or others had higher odds of binge drinking, alcohol-related harms, symptoms of dependence and of AUD. Secondary analysis demonstrated that supply of larger quantities was associated with an increased risk of all outcomes. CONCLUSION Parental provision of sips is associated with increased risks and the supply of greater quantities was associated with an increasing risk of adverse outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02280551).
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