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Noël C, Scharf D, Koné A, Armiento C, Dylan D. Cannabis advertising impacts on youth cannabis use intentions following recreational legalization in Canada: An Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) study. Addict Behav 2024; 153:107981. [PMID: 38367505 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.107981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In 2018, Canada's Cannabis Act legalized adult recreational cannabis use and limited cannabis product advertising to adults. Cannabis product advertising to youth remains illegal. The extent to which adult-targeted, or illicit youth-targeted cannabis advertisements is reaching and impacting Canadian youth is unknown. We used Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to describe how often and how much exposures to cannabis advertising influence Canadian youths' real-world, real-time intentions to use cannabis. METHODS 120 Ontario, Canada youths ages 14-18, took photos of cannabis advertising that they encountered in their natural environments over a period of nine consecutive days. Following each exposure and twice daily device-issued random prompts, they also rated their intentions to use cannabis. RESULTS Many participating youth (n = 85; 70.83 %) reported at least one cannabis advertising exposure during the study (range 1-30, M = 4.02). Exposures occurred through a range of advertising channels (e.g., internet ads, billboards). Multilevel modeling showed that youth advertising exposure increased cannabis use intentions in vivo (β = 0.06,SE = 0.03;t = 1.98;p =.04;n = 1,348). CONCLUSION Data from this study shows that cannabis advertisements are regularly reaching Canadian youth and increasing their intentions to use cannabis. This suggests that current Canadian prohibitions on cannabis advertising to youth are ineffective and/or ineffectively enforced, and that the Canadian government needs additional or enhanced prohibitions on cannabis promotion to protect youth from harms associated with increased advertisement exposure, such as increased cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Noël
- Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah Scharf
- Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada; Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Anna Koné
- Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Dylan
- Bora Laskin Faculty of Law, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Ma JX, Wang X, Pan YR, Wang ZY, Guo X, Liu J, Ren NQ, Butler D. Data-driven systematic analysis of waterborne viruses and health risks during the wastewater reclamation process. Environ Sci Ecotechnol 2024; 19:100328. [PMID: 37965045 PMCID: PMC10641159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne viral epidemics are a major threat to public health. Increasing interest in wastewater reclamation highlights the importance of understanding the health risks associated with potential microbial hazards, particularly for reused water in direct contact with humans. This study focused on identifying viral epidemic patterns in municipal wastewater reused for recreational applications based on long-term, spatially explicit global literature data during 2000-2021, and modelled human health risks from multiple exposure pathways using a well-established quantitative microbial risk assessment methodology. Global median viral loads in municipal wastewater ranged from 7.92 × 104 to 1.4 × 106 GC L-1 in the following ascending order: human adenovirus (HAdV), norovirus (NoV) GII, enterovirus (EV), NoV GI, rotavirus (RV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Following secondary or tertiary wastewater treatment, NoV GI, NoV GII, EV, and RV showed a relatively higher and more stable log reduction value with medians all above 0.8 (84%), whereas SARS-CoV-2 and HAdV showed a relatively lower reduction, with medians ranging from 0.33 (53%) to 0.55 (72%). A subsequent disinfection process effectively enhanced viral removal to over 0.89-log (87%). The predicted event probability of virus-related gastrointestinal illness and acute febrile respiratory illnesses in reclaimed recreational water exceeded the World Health Organization recommended recreational risk benchmark (5% and 1.9%, respectively). Overall, our results provided insights on health risks associated with reusing wastewater for recreational purposes and highlighted the need for establishing a regulatory framework ensuring the safety management of reclaimed waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Rong Pan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhao-Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xuesong Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Junxin Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - David Butler
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
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Sanchez ZM, Folgar MI, Matias JP, Pimentel MP, Burkhart G. Framing substance use as " recreational" is neither accurate nor helpful for prevention purposes. J Prev (2022) 2023; 44:795-811. [PMID: 37642907 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-023-00745-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This debate paper discusses six reasons why the term "recreational substance use" should be avoided. (1) Social norms and beliefs are drivers of behavior; therefore, the normalized use of the term conveys injunctive norms of a fully socially acceptable substance. Injunctive norms are the most important drivers of initiation into substance use. (2) The illusion of being in control, suggesting that if consumed for leisure and recreation it can easily be controlled; (3) Idealized social representations that fuel an idealized image of an alternative glamourous or mindful consumption culture; (4) Downplaying potential harms; (5) The implicit promise of everyday pleasure, the ever-growing potency of cannabis products does not fit the narrative of its use for recreation; (6) Industry as a trojan horse branding discourse of the concept of medical cannabis to normalize the image of non-medical use: to complement "therapeutic" with "recreational". "Recreational use" is a subjective ill-defined term. This debate paper aims to find a better terminological solution, honestly denominating with a neutral, unbiased, and objective connotation what is now called "recreational use". Thus, we propose using the term "non-therapeutic" use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zila M Sanchez
- Preventive Medicine Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 740, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - João Pedro Matias
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marcos Paulo Pimentel
- GPRED - Grupo de Prevenção ao uso indevido de drogas da Polícia Federal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gregor Burkhart
- European Society for Prevention Research (EUSPR), Lisbon, Portugal
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Pelerin JM, Fristot L, Gibaja V, Revol B, Gillet P, Lima-Tournebize J. Non-medical use of baclofen: A case series and review of the literature. Therapie 2023; 78:615-637. [PMID: 36922285 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baclofen is widely used for spastic disorders and, most recently, for addictive disorders. The first signals of baclofen abuse occurred in the last decade. This study aims to assess the motives, diversion sources, and routes of administration associated with the non-medical use of baclofen and examine health problems related to the non-medical use of baclofen. METHODS Spontaneous reports of baclofen abuse reported to the addictovigilance centre of East France were analysed. A literature search was conducted using PubMed®, Web of Sciences®, and Google Scholar® databases. Both investigations were performed in February 2021 without a time limit. RESULTS Forty-six cases were analysed (33 from the literature review and 13 from the addictovigilance base). Baclofen's non-medical use mainly affected male subjects with addictive history, but issues of primary abuse in subjects without any substance abuse history were also observed. Euphoria search was the most common reason for misuse. The route of administration included oral, snorting, and sublingual use. Some cases involving illegal sources were also observed. Most patients misusing baclofen presented severe complications, mainly represented by neurological and respiratory disturbances. Physical and psychological dependence on baclofen was observed in three persons. CONCLUSIONS Although baclofen abuse remains relatively infrequent or (most likely) underestimated, this study helped confirm baclofen's intrinsic abuse potential and make visible the baclofen-abuse-related health visible harms. Careful consideration and benefit-risk analysis should be employed when prescribing baclofen, and emergency departments should be aware of baclofen dangers in abuse situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Pelerin
- CEIP-addictovigilance, university hospital of Nancy, 54000 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Lisa Fristot
- CEIP-addictovigilance, university hospital of Nancy, 54000 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Valérie Gibaja
- CEIP-addictovigilance, university hospital of Nancy, 54000 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; French Addictovigilance Network (FAN), 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Bruno Revol
- French Addictovigilance Network (FAN), 33000 Bordeaux, France; CEIP-Addictovigilance, university hospital of Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Gillet
- CEIP-addictovigilance, university hospital of Nancy, 54000 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Juliana Lima-Tournebize
- CEIP-addictovigilance, university hospital of Nancy, 54000 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; French Addictovigilance Network (FAN), 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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Ansell EB, Bedillion MF, Farris SR, Gilbert JM, Koch MM, Thureen SE. Cannabis use breaks in young adults: The highs and lows of tolerance breaks. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 249:109951. [PMID: 37329730 PMCID: PMC10561190 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Cannabis tolerance breaks, or T-breaks, are believed to benefit persons who use cannabis (PUCs) by decreasing tolerance levels to cannabis. However, no prior research, to our knowledge, has compared the effects of T-breaks and other use breaks on cannabis use patterns and outcomes. The current study examined whether the occurrence of cannabis use breaks (tolerance and other use breaks), or the duration of these breaks, is associated with changes in hazardous cannabis use (CUDIT-R), CUD severity, cannabis use frequency, and withdrawal symptoms over a 6-month follow-up. METHODS Young adults, who recreationally use cannabis, (N=170, 55.9% female, Mean age=21 yo) completed baseline and on-time 6-month assessments of hazardous cannabis use (CUDIT-R), CUD severity, cannabis use frequency, and withdrawal symptoms. The occurrence of cannabis use breaks and the duration of these breaks during the intervening period was assessed at 6 months. RESULTS Taking a T-break was associated with an increase in hazardous cannabis use and CUD severity at 6 months. When considering cannabis use breaks for other reasons, a longer break was associated with a significant decrease in hazardous cannabis use (CUDIT-R), CUD severity, and cannabis use frequency at 6 months. CONCLUSION Findings from our study suggest recreational PUCs who take a T-break may be at greater risk for problematic cannabis use. In addition, taking a longer cannabis use break for other reasons may have beneficial effects on cannabis-related outcomes. The ability to abstain from cannabis for other reasons may be protective while individuals who take T-breaks may be important targets for intervention and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Ansell
- Penn State University, Department of Biobehavioral Health, University Park, PA16802, United States.
| | - Margaret F Bedillion
- Penn State University, Department of Biobehavioral Health, University Park, PA16802, United States
| | - Shayna R Farris
- Penn State University, Department of Biobehavioral Health, University Park, PA16802, United States
| | - Jack M Gilbert
- Penn State University, Department of Biobehavioral Health, University Park, PA16802, United States
| | - Mackensie M Koch
- Penn State University, Department of Biobehavioral Health, University Park, PA16802, United States
| | - Sydney E Thureen
- Penn State University, Department of Biobehavioral Health, University Park, PA16802, United States
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6
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Bedillion MF, Dharbhamulla PO, Ansell EB. Associations between modes of cannabis use in daily life with concurrent and longitudinal hazardous use and consequences. Addict Behav 2022; 126:107208. [PMID: 34920328 PMCID: PMC9374195 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As diverse cannabis use patterns among recreational users continue to evolve, little is known about how modes of use may contribute to long-term risk. The current study examined the association between types and number of modes of cannabis used over a 21-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) period with hazardous cannabis use and consequences both concurrently and six months later. METHODS A sample of 155 young adult recreational cannabis users, aged 18-30 (M = 21.1), reported on cannabis use patterns over 21-days, and completed baseline and six-month assessments of hazardous cannabis use and cannabis consequences. RESULTS At baseline, more frequent bowl use was associated with hazardous cannabis use and cannabis consequences. More frequent use of hash-oil was associated with more consequences at six months, while a greater proportion of hash-oil use relative to total use was associated with increased risk for hazardous cannabis use at six months. CONCLUSION While bowl use is characteristic of concurrent problematic use and consequences, only hash-oil predicted increased risk for hazardous use and consequences later. It may be that more frequent use of high-potency cannabis products, such as hash-oil, present unique risks for cannabis problems and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret F. Bedillion
- Penn State University, Department of Biobehavioral Health, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Parag O. Dharbhamulla
- Penn State University, Department of Biobehavioral Health, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Emily B. Ansell
- Penn State University, Department of Biobehavioral Health, University Park, PA 16802,Corresponding Author: Emily B. Ansell, Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, 214 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802;
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Wang GS, Buttorff C, Wilks A, Schwam D, Metz TD, Tung G, Pacula RL. Cannabis legalization and cannabis-involved pregnancy hospitalizations in Colorado. Prev Med 2022; 156:106993. [PMID: 35150750 PMCID: PMC8956031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.106993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the association between presence of recreational cannabis dispensaries and prevalence of cannabis-involved pregnancy hospitalizations in Colorado. This was a retrospective cohort study of pregnancy-related hospitalizations co-coded with cannabis diagnosis codes in the Colorado Hospital Association from January 1, 2011, through December 31, 2018 (recreational cannabis began January 1, 2014). Our primary outcome was cannabis-involved pregnancy hospitalizations per 10 k live births per county. The primary exposure measure was county variation in the number of recreational dispensaries. We controlled for counties' baseline exposure to medical cannabis dispensaries and used Poisson regression to evaluate the association between exposure to recreational cannabis and hospitalizations. During the study period, cannabis-involved pregnancy hospitalizations increased from 429 to 1210. Mean hospitalizations per county (1.7 to 4.7) and per 10 k live births (13.2 to 55.7) increased. Overall, increasing recreational dispensaries were associated with increases in hospitalizations (1.02, CI: 1.00,1.04). When comparing counties with different densities of baseline medical cannabis market, low and high exposure counties had fewer hospitalizations than those counties with no exposure (low: IRR 0.97, CI: 0.96-0.99; high: 0.98, CI: 0.96-0.99). In Colorado, there was more than a two-fold increase in cannabis-involved pregnancy hospitalizations between 2011 and 2018. Counties with no baseline exposure to medical cannabis had a greater increase than other counties, suggesting the recreational market may influence cannabis use among pregnant individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Sam Wang
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, 13123 East 16th Ave B251, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America.
| | - Christine Buttorff
- RAND Corporation, 1200 S. Hayes St, Arlington, VA 22202, United States of America.
| | - Asa Wilks
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90407, United States of America.
| | - Daniel Schwam
- RAND Corporation, 1200 S. Hayes St, Arlington, VA 22202, United States of America.
| | - Torri D Metz
- University of Utah Health, 50 Medical Dr N, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States of America.
| | - Gregory Tung
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Colorado School of Public Health, Department of Health Systems, Management & Policy, Program for Injury Prevention, Education and Research (PIPER), Colorado School of Public Health, 13001 E. 17th Place, MS B119, United States of America.
| | - Rosalie Liccardo Pacula
- University of Southern California, Sol Price School of Public Policy, Schaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economics, 635 Downey Way, VPD 514J, Los Angeles, CA 90089-3333, United States of America.
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Noël C, Armiento C, Péfoyo AK, Klein R, Bédard M, Scharf D. Adolescent exposure to cannabis marketing following recreational cannabis legalization in Canada: A pilot study using ecological momentary assessment. Addict Behav Rep 2021; 14:100383. [PMID: 34938841 PMCID: PMC8664871 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The goal of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of a 9-day, smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol for tracking the frequency of Canadian adolescents' exposures to cannabis marketing, their reactions to such exposures, and the context in which exposures occur in the real-world and in real-time. Method Participants were n = 18 adolescents between the ages of 14 and 18 years of age. They used an EMA application to capture and describe cannabis marketing exposures through photographs and brief questionnaires assessing marketing channel and context. Participants also rated their reactions to each exposure in real-time. Results Results showed that participants were generally compliant with the protocol. Participants recorded 40 total exposures to cannabis marketing, representing an average of 2.2 (SD 2.3) exposures per participant during the 9-day study. Exposures tended to occur in the afternoon (45.0%) or evening (37.5%), and while participants were at home (70%) and alone (52.5%). Most exposures occurred through promotion by public figures (27.5%) or explicitly marked internet ads (27.5%). Conclusion This is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility and utility of EMA to capture adolescent exposures to cannabis marketing as it occurs in participants' natural environments. Our research offers an early look at the predictable wave of cannabis advertising targeting youth and a promising approach for studying its impacts in a post-legalization context, as well as a strategy for assessing policies, such as advertising restrictions, intending to mitigate the harms of early cannabis use among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Noël
- Lakehead University, Behavioural Research and Northern Community Health Evaluative Services (BRANCHES) Laboratory, Canada.,Lakehead University, Department of Psychology, Canada
| | - Christopher Armiento
- Lakehead University, Behavioural Research and Northern Community Health Evaluative Services (BRANCHES) Laboratory, Canada.,Lakehead University, Department of Psychology, Canada
| | - Anna Koné Péfoyo
- Lakehead University, Behavioural Research and Northern Community Health Evaluative Services (BRANCHES) Laboratory, Canada.,Lakehead University, Department of Health Sciences, Canada
| | - Rupert Klein
- Lakehead University, Department of Psychology, Canada
| | - Michel Bédard
- Lakehead University, Department of Health Sciences, Canada
| | - Deborah Scharf
- Lakehead University, Behavioural Research and Northern Community Health Evaluative Services (BRANCHES) Laboratory, Canada.,Lakehead University, Department of Psychology, Canada
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Abstract
Cannabis is the most frequently used illegal psychoactive substance by older adults. With population aging, legalization and medicalization of cannabis, and changes in perceptions of older adults toward its use, recreational and medical cannabis use/misuse is on the rise in seniors. Although there are solid data related to the adverse events of cannabis in older adults, efficacy data are lacking. Older adults are at increased risk of developing cannabis use disorder alongside other medical and psychiatric comorbidities. We review the benefits and risks associated with cannabis use, and screening and management strategies for cannabis use disorder in older adults.
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Martin AM, Champ F, Franklin Z. COVID-19: Assessing the impact of lockdown on recreational athletes. Psychol Sport Exerc 2021; 56:101978. [PMID: 34512179 PMCID: PMC8422081 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in associated lockdown restrictions for individuals across England, including the postponement of all recreational sporting provisions. The beneficial effects of regular physical activity are well established yet to the authors' knowledge, no research addresses the cancellation of all recreational provisions. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, this study assessed the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on recreational sports players, what alternative exercise methods have been sought and how players feel about returning to their sport. METHOD An online survey was distributed across England for six-weeks commencing in May 2020. A questionnaire explored differences in the impact of COVID-19 restrictions between sex, winter/summer/year-round sports, team/individual sports, age, and resilience groups. The use of alternative exercise methods, coping strategies and feelings about returning to sport were also investigated. Responses were gathered from 2023 adults whose recreational sport had been cancelled by COVID-19. All completed questionnaires (n = 1213) were taken for analysis (mean age = 49.41 years, SD = 17.165, 55.2% female). RESULTS Quantitative findings showed the negative impact of COVID-19 restrictions was greater for females, those involved in winter and team sports, those aged 18-39 and low-resilient copers (p < .05). No significant differences were found between individuals that had had COVID-19 or were considered vulnerable by government guidelines. Acceptance was the most common coping strategy. The average number of days per week that participants exercised significantly increased during lockdown, with significant increases also seen in the use of online workouts, fitness apps and home-gym exercise. Qualitative findings suggested that participants are looking forward to the social and physical benefits of recreational activity restarting yet are concerned about the logistics of returning under social distancing restrictions. Other worries included loss of fitness, spreading (younger age groups) and catching (older age groups) COVID-19 and being in a crowd. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight what is currently accessible to home-based exercisers and inform the reintroduction of recreational sports clubs. As COVID-19 restrictions look to persist, club representatives should provide accessible home-exercise options and be cautious of participant concerns when considering the return of recreational sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna May Martin
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, England, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Champ
- Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Franklin
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, England, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Ethyl chloride was popular as an inhalant recreational drug in the 1980s. It is easily available in pharmacies as well as sold online as a topical anesthetic spray for pain relief. In recent times, its use is gaining popularity again among the youth as an inhalant drug due to its neuro-stimulatory effects. To avoid the risks associated with use of illegal drugs, and ease of availability of ethyl chloride without restrictions, there is a rising trend to use it as a “substitute” drug of abuse. In this paper, we try to highlight to the critical care and emergency physicians that majority of these cases present with predominant neurological symptoms, with occasional involvement of the cardiovascular system. The diagnosis of ethyl chloride poisoning is primarily clinical and supportive care is the mainstay of treatment, along with subsequent counseling. Ethyl chloride abuse should be considered as a differential diagnosis in young patients presenting with predominant neurological symptoms. Alongside raising public awareness, the manufacturers and retail distributors of these products have an important role to play in reducing the risk of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohil Pothiawala
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Woodlands Health Campus, Singapore 768024, Singapore
| | - Chong King Yong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore 544886, Singapore
| | - Rabind Charles
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Woodlands Health Campus, Singapore 768024, Singapore
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12
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Rosic T, Sanger N, Panesar B, Foster G, Marsh DC, Rieb L, Thabane L, Worster A, Samaan Z. Cannabis use in patients treated for opioid use disorder pre- and post- recreational cannabis legalization in Canada. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2021; 16:34. [PMID: 33849580 PMCID: PMC8045320 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-021-00372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background As the legalization of recreational cannabis becomes more widespread, its impact on individuals with substance use disorders must be studied. Amidst an ongoing opioid crisis, Canada’s legalization of recreational cannabis in October 2018 provides an important setting for investigation. We examined changes to cannabis use patterns in patients receiving medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for opioid use disorder (OUD) following legalization. Methods This study includes cross-sectional data from 602 participants recruited 6 months pre-legalization and 788 participants recruited 6 months post-legalization, providing information on cannabis use. Regression analysis was used to estimate the association between legalization and cannabis use patterns. We collected longitudinal urine drug screens (UDSs) detecting cannabis-metabolites for 199 participants recruited pre-legalization and followed prospectively post-legalization. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess the association between legalization and UDS results. Results Past-month cannabis use was self-reported by 54.8 and 52.3% of participants recruited pre- and post-legalization, respectively. Legalization was not associated with changes in any measured cannabis characteristics: cannabis use (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.73–1.13), days of use/month (B -0.42, 95% CI - 2.05-1.21), money spent, or cannabis source. There was no association between legalization and prevalence of cannabis use on UDS (OR 1.67, 95% CI 0.93–2.99) or percentage of cannabis-positive UDSs (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.99–1.01). Participants overwhelmingly reported that legalization would have no impact on their cannabis use (85.7%). Conclusions Amongst patients treated for OUD, no significant change in cannabis use was observed following legalization; however, high rates of cannabis use are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Rosic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Nitika Sanger
- Medical Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Balpreet Panesar
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Gary Foster
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.,Biostatistics Unit, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - David C Marsh
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada.,Canadian Addiction Treatment Centres, 175 Commerce Valley Drive West, Suite 300, Markham, Ontario, L3T 7P6, Canada.,ICES North, 41 Ramsey Lake Road Sudbury, Sudbury, ON, P3E 5J1, Canada
| | - Launette Rieb
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St, Hornby site, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.,Biostatistics Unit, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Andrew Worster
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Zainab Samaan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada. .,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.
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13
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Behera DP, Kolandhasamy P, Sigamani S, Devi LP, Ibrahim YS. A preliminary investigation of marine litter pollution along Mandvi beach, Kachchh, Gujarat. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 165:112100. [PMID: 33581571 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Marine debris is a global issue with adverse impacts on marine organisms, ecological processes, aesthetics, and economies of nations. Several studies have been conducted to quantify the plastic debris along Indian beaches. This baseline study describes the results of a survey conducted on the types of plastic litters and their quantification during January to March 2020 along Mandvi beach in Gujarat. A quadrate having 10 × 10 m size was used for sampling the plastic litter on the shoreline. A total of 10 quadrates along the shore was considered for quantification of the plastic materials based on their density, color, and weight. The plastic material observed includes gutkha pouches, food wrappers, and fragments, along with plastic straws, cutleries, and fragments of various dimensions and thickness. The major contributing factors for the debris abundance in Mandvi beach are land-based sources and recreational activities. The results suggest that similar long-term projects covering extensive areas should be undertaken for accurate quantification of available debris and their impacts on coastal habitats of Gujarat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Prasad Behera
- Coastal and Marine Ecology Division, Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology, Bhuj-Kachchh 370001, India
| | - Prabhu Kolandhasamy
- Coastal and Marine Ecology Division, Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology, Bhuj-Kachchh 370001, India.
| | - Sivaraj Sigamani
- Coastal and Marine Ecology Division, Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology, Bhuj-Kachchh 370001, India
| | - Lakshmi Prabha Devi
- Coastal and Marine Ecology Division, Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology, Bhuj-Kachchh 370001, India
| | - Yusof Shuaib Ibrahim
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), University of Malaysia, Terengganu, Malaysia
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14
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Finch A, Cox S, Bernard S, Teague W, Smith K. The epidemiology of paediatric off-road motorcycle trauma attended by emergency medical services in Victoria, Australia. Injury 2020; 51:2016-24. [PMID: 32284184 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2020.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paediatric participation in competitive and recreational off-road motorcycle sports is increasing in popularity worldwide, however injuries frequently occur and the sport is associated with significant morbidity. OBJECTIVE This study describes the profile of paediatric off-road motorcycle trauma attended by emergency medical services (EMS) in Victoria, Australia. METHODS A retrospective review included paediatric (<16 years) competitive and recreational off-road motorcycle patients attended by EMS between 2010 and 2017 in the State of Victoria, Australia. Patient characteristics and injuries sustained were described using descriptive statistics. Predictors of EMS transport were identified using multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS There were 1,479 paediatric motocross patients attended by EMS between 2010 and 2017. This represents 1.6% of the total state-wide EMS paediatric trauma (<16 years) workload, and equates to an average incidence of 22.2 per 100,000 population. The median age of patients was 13 years (IQR: 10-14) and 89.5% were male. The most common final diagnoses recorded by paramedics were 'fractures' (25.5%, n = 377) and 'unspecified pain' (19.5%, n = 289). Administration of analgesia (76.3%) was the most common EMS management, followed by spinal immobilisation (54.7%) and splinting (33.4%). The vast majority (91.5%) of patients were transported to hospital by EMS. Following admission, 38 (2.6%) patients were confirmed to have sustained major trauma, 78.9% of which had been transported direct from scene to a major trauma centre for definitive care. Median ISS for confirmed major trauma patients was 14 (IQR: 14-22). Four (0.4%) patients received pre-hospital CPR. All four sustained injuries from recreational off-road, motorcycle activities and all four cases died, two at the scene and two in-hospital. CONCLUSION Off-road motorcycle activities are an important cause of death and injury in Victorian children, as highlighted and demonstrated by the four deaths and high EMS transport rates borne out in this study. Riders and parents need to be aware of these risks, and organised events must have adequate on-site medical care resources.
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15
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Malouff JM, Schutte-Malouff BP. Government-mandated warnings on cannabis legally sold for recreational use. J Cannabis Res 2020; 2:22. [PMID: 33526134 PMCID: PMC7819339 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-020-00029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Frequent cannabis use can pose risks to health and safety. Multiple governments have legalized the sale of cannabis for recreational use and mandated health and safety warnings for recreational cannabis packages or signs at sales locations. The purposes of this study were to identify common themes across warnings and to compare the actual warnings with those previously recommended by cannabis experts and cannabis users. Methods We searched Google and Google Scholar for online lists of governments that allow or will soon allow the sale of cannabis for recreational use. Using the online lists we found, we searched for laws mandating the warnings, using the search terms “mandated warnings for recreational use marijuana” in addition to the name of the jurisdiction under review. We evaluated the content of the warnings and compared them with warnings recommended by cannabis experts and by users of recreational cannabis. Results Each search led to millions of results. Within the top results of each of the searches there were website links to official legislative websites, databases and documents of the jurisdiction under review. We used these official documents. The search revealed that 11 U.S. states and two countries allow the recreational use of cannabis and that 10 U.S. states and Canada mandate warnings on legally sold recreational cannabis. The mandated warnings can be categorized as focusing on one of nine risks: (1) negative health effects on the user, (2) harm to children or fetuses, (3) risks related to driving or operating machinery, (4) risks of habit formation leading to over-use, (5) risks relating to over-use on a single occasion, especially with regard to edible cannabis, (6) developmental risks for young people, (7) harm caused by secondary smoke, (8) risks of effects lasting several hours, and (9) risks specific to using cannabis topicals. The warnings include no graphic images and no phone number to call for help quitting. Conclusions The warnings, as a group, parallel most warnings recommended by cannabis experts and a sample of recreational users of cannabis. The effects of the warnings are unknown, but prior research findings on warnings for cannabis and for other substances suggest potential for positive effects in raising awareness of risks and decreasing the risks. The warnings could be used in public health campaigns. Public health professionals may find it possible through research to help improve the warnings, either in presentation or in content. Cannabis researchers can use the list to identify additional risks suitable for inclusion in mandated warnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Malouff
- University of New England School of Psychology, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
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16
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Abstract
As an increasing number of states legalize cannabis use for recreational and/or medical purposes, it is increasingly important to understand the neural and cognitive consequences of recreational cannabis use in adolescent consumers. Adolescence is marked by ongoing neuromaturational processes, making this a particularly vulnerable period, particularly regarding exposure to drugs, including cannabis. This review highlights evidence from studies documenting the neural impact of cannabis use in adolescence and explores mediating factors related to cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Mashhoon
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 2 West, Room 305, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, McLean Imaging Center, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Mailstop 204, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Kelly A Sagar
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 2 West, Room 305, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Core, McLean Hospital, McLean Imaging Center, 115 Mill Street, Mailstop 204, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Marijuana Investigations for Neuroscientific Discovery, McLean Hospital, McLean Imaging Center, 115 Mill Street, Mailstop 204, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Staci A Gruber
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 2 West, Room 305, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Core, McLean Hospital, McLean Imaging Center, 115 Mill Street, Mailstop 204, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Marijuana Investigations for Neuroscientific Discovery, McLean Hospital, McLean Imaging Center, 115 Mill Street, Mailstop 204, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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17
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Gunn R, Jackson K, Borsari B, Metrik J. A longitudinal examination of daily patterns of cannabis and alcohol co-use among medicinal and recreational veteran cannabis users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 205:107661. [PMID: 31715437 PMCID: PMC6894416 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prompted by the ongoing debate regarding whether cannabis serves as a complement to or substitute for alcohol, this study uses prospective data to examine daily associations between medicinal versus recreational cannabis and alcohol use in veterans. METHODS Three semi-annual waves of Timeline Followback Interview data were collected from a sample of veterans who reported co-using alcohol and cannabis on at least one day (N = 115; 56% medicinal users; 93% male; 62,100 observations). Linear mixed effects models were used to examine the association between daily cannabis use and number of drinks consumed across time for both medicinal and recreational users and to examine the frequency medicinal cannabis used to substitute for alcohol. RESULTS Compared to medicinal users, recreational users were more likely to drink more on cannabis use days relative to non-use days. Among medicinal users, those endorsing more frequent use of cannabis as a substitute for alcohol reported fewer number of drinks consumed on days when cannabis was used relative to non-use days. CONCLUSIONS Among veterans, recreational users are at greater risk for increased drinking when co-using cannabis at the daily level, an association that is stable over time. Medicinal users may be at lower risk for increased drinking on days when cannabis is also used, especially those who endorse using cannabis to substitute for alcohol. Findings help clarify the debate on cannabis-alcohol substitution or complementary associations in a sample of veterans and suggests that alcohol interventions should address cannabis use as a risk factor, especially for recreational users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Gunn
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Kristina Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA; Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908, USA
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Margarucci LM, Romano Spica V, Gianfranceschi G, Valeriani F. Untouchability of natural spa waters: Perspectives for treatments within a personalized water safety plan. Environ Int 2019; 133:105095. [PMID: 31518929 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural SPA waters and their environments were known since ancient times and used for health or recreational purposes in different societies, worldwide. The composition and uses of these spring waters may not allow standard disinfection in pools, representing a challenge for hygiene management. Several safety and quality procedures were proposed, but a systematic approach is still needed. Here, we focus on alternative strategies to provide hints for developing a sustainable Water Safety Plan, based on intrinsic water properties and photocatalytic materials. The antimicrobial activity of four different SPA waters with high mineral content and one drinkable spring water with a low mineral content, was assessed and then tested for the additional bactericidal activity of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterials and/or light exposure at different wavelengths (200-635 nm). A native antibacterial activity was observed in all high mineral content waters, with a CFU reduction of 75-80%. The bactericidal action of TiO2 showed an additional incremental effect, with a reduction of over 99% within 2-5 h. Interestingly, the antibacterial photocatalytic effect was detected also in the visible light range, with a possible pick around 450-455 nm, blue-light. Based on observed results, we propose a model for developing a water safety plan, considering water properties and bather exposure. This candidate approach is personalized on water composition and pool use, trying to avoid chemical disinfectants. Photocatalytic nanotechnologies represent one of the promising alternative treatments and can provide novel perspectives for a sustainable managing of natural SPA water hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lory Marika Margarucci
- University of Rome "Foro Italico", Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- University of Rome "Foro Italico", Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Gianfranceschi
- University of Rome "Foro Italico", Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Valeriani
- University of Rome "Foro Italico", Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, Rome, Italy.
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Jeong JE, Paik SH, Choi MR, Cho H, Choi JS, Choi SW, Kim DJ. Altered Plasma Levels of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Patients with Internet Gaming Disorder: A Case-Control, Pilot Study. Psychiatry Investig 2019; 16:469-474. [PMID: 31247707 PMCID: PMC6603705 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2019.04.02.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been reported to be involved in negatively regulating the effects of addictive disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate alterations in the levels of GDNF in patients with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and to assess the relationship between GDNF levels and the severity of IGD indices. Nineteen male patients with IGD and 19 sexmatched control subjects were evaluated for alteration of plasma GDNF levels and for relationship between GDNF levels and clinical characteristics of Internet gaming, including the Young's Internet Addiction Test (Y-IAT). The GDNF levels were found to be significantly low in patients with IGD (103.2±62.0 pg/mL) compared with the levels of controls (245.2±101.6 pg/mL, p<0.001). GDNF levels were negatively correlated with Y-IAT scores (Spearman's rho=-0.645, p=<0.001) and this negative correlation remained even after controlling for multiple variables (r=-0.370, p=0.048). These findings support the assumed role of GDNF in the regulation of IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Eun Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Paik
- Department of Psychiatry, Keyo Hospital, Keyo Medical Foundation, Uiwang, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ran Choi
- Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic of University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Cho
- Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic of University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, SMU-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sam-Wook Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, True Mind Mental Health Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Bahorik AL, Sterling SA, Campbell CI, Weisner C, Ramo D, Satre DD. Medical and non-medical marijuana use in depression: Longitudinal associations with suicidal ideation, everyday functioning, and psychiatry service utilization. J Affect Disord 2018; 241:8-14. [PMID: 30086434 PMCID: PMC6455811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marijuana use is clinically problematic in depression, and non-medical and medical use may both contribute to barriers to care in this population. Among outpatients with depression, we examined the differential impact of medical or non-medical marijuana use, relative to no-use, on psychopathology and service use over time. METHOD Participants were 307 psychiatry outpatients participating in a trial of drug/alcohol use treatment for depression. Measures of past 30-day marijuana use, depression/anxiety symptoms, psychiatry visits, and functional data related to health status were collected at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Regressions (baseline and 1 year) and growth models (over time) predicted clinical and psychiatry visit outcomes, from medical or non-medical marijuana use (no-use = reference). RESULTS At baseline, 40.0% of the sample used marijuana and more reported non-medical (71.7%) than medical (28.2%) use. Relative to non-users at baseline, patients using medically had worse mental/physical health functioning (p's < 0.05), and non-medical use was associated with higher suicidal ideation (B = 1.08, p = .002), worse mental health functioning (B = -3.79, p = .015), and fewer psychiatry visits (B = -0.69, p = .009). Patients using non-medically over time improved less in depression symptoms (B = 1.49, p = .026) and suicidal ideation (B = 1.08, p = .003) than non-users. LIMITATIONS Participants were psychiatry outpatients, limiting generalizability. CONCLUSIONS Marijuana use, especially non-medical use, among patients with depression may impede depression symptom improvement while lessening the likelihood of psychiatry visits. Marijuana use and associated barriers to care should receive consideration by depression treatment providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L. Bahorik
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0984, San Francisco, CA 94143,Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Region, 2000 Broadway, 3 Floor, Oakland, CA 94612
| | - Stacy A. Sterling
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Region, 2000 Broadway, 3 Floor, Oakland, CA 94612
| | - Cynthia I. Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0984, San Francisco, CA 94143,Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Region, 2000 Broadway, 3 Floor, Oakland, CA 94612
| | - Constance Weisner
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0984, San Francisco, CA 94143,Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Region, 2000 Broadway, 3 Floor, Oakland, CA 94612
| | - Danielle Ramo
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0984, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Derek D. Satre
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0984, San Francisco, CA 94143,Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Region, 2000 Broadway, 3 Floor, Oakland, CA 94612
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21
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Reynolds IR, Fixen DR, Parnes BL, Lum HD, Shanbhag P, Church S, Linnebur SA, Orosz G. Characteristics and Patterns of Marijuana Use in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2018; 66:2167-2171. [PMID: 30291748 PMCID: PMC6476562 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.15507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To understand patterns of marijuana use in community-dwelling older adults in Colorado. DESIGN Anonymous survey. SETTING Two academic geriatric primary care clinics. PARTICIPANTS English-speaking individuals. MEASUREMENTS We assessed self-reported characteristics and patterns of marijuana use and effect on targeted symptoms. Survey analysis focused on current users, defined as individuals who had used marijuana in the past 3 years. RESULTS Three hundred forty-five individuals completed the survey (55% response rate); 113 (32%) had used marijuana in the past, of whom 55 (16%) had used since legalization. More than half of current users were aged 75 and older, and one-quarter were aged 85 and older. Most current users were white women. Of current users, 44% used marijuana products at least weekly for common conditions including chronic pain, depression, anxiety, and insomnia, and most found marijuana helpful for these conditions. Most respondents reported obtaining marijuana recreationally (67%) without a prescription. Nine respondents reported negative side effects attributable to marijuana use. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize marijuana use of older adults in a state in which it is legal for medical and recreational use. Marijuana was used for several common geriatric conditions, and respondents reported few side effects. The small number of survey respondents, the lack of generalizability in states where marijuana sales are illegal, and participation bias were the main study limitations. Further research is needed to better understand useful or harmful effects in this population. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2167-2171, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. Reynolds
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Danielle R. Fixen
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Bennett L. Parnes
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Hillary D. Lum
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Prajakta Shanbhag
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Skotti Church
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Sunny A. Linnebur
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Gretchen Orosz
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to quantify the health risks and benefits of Pokémon Go, an augmented reality game played on the mobile phone utilizing real-world locations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthcare encounters containing references to Pokémon Go in Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) from July 5, 2016 to November 5, 2016 were reviewed. Subjects were classified according to the nature of the healthcare encounter subsequent to playing Pokémon Go: adverse event/injury, self-reported benefit, or incidental mention. Comparisons were made using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney nonparametric test where variables were continuous and the chi-squared or Fisher's exact test where variables were binomial. RESULTS Of 222 Pokémon Go players reporting an adverse event or benefit, 75 (33.8%) experienced adverse events and 147 (66.2%) reported benefits. Among our cohort, 114 subjects (54.0%) were obese, and 62 (27.9%) were diabetic or prediabetic. More subjects reporting benefits had an endocrine-related comorbidity than those reporting injuries (40.1% vs. 16.0%, P < 0.001). Median family income was higher in the benefit group than in the adverse event group ($83,846 vs. $70,378, P = 0.027). Of 75 subjects having adverse events, 8 (10.7%) had severe injuries, including fractures and head trauma, with 4 (5.3%) having inpatient stays. Most adverse events were musculoskeletal or skin injuries (n = 51, 68.0%). CONCLUSIONS Injuries were similar to those seen with other light-to-moderate outdoor physical activities. Given KPNC's membership of 3.85 million, the number of severe injuries reported was low; this suggests that the game is safe to play. Pokémon Go may be reaching a population that requires increased physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M Barbero
- 1 Department of Adult and Family Medicine, The Permanente Medical Group , Redwood City, California
| | | | - Joetta Maier
- 3 Department of Adult and Family Medicine, The Permanente Medical Group , Santa Clara, California
| | - Daniel S Tseng
- 4 Department of Adult and Family Medicine, The Permanente Medical Group , Campbell, California
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Vidot DC, Bispo JB, Hlaing WM, Prado G, Messiah SE. Moderate and vigorous physical activity patterns among marijuana users: Results from the 2007-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017. [PMID: 28641129 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between marijuana use and recreational physical activity has yet to be explored in the United States. Our aim was to examine this relationship in a population-based sample of 20-to-59-year olds (N=12,618) using 2007-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Marijuana use was categorized as never (reference group), past (previously but not within the last 30-days), and current (>1day in the last 30-days) use. Current users were further categorized based on frequency of use (light, moderate, and heavy users). Physical activity was self-reported as moderate (small increase in heartrate/breathing for >10min; MPA) and vigorous (large increase in heartrate/breathing for >10min; VPA). Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for the relationship between marijuana use and physical activity were estimated via logistic regression models. The majority of the overall sample reported either past (40.5%) or current (12.6%) marijuana use. Marijuana users had a lower prevalence of moderate physical activity than never users (current: 51.9%, past: 50.4%, never: 55.3%, p=0.001). Current (66.8%) and past (67.9%) marijuana users also had a lower prevalence of vigorous physical activity than never users (71.9%, p=0.001). Current and past users had lower odds of recreational MPA (current user AOR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.50-0.87; past user AOR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.62-0.98) than never users. As the frequency of marijuana use increased, time spent on MPA decreased. Results suggest that current and past marijuana users were less likely to report recreational MPA than never users. Future studies should examine the potential mechanisms and temporality of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise C Vidot
- School of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States.
| | - Jordan B Bispo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - WayWay M Hlaing
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Guillermo Prado
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sarah E Messiah
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Miller AM, Rosenman R, Cowan BW. Recreational marijuana legalization and college student use: Early evidence. SSM Popul Health 2017; 3:649-57. [PMID: 29349253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyze marijuana use by college undergraduates before and after legalization of recreational marijuana. Using survey data from the National College Health Assessment, we show that students at Washington State University experienced a significant increase in marijuana use after legalization. This increase is larger than would be predicted by national trends. The change is strongest among females, Black students, and Hispanic students. The increase for underage students is as much as for legal-age students. We find no corresponding changes in the consumption of tobacco, alcohol, or other drugs. No literature has yet assessed the impact of recreational legalization on college students’ marijuana use. Probability of marijuana use by students increased after recreational legalization. Frequency of marijuana use by students increased after recreational legalization. Increase is especially large for females and for Black and Hispanic students.
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Loflin M, Earleywine M, Bonn-Miller M. Medicinal versus recreational cannabis use: Patterns of cannabis use, alcohol use, and cued-arousal among veterans who screen positive for PTSD. Addict Behav 2017; 68:18-23. [PMID: 28088054 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study is the first to test whether veterans who use cannabis specifically for the purposes of self-medication for their reported PTSD symptoms differ from veterans who use cannabis medicinally for other reasons, or recreationally, in terms of patterns of cannabis use, use of alcohol, and reactivity to written combat trauma reminders. METHODS Assessment measures were administered online to a sample of veterans with a history of cannabis use (n=1971). Cued arousal was assessed pre/post via a prompt about combat experiences. Hypotheses were tested using a series of Bonferroni corrected one-way analyses of variance, t-tests, bivariate and partial correlations, and a Chi-square test. RESULTS Compared to recreational users, veterans who identify as medicinal cannabis users reported greater combat exposure (d=0.56), PTSD symptoms (d=1.02), subjective arousal when cued (d=0.25), and cannabis use (dfrequency=0.40; ddensity=0.42), but less alcohol use (d=0.28). Few differences were observed between medicinal users who reported using for PTSD versus those who reported using for other reasons. CONCLUSIONS Compared to those who use cannabis recreationally, veterans who report that they use cannabis medicinally use more cannabis and endorse significantly more symptoms of arousal following a prompt about combat trauma experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Loflin
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, United States; National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, United States.
| | - Mitch Earleywine
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, United States
| | - Marcel Bonn-Miller
- Center of Excellence in Substance Abuse Treatment and Education, Philadelphia VAMC, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
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Gallagher AJ, Hammerschlag N, Danylchuk AJ, Cooke SJ. Shark recreational fisheries: Status, challenges, and research needs. Ambio 2017; 46:385-398. [PMID: 27995551 PMCID: PMC5385669 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, the primary manner in which humans have interacted with sharks has been fishing. A combination of their slow-growing nature and high use-values have resulted in population declines for many species around the world, and to date the vast majority of fisheries-related work on sharks has focused on the commercial sector. Shark recreational fishing remains an overlooked area of research despite the fact that these practices are popular globally and could present challenges to their populations. Here we provide a topical overview of shark recreational fisheries, highlighting their history and current status. While recreational fishing can provide conservation benefits under certain circumstances, we focus our discourse on the relatively understudied, potentially detrimental impacts these activities may have on shark physiology, behavior, and fitness. We took this angle given the realized but potentially underestimated significance of recreational fishing for shark conservation management plans and stock assessments, in hopes of creating a dialogue around sustainability. We also present a series of broad and focused research questions and underpin areas of future research need to assist with the development of this emergent area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J. Gallagher
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA
- Beneath the Waves, Inc., Miami, FL 33133 USA
| | - Neil Hammerschlag
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA
- Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA
| | - Andy J. Danylchuk
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 160 Holdsworth Way, Room 311, Amherst, MA 01003-9485 USA
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
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Singh D, Narayanan S, Vicknasingam B. Traditional and non-traditional uses of Mitragynine (Kratom): A survey of the literature. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:41-46. [PMID: 27178014 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of the paper was to highlight the differences in the traditional and non-traditional users of kratom in the South East Asian and Western contexts. METHOD A literature survey of published kratom studies among humans was conducted. Forty published studies relevant to the objective were reviewed. RESULTS Apart from the differences in the sources of supply, patterns of use and social acceptability of kratom within these two regions, the most interesting finding is its evolution to a recreational drug in both settings and the severity of the adverse effects of kratom use reported in the West. While several cases of toxicity and death have emerged in the West, such reports have been non-existent in South East Asia where kratom has had a longer history of use. We highlight the possible reasons for this as discussed in the literature. More importantly, it should be borne in mind that the individual clinical case-reports emerging from the West that link kratom use to adverse reactions or fatalities frequently pertained to kratom used together with other substances. Therefore, there is a danger of these reports being used to strengthen the case for legal sanction against kratom. This would be unfortunate since the experiences from South East Asia suggest considerable potential for therapeutic use among people who use drugs. CONCLUSION Despite its addictive properties, reported side-effects and its tendency to be used a recreational drug, more scientific clinical human studies are necessary to determine its potential therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan Singh
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
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Hammami A, Chamari K, Slimani M, Shephard RJ, Yousfi N, Tabka Z, Bouhlel E. Effects of recreational soccer on physical fitness and health indices in sedentary healthy and unhealthy subjects. Biol Sport 2016; 33:127-37. [PMID: 27274105 PMCID: PMC4885622 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1198209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recreational soccer (RS) is becoming a popular alternative to the classical continuous exercise mode used for the improvement of cardiovascular and metabolic fitness in untrained people. The objective of this paper was to conduct a detailed systematic review of the literature, identifying the physiological responses to RS and the training effects of RS on aerobic fitness and health in untrained healthy individuals and clinical patients. PubMed, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect databases were searched using terms related to recreational soccer. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCT) that assessed acute physiological responses to RS or the training effects of RS on physical fitness and health in sedentary, untrained subjects of any age or health status. All studies were assessed for methodological quality using the PEDro scale. Thirty-five articles met the inclusion criteria; seven examined the acute response to RS, and 28 assessed training effects. Clear evidence was found that RS had positive effects on many health-related indices and variables, including VO2max (gains of 7-16%), blood pressure (reductions of 6-13 mmHg), body composition (decreased fat mass and improved indices of bone health), and metabolic and cardiac function. These positive effects were observed in both healthy individuals and clinical patients, irrespective of age or sex. Although this review provides clear evidence of the positive effects of RS on health, most studies had limitations of methodology (an average PEDro score < 6). Furthermore, many of the training studies were from a small number of research groups. Future studies should be extended to other countries and institutions to ensure generality of the results. Regular RS training leads to significant cardiovascular and muscular adaptations and gains of health both in sedentary individuals and clinical patients at all ages, suggesting that RS is a potentially highly motivational method to enhance population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hammami
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - K Chamari
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - M Slimani
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - R J Shephard
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - N Yousfi
- Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Sciences in Sport (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Z Tabka
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - E Bouhlel
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
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Koch M, Zellner J, Berner A, Grechenig S, Krutsch V, Nerlich M, Angele P, Krutsch W. Influence of preparation and football skill level on injury incidence during an amateur football tournament. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2016; 136:353-60. [PMID: 26497833 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-015-2350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scientific studies on injury characteristics are rather common in professional football but not in amateur football despite the thousands of amateur football tournaments taking place worldwide each year. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preparation and injury patterns of players of two different football skill levels who participated in an international amateur football tournament. METHODS In a prospective cohort study, an international amateur football tournament of medical doctors in 2011 was analysed with regard to training and warm-up preparation, the level of football played before the tournament and injury data during the tournament by means of standardised injury definitions and data samples for football. RESULTS Amateur players of registered football clubs had higher training exposure before the tournament (p < 0.001) than recreational players and had more frequently performed warm-up programmes (p < 0.001). Recreational football players showed a significantly higher overall injury incidence (p < 0.002), particularly of overuse injuries (p < 0.001), during the tournament than amateur players. In almost 75% of players in both groups, the body region most affected by injuries and complaints was the lower extremities. Orthopaedic and trauma surgeons had the lowest overall injury incidence and anaesthetists the highest (p = 0.049) during the tournament. CONCLUSION For the first time, this study presents detailed information on the injury incidence and injury patterns of an amateur football tournament. Less-trained recreational players sustained significantly more injuries than better-trained amateur players, probably due to the lack of sufficient preparation before the tournament. Preventive strategies against overuse and traumatic injuries of recreational football players should start with regular training and warm-up programmes in preparation for a tournament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Koch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Zellner
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arne Berner
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Grechenig
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Nerlich
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Angele
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.,Sporthopaedicum Straubing/Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Werner Krutsch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Ozdemir C, Saka T, Asil H, Uzün I, Oner M. Soccer related sudden deaths in Turkey. J Sports Sci Med 2008; 7:292-298. [PMID: 24149463 PMCID: PMC3761455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Regular physical exercise is recommended by the medical community, because it offers the potential to reduce the incidence of coronary events. On the other hand, vigorous exertion may act as a trigger of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in susceptible individuals. Death during sports activities differs among sports disciplines and countries. In Turkey, soccer attracts more spectators than any other sports activity and the attention of the press and media, and is preferred over other sports by many young and middle-aged individuals. As autopsy-based studies are infrequent in literature and there is a lack of data detailing sudden death during physical activity in Turkey, we present a Turkish series of sudden deaths that occurred during soccer games based on data provided by the Morgue Specialization Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine. We identified 15 male cases of soccer-related sudden death aged from 10 to 48 years. Coronary artery disease was identified as the cause of sudden death in 11 cases. Key pointsThis study is one of the largest series of soccer related SD with reported 15 cases.In our series, CAD is the most common cause of SCD also in very young athletes in contrast with international literature.In autopsy, detailed cardio-vascular system evaluation and toxicological analysis including doping agents are essential to determine precise cause of exercise induced SD.Medical screening is important for all people interested in sport, not only for athletes, as a powerful means of prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Ozdemir
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Erciyes University Medical Faculty , Kayseri, Turkey
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