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Rattanapakdeekul N, Lapirattanakul J, Tosrisawatkasem O, Surarit R, Smutkeeree A. Evaluation of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation and Acidogenicity of Infant Milk Formulas for Treating Cow Milk Allergy: An in vitro Study. Caries Res 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38636465 DOI: 10.1159/000538882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When infants cannot consume breast milk, the most commonly available alternative milk formula is cow milk-based. Due to a rise in the prevalence of cow milk protein allergy (CMPA) among children, this study aimed to assess the biofilm formation and acidogenicity of cow milk-based formulas as well as milk formulas suggested for children with CMPA. METHODS Cow milk-based formulas with 0%, 10%, or 18% sucrose added, partially hydrolyzed formula (pHF), extensively hydrolyzed formula (eHF), amino acid-based formula (AAF), and soy-based formulas with 0%, or 11% sucrose added were evaluated. Streptococcus mutans was used as a representative microorganism associated with caries. The acidogenicity after 24-h incubation was assessed by the pH of the formed biofilm and lactic acid formation. Biofilm formation was quantified using crystal violet staining. Additionally, the biofilm characteristics were determined using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Comparisons were made among formulas without added sucrose to observe protein-based differences. Furthermore, formulas with different sucrose percentages were compared to explore the impact of sucrose content. RESULTS When comparing the formulas without added sucrose, the biofilm formation in the cow milk-based formula and pHF were significantly greater than the soy-based formula, eHF, and AAF. In the presence of S. mutans, all formulas reduced the biofilm pH below the critical enamel pH. The cow milk-based formula and AAF showed a significantly lower biofilm pH than the pHF, soy-based, and eHF groups, while the lactic acid production was markedly higher in the cow milk-based formula, pHF and AAF, compared with the eHF and soy-based formula. Adding sucrose into the cow milk-based and soy-based formulas substantially increased biofilm mass. The biofilm pH of the cow milk-based formulas, with or without sucrose, was significantly lower than that of the soy-based formulas. The CLSM indicated distinct biofilm characteristics among the different protein-based formulas, with sucrose supplementation promoting S. mutans aggregation in cow milk-based formula biofilm and increased density and intact biofilm in the soy-based formula. CONCLUSION All assessed milk formulas had caries-inducing factors, including those without supplemental sucrose. Among them, the eHF demonstrated the least caries-inducing factors, attributed to its minimal biofilm formation and the highest biofilm pH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinthana Lapirattanakul
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orada Tosrisawatkasem
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rudee Surarit
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apiwan Smutkeeree
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Li J, Wu Y, Zhang Q, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. Optimization of environmental factors in a dual in vitro biofilm model of Candida albicans-Streptococcus mutans. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:869-880. [PMID: 35687499 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans-Candida albicans is an important virulence factor for dental caries. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of some environmental conditions on the biofilm formation like inoculation concentration, temperature, sugar, amino acid, metal ions and saliva, and then establish a persistent in vitro biofilm model for further research. Based on the single factor experiment, the factors participating in the biofilm formation including sugar, inoculation concentration, and saliva increased the biofilm mass, while amino acid, metal ions, temperatures reduced biofilm mass. Optimal conditions for biofilm formation were the inoculation dosage of S. mutans and C. albicans of 108 and 107 , respectively, the addition of 0·3 g l-1 sucrose and sterile saliva. These results contribute to a deep understanding of the factors involved in oral biofilm formation of the important cariogenic pathogen S. mutans and the opportunistic pathogen C. albicans to study better for biofilm and promote the design of new therapeutic approaches. The present research also provides a model for evaluating the therapeutic potential for drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Y Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Q Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,(Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, China
| | - J Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - H Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - W Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Effect of LongZhang Gargle on Dual-Species Biofilm of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6654793. [PMID: 33824875 PMCID: PMC8007335 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6654793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive natural products have become a hot spot for oral disease treatments. At the present study, LongZhang Gargle was investigated for its effects on single-species biofilms of Candida albicans and dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. Two different models of single and dual-species biofilms were grown in YNBB medium under appropriate conditions. Biofilm biomass, biofilm architecture, and cell activity in biofilms were assessed using Crystal Violet Staining, MTT, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Significant reductions of biofilm biomass and fungus activity were obtained when treated with LongZhang Gargle at 2% (P < 0.05), 4% (P < 0.05), and 8% (P < 0.05) in single-species biofilms of C. albicans, and at 4% (P < 0.05) and 8% (P < 0.05) in double-species biofilms. Suppression of density, thickness, and the proportion of hyphae and fungal spores were obtained under SEM and CLSM. In conclusion, LongZhang Gargle affects single and dual-species biofilms by inhibiting biofilm biomass, cell activity, and formation of hyphae, but it does not affect the production of Extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). We speculate that LongZhang Gargle would be a promising natural drug, which can be used in treatment against C. albicans and S. mutans in oral diseases.
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Palacios C, Rivas-Tumanyan S, Morou-Bermúdez E, Colón AM, Torres RY, Elías-Boneta AR. Association between Type, Amount, and Pattern of Carbohydrate Consumption with Dental Caries in 12-Year-Olds in Puerto Rico. Caries Res 2016; 50:560-570. [PMID: 27788518 PMCID: PMC5311111 DOI: 10.1159/000450655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the types, food sources, and pattern of carbohydrates that significantly contribute to dental caries in Puerto Rican children. METHODS As part of an island-wide cross-sectional oral health study in 1,587 twelve-year-olds, diet intake was assessed in a representative subset (n = 801) with a 24-hour dietary recall. Carbohydrate intake was quantified using a computer-based diet analysis program. Caries was assessed using the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research diagnostic criteria. Odds ratios were used to associate carbohydrate intake quartiles with caries, after controlling for important confounders. RESULTS A total of 723 subjects had complete data. Most were females (54%) and attended public schools (77%). The caries prevalence was 33%. The highest quartile intake for the following sugars significantly increased the odds of caries compared to the lowest quartile: total carbohydrates (OR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.08-3.46), total sugars (OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.01-351), sucrose (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.13-3.70), fructose (OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.05-3.62), and inositol (OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.38-4.63). The main food sources of these sugars were juices, including natural juices with no added sugars, and sweetened beverages. The odds of caries also increased significantly in children whose 10% of total energy intake was from total sugars (OR = 3.76, 95% CI = 1.03-13.7). CONCLUSION After adjusting for important caries risk factors, total carbohydrates, total sugars, ≥10% kilocaloric energy from total sugars, and sucrose, fructose, and inositol intake significantly increased caries risk. Our findings can help raise awareness about the potential caries risk from the main sources of these sugars, natural fruit juices and sweetened beverages, which are consumed in great quantities in many societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Palacios
- Nutrition Program, School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico
| | - Sona Rivas-Tumanyan
- School of Dental Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico
| | | | - Alina M. Colón
- School of Dental Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico
| | - Roxana Y Torres
- Nutrition Program, School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico
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Kourkoutas Y, Chorianopoulos N, Karatzas KAG, Banat IM. Bioactive Natural Products 2016. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9749305. [PMID: 27777955 PMCID: PMC5061935 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9749305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis Kourkoutas
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Nikos Chorianopoulos
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Kimon A. G. Karatzas
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, UK
| | - Ibrahim M. Banat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Science and Practice Research Group, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, County Londonderry, UK
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Effect of LongZhang Gargle on Biofilm Formation and Acidogenicity of Streptococcus mutans In Vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5829823. [PMID: 27314029 PMCID: PMC4897666 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5829823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, with the ability of high-rate acid production and strong biofilm formation, is considered the predominant bacterial species in the pathogenesis of human dental caries. Natural products which may be bioactive against S. mutans have become a hot spot to researches to control dental caries. LongZhang Gargle, completely made from Chinese herbs, was investigated for its effects on acid production and biofilm formation by S. mutans in this study. The results showed an antimicrobial activity of LongZhang Gargle against S. mutans planktonic growth at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16% and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 32%. Acid production was significantly inhibited at sub-MIC concentrations. Biofilm formation was also significantly disrupted, and 8% was the minimum concentration that resulted in at least 50% inhibition of biofilm formation (MBIC50). A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed an effective disruption of LongZhang Gargle on S. mutans biofilm integrity. In addition, a confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) suggested that the extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) synthesis could be inhibited by LongZhang Gargle at a relatively low concentration. These findings suggest that LongZhang Gargle may be a promising natural anticariogenic agent in that it suppresses planktonic growth, acid production, and biofilm formation against S. mutans.
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Stegues CG, Arthur RA, Hashizume LN. Effect of the association of maltodextrin and sucrose on the acidogenicity and adherence of cariogenic bacteria. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 65:72-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Clemens RA, Jones JM, Kern M, Lee SY, Mayhew EJ, Slavin JL, Zivanovic S. Functionality of Sugars in Foods and Health. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 15:433-470. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger A. Clemens
- USC School of Pharmacy; Intl. Center for Regulatory Science; 1540 Alcazar St., CHP 140 Los Angeles CA 90089 U.S.A
| | - Julie M. Jones
- St. Catherine Univ; 4030 Valentine Court; Arden Hills Minnesota 55112 U.S.A
| | - Mark Kern
- San Diego State Univ; School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences; 5500 Campanile Dr. San Diego CA 92182-7251 U.S.A
| | - Soo-Yeun Lee
- Univ. of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; 351 Bevier Hall MC-182, 905 S Goodwin Ave. Urbana IL 61801 U.S.A
| | - Emily J. Mayhew
- Univ. of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; 399A Bevier Hall; 905 S Goodwin Ave. Urbana IL 61801 U.S.A
| | - Joanne L. Slavin
- Univ. of Minnesota; 166 Food Science & Nutrition; 1354 Eckles Ave. Saint Paul MN 55108-1038 U.S.A
| | - Svetlana Zivanovic
- Mars Petcare; Global Applied Science and Technology; 315 Cool Springs Boulevard Franklin TN 37067 U.S.A
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OLIVEIRA RVDD, ALBUQUERQUE YE, SPOLIDORIO DMP, KOGA-ITO CY, GIRO EMA, BRIGHENTI FL. Effect of dietary sugars on dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus – a pilot study. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Frequent consumption of sugars and the presence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are correlated with higher caries experience. Objective The aim of this pilot study was to elucidate the effect of different fermentable carbohydrates on biomass formation and acidogenicity of S. mutans and S. sobrinus biofilms. Material and method Single and dual-species biofilms of S. mutans ATCC 25175 and S. sobrinus ATCC 27607 were grown at the bottom of microtiter plates at equal concentrations for 24 h at 37 °C under micro-aerobic atmosphere. Carbohydrates were added at 2% concentration: maltose, sucrose, glucose and lactose. BHI Broth (0.2% glucose) was used as negative control. Acidogenicity was assessed by measuring the pH of spent culture medium after 24 h, immediately after refreshing the culture medium and for the next 1 h and 2 h. Crystal violet staining was used as an indicator of the total attached biofilm biomass after 24 h incubation. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. Significance level was set at 5%. Result All carbohydrates resulted in higher biomass formation in single- and dual-species biofilms when compared to the control group. Sucrose, lactose and maltose showed higher acidogenicity than the control group in both single- and dual-species biofilms after 24 h. Conclusion These findings indicate that the type of biofilm (single- or dual-species) and the carbohydrate used may influence the amount of biomass formed and rate of pH reduction.
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Saygin M, Asci H, Cankara FN, Bayram D, Yesilot S, Candan IA, Alp HH. The impact of high fructose on cardiovascular system: Role of α-lipoic acid. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 35:194-204. [PMID: 25825413 DOI: 10.1177/0960327115579431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of α-lipoic acid (α-LA) on oxidative damage and inflammation that occur in endothelium of aorta and heart while constant consumption of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). The rats were randomly divided into three groups with each group containing eight rats. The groups include HFCS, HFCS + α-LA treatment, and control. HFCS was given to the rats at a ratio of 30% of F30 corn syrup in drinking water for 10 weeks. α-LA treatment was given to the rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day orally for the last 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were killed by cervical dislocation. The blood samples were collected for biochemical studies, and the aortic and cardiac tissues were collected for evaluation of oxidant-antioxidant system, tissue bath, and pathological examination. HFCS had increased the levels of malondialdehyde, creatine kinase MB, lactate dehydrogenase, and uric acid and showed significant structural changes in the heart of the rats by histopathology. Those changes were improved by α-LA treatment as it was found in this treatment group. Immunohistochemical expressions of tumor necrosis factor α and inducible nitric oxide synthase were increased in HFCS group, and these receptor levels were decreased by α-LA treatment. All the tissue bath studies supported these findings. Chronic consumption of HFCS caused several problems like cardiac and endothelial injury of aorta by hyperuricemia and induced oxidative stress and inflammation. α-LA treatment reduced uric acid levels, oxidative stress, and corrected vascular responses. α-LA can be added to cardiac drugs due to its cardiovascular protective effects against the cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saygin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - H Asci
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - F N Cankara
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - D Bayram
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - S Yesilot
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - I A Candan
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - H H Alp
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzunciyil University, Van, Turkey
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Zhao W, Li W, Lin J, Chen Z, Yu D. Effect of sucrose concentration on sucrose-dependent adhesion and glucosyltransferase expression of S. mutans in children with severe early-childhood caries (S-ECC). Nutrients 2014; 6:3572-86. [PMID: 25207825 PMCID: PMC4179176 DOI: 10.3390/nu6093572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose, extracellular polysaccharide, and glucosyltransferases (GTFs) are key factors in sucrose-dependent adhesion and play important roles in the process of severe early-childhood caries (S-ECC). However, whether sucrose concentration regulates gtf expression, extracellular polysaccharide synthesis, and sucrose-dependent adhesion is related to the different genotypes of S. mutans isolated from ECC in children and still needs to be investigated. In this study, 52 strains of S. mutans were isolated from children with S-ECC and caries-free (CF) children. Water-insoluble glucan (WIG) synthesis was detected by the anthrone method, adhesion capacity by the turbidimetric method, and expression of gtf by RT-PCR in an in vitro model containing 1%–20% sucrose. The genotypes of S. mutans were analyzed by AP-PCR. The results showed that WIG synthesis, adhesion capacity, and gtf expression increased significantly when the sucrose concentration was from 1% to 10%. WIG synthesis and gtfB as well as gtfC expression of the 1% and 5% groups were significantly lower than those of the 10% and 20% groups (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the 10% and 20% groups. The fingerprints of S. mutans detected from individuals in the S-ECC group exhibited a significant difference in diversity compared with those from CF individuals (p < 0.05). Further, the expression of gtfB and gtfC in the S-ECC group was significantly different among the 1- to 5-genotype groups (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that sucrose-dependent adhesion might be related to the diversity of genotypes of S. mutans, and the 10% sucrose level can be seen as a “turning point” and essential factor for the prevention of S-ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China.
| | - Wenqing Li
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China.
| | - Jiacheng Lin
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China.
| | - Zhuoyu Chen
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China.
| | - Dongsheng Yu
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China.
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Sun M, Kang Q, Li T, Huang L, Jiang Y, Xia W. Effect of high-fructose corn syrup onStreptococcus mutansvirulence gene expression and on tooth demineralization. Eur J Oral Sci 2014; 122:216-22. [PMID: 24813075 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Sun
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry; Ninth People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai JiaoTong University; Shanghai China
| | - Qiongyi Kang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry; Ninth People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai JiaoTong University; Shanghai China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry; Ninth People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai JiaoTong University; Shanghai China
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry; Ninth People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai JiaoTong University; Shanghai China
| | - Yuntao Jiang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry; Ninth People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai JiaoTong University; Shanghai China
| | - Wenwei Xia
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry; Ninth People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai JiaoTong University; Shanghai China
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