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Ruiz-Roca J, Rodríguez-Molinero J, Javaloyes-Vicente P, Pereira-Lopes O, Gay-Escoda C. Use of CBCT and panoramic radiography in the prediction of alterations in sensivity of the inferior alveolar nerve in third molars: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Saudi Dent J 2024; 36:1105-1110. [PMID: 39176156 PMCID: PMC11337963 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives We investigated which type of orthopantomography (OPG) was best able to predict neurological alterations of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) during extraction of a lower third molar (3 M). Methods We analysed cone beam computed tomographies (CBCTs) that were performed at a private dental clinic in Cartagena, Spain over five consecutive years. The CBCTs, together with their corresponding OPGs, had been prescribed for the surgical extraction of a lower 3 M. Results We analysed a total of 342 CBCTs and their corresponding OPGs. After explaining the risk of changes in the IAN sensitivity, 37 patients refused to undergo surgical extraction. The incidence of sensitivity alterations in the 332 dental extractions was 62 (19%): 44 were paraesthesias of the IAN, and 18 were associated with darkening of the root and interruption of the cortical line. Conclusion When an OPG revealed darkening of the root and interruption of the cortical line, the risk of contact between the lower 3 M and the IAN-that is, the probability of changes in IAN sensitivity-increased by over three-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.A. Ruiz-Roca
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dermatology, Stomatology and Radiology, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - J.A. Rodríguez-Molinero
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursery and Stomatology, IDIBO Research Group, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Javaloyes-Vicente
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dermatology, Stomatology and Radiology, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - O. Pereira-Lopes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, University Fernando Pessoa, Oporto, Portugal
| | - C. Gay-Escoda
- Chairman and Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Barcelona, Spain
- Coordinator/Researcher at the IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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Faadiya AN, Widyaningrum R, Arindra PK, Diba SF. The diagnostic performance of impacted third molars in the mandible: A review of deep learning on panoramic radiographs. Saudi Dent J 2024; 36:404-412. [PMID: 38525176 PMCID: PMC10960107 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Mandibular third molar is prone to impaction, resulting in its inability to erupt into the oral cavity. The radiographic examination is required to support the odontectomy of impacted teeth. The use of computer-aided diagnosis based on deep learning is emerging in the field of medical and dentistry with the advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology. This review describes the performance and prospects of deep learning for the detection, classification, and evaluation of third molar-mandibular canal relationships on panoramic radiographs. Methods This work was conducted using three databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Following the literature selection, 49 articles were reviewed, with the 12 main articles discussed in this review. Results Several models of deep learning are currently used for segmentation and classification of third molar impaction with or without the combination of other techniques. Deep learning has demonstrated significant diagnostic performance in identifying mandibular impacted third molars (ITM) on panoramic radiographs, with an accuracy range of 78.91% to 90.23%. Meanwhile, the accuracy of deep learning in determining the relationship between ITM and the mandibular canal (MC) ranges from 72.32% to 99%. Conclusion Deep learning-based AI with high performance for the detection, classification, and evaluation of the relationship of ITM to the MC using panoramic radiographs has been developed over the past decade. However, deep learning must be improved using large datasets, and the evaluation of diagnostic performance for deep learning models should be aligned with medical diagnostic test protocols. Future studies involving collaboration among oral radiologists, clinicians, and computer scientists are required to identify appropriate AI development models that are accurate, efficient, and applicable to clinical services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Nur Faadiya
- Dental Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rini Widyaningrum
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Pingky Krisna Arindra
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Silviana Farrah Diba
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Leung YY, Hung KF, Li DTS, Yeung AWK. Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Risk Assessment of Lower Third Molar Surgery. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13050919. [PMID: 36900063 PMCID: PMC10001295 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Risks of lower third molar surgery like the inferior alveolar nerve injury may result in permanent consequences. Risk assessment is important prior to the surgery and forms part of the informed consent process. Traditionally, plain radiographs like orthopantomogram have been used routinely for this purpose. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has offered more information from the 3D images in the lower third molar surgery assessment. The proximity of the tooth root to the inferior alveolar canal, which harbours the inferior alveolar nerve, can be clearly identified on CBCT. It also allows the assessment of potential root resorption of the adjacent second molar as well as the bone loss at its distal aspect as a consequence of the third molar. This review summarized the application of CBCT in the risk assessment of lower third molar surgery and discussed how it could aid in the decision-making of high-risk cases to improve safety and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiu Yan Leung
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Kuo Feng Hung
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dion Tik Shun Li
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Andy Wai Kan Yeung
- Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Ariji Y, Mori M, Fukuda M, Katsumata A, Ariji E. Automatic visualization of the mandibular canal in relation to an impacted mandibular third molar on panoramic radiographs using deep learning segmentation and transfer learning techniques. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2022; 134:749-757. [PMID: 36229373 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to create and assess a deep learning model using segmentation and transfer learning methods to visualize the proximity of the mandibular canal to an impacted third molar on panoramic radiographs. STUDY DESIGN The panoramic radiographs containing the mandibular canal and impacted third molar were collected from 2 hospitals (Hospitals A and B). A total of 3200 areas were used for creating and evaluating learning models. A source model was created using the data from Hospital A, simulatively transferred to Hospital B, and trained using various amounts of data from Hospital B to create target models. The same data were then applied to the target models to calculate the Dice coefficient, Jaccard index, and sensitivity. RESULTS The performance of target models trained using 200 or more data sets was equivalent to that of the source model tested using data obtained from the same hospital (Hospital A). CONCLUSIONS Sufficiently qualified models could delineate the mandibular canal in relation to an impacted third molar on panoramic radiographs using a segmentation technique. Transfer learning appears to be an effective method for creating such models using a relatively small number of data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Ariji
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Oral Radiology, Osaka Dental University, School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mizuho Mori
- Department of Oral Radiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Japan
| | - Motoki Fukuda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Katsumata
- Department of Oral Radiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Ariji
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan.
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Association of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Position and Nerve Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10091782. [PMID: 36141394 PMCID: PMC9498832 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10091782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We aimed to compare the relationship between the buccal and lingual positions of the inferior alveolar nerve canal (IAC) relative to the lower third molar (LM3) and the rate of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury. Methods: A systematic search was performed in the following databases: PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, and Journals@Ovid. No language or publication status restrictions were set. The publication year was set from 2009 to 2021. The process of meta-analysis was performed by Review Manager software (Cochrane Collaboration). Results: A total of 1063 articles were initially searched and full texts of 53 articles were read, and 11 satisfactory articles were found. There was a statistical difference between the rate of IAN injury and the lingual position and buccal position of the IAC relative to the LM3 roots (OR, 4.96; 95% CI, 2.11 to 11.62; p = 0.0002), with high heterogeneity (p = 0.001, I2 = 65%). Conclusion: A statistical difference was found in the rate of IAN injury between cases where the IAC was positioned buccally and lingually of the LM3 roots. The IAC was at a relatively higher risk of damage in third molar extraction when it was located on the lingual position of the LM3 roots.
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Comparison of Digital OPG and CBCT in Assessment of Risk Factors Associated with Inferior Nerve Injury during Mandibular Third Molar Surgery. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11122282. [PMID: 34943519 PMCID: PMC8700465 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pre-operative radiographic assessment of the anatomical relationship between the roots of the mandibular third molar and the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) is a must to minimize the risk of IAN injury during surgery. Objectives: To compare the radiographic signs of digital orthopantomogram (OPG) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). An additional objective was to assess the cortex status between the mandibular canal and third molar on CBCT images in relation to the demographic characteristics, region (right or left side), and angulation of mandibular molar. Methodology: In this retrospective study, a total of 350 impacted mandibular third molars with a close relationship between the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) and impacted mandibular third molars on digital OPG were further referred for CBCT imaging for assessment of the position of the mandibular canal. The study was conducted between August 2018 and February 2020. Digital OPGs were evaluated for radiographic signs like interruption of the mandibular canal wall, darkening of the roots, diversion of the mandibular canal, and narrowing of the mandibular canal. The age and sex of patients, site of impacted third molar, Winter’s classification of mandibular third molar, position of IAC relative to impacted molar, and the radiographic markers of OPG were assessed for cortical integrity using CBCT. Chi square testing was applied to study the values of difference and binomial logistic regression was done to assess the factors associated with cortication. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Among 350 patients, 207 (59.1%) were male and 143 (40.9%) were female with a mean age of 36.8 years. The most common OPG sign was interruption of white line, seen in 179 (51.1%) cases. In total, 246 cases (70.3%) showed an absence of canal cortication between the mandibular canal and the impacted third molar on CBCT images. Cortication was observed in all cases with a combination of panoramic signs which was statistically significant (p = 0.047). Cortication was observed in 85 (50.6%) cases where IAC was positioned on the buccal side, 11 (16.9%) in cases of inferiorly positioned IAC, and just 8 (7.6%) for cases of lingually positioned IAC which was statistically significant (p = 0.003). Statistically insignificant (p > 0.05) results were noted for cortex status in CBCT images with regards to the age, sex, site, and angulation of impacted third molars. Conclusion: CBCT imaging is highly recommended for those cases where diversion of the mandibular canal is observed on OPG and when the roots are present between canals.
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Artificial Intelligence Model to Detect Real Contact Relationship between Mandibular Third Molars and Inferior Alveolar Nerve Based on Panoramic Radiographs. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091664. [PMID: 34574005 PMCID: PMC8465495 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a novel detection model for automatically assessing the real contact relationship between mandibular third molars (MM3s) and the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) based on panoramic radiographs processed with deep learning networks, minimizing pseudo-contact interference and reducing the frequency of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) use. A deep-learning network approach based on YOLOv4, named as MM3-IANnet, was applied to oral panoramic radiographs for the first time. The relationship between MM3s and the IAN in CBCT was considered the real contact relationship. Accuracy metrics were calculated to evaluate and compare the performance of the MM3-IANnet, dentists and a cooperative approach with dentists and the MM3-IANnet. Our results showed that in comparison with detection by dentists (AP = 76.45%) or the MM3-IANnet (AP = 83.02%), the cooperative dentist-MM3-IANnet approach yielded the highest average precision (AP = 88.06%). In conclusion, the MM3-IANnet detection model is an encouraging artificial intelligence approach that might assist dentists in detecting the real contact relationship between MM3s and IANs based on panoramic radiographs.
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Sureshkannan P, Samthomas K, Ravikumar PT, Thangavelu A, Karthik RM, Thiruneelakanadan S. Reliability of Orthopantamogram in Lower Third Molar Surgery: Inter- and Intra-observer Agreement. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2020; 12:S190-S193. [PMID: 33149454 PMCID: PMC7595496 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_57_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: The evaluation of relationship between the roots of impacted lower third molar (IL3M) and inferior alveolar nerve injury (IAN) with orthopantamogram (OPG) is mandatory before performing de-impaction surgery. An investigation is considered reliable if it can be reproduced by various examiners. Assessment of OPG is subjective and varies among examiners. OPG is reliable to clinicians if the interpretation is not a product of guess work. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the magnitude of agreement among oral surgeons and oral radiologist in observing intimate relationship between IL3M and mandibular canal. Materials and Methods: OPGs were evaluated by two oral surgeons and one oral radiologist for nerve root relationship. All the three were from different institutions with 10–15 years of experience. The three observers were blinded from each other’s findings. A total of 127 OPGs were evaluated for inter-observer agreement. Fifty OPGs were evaluated after 60 days for intra-observer agreement. The agreement was evaluated based on Cohen’s κ statistics. Results: Our results denote that the interpretation of OPG among specialists is not in good agreement. We suggest development of methods to standardize evaluation of OPG and the exposure technique to improve inter-observer agreement among the dental specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabakaran Sureshkannan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Thumbay Hospital Dubai, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Kuriadom Samthomas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | | | - Annamalai Thangavelu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rajah Muthiah Dental College & Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajaram Mohan Karthik
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vinayaka Mission's Sankarachariyar Dental College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sambandham Thiruneelakanadan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rajah Muthiah Dental College & Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
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Uzun C, Sumer AP, Sumer M. Assessment of the reliability of radiographic signs on panoramic radiographs to determine the relationship between mandibular third molars and the inferior alveolar canal. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2020; 129:260-271. [PMID: 31983633 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the reliability of radiographic signs of the relationship between impacted mandibular third molars (IMTMs) and the inferior alveolar canal (IAC), and the vertical relationship between IMTM and IAC on panoramic radiographs (PRs) as risk indicators for IAC exposure during extraction. STUDY DESIGN Seven radiographic signs regarding the appearance of roots and the IAC were assessed as present or absent on PRs. The vertical relationship between IMTM and the IAC was divided into 3 levels. The correlation between radiographic data and IAC exposure during extraction was analyzed by using χ2 statistics and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS In total, 198 IMTMs were examined. In 46 cases (23.2%), the IAC was exposed during extraction. Four radiographic signs-darkening of the root, narrowing of the root, narrowing of the IAC, and diversion of the IAC-were associated with IAC exposure (P < .05). Concurrence of 2 or more of 7 radiographic signs increased the risk of IAC exposure (P < .001). The vertical relationship between IMTM and the IAC was found to be a risk indicator for IAC exposure (P < .001). No significant correlation was found between IAC exposure and inferior alveolar nerve damage (P = .148). CONCLUSIONS Panoramic radiography is useful for assessing the risk of IAC exposure during IMTM extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Uzun
- Assistant Professor, University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Istanbul, Turkey; Instructor, Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Famagusta, North Cyprus.
| | - Ayşe Pınar Sumer
- Professor, Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Dentistry, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Sumer
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Vinayahalingam S, Xi T, Bergé S, Maal T, de Jong G. Automated detection of third molars and mandibular nerve by deep learning. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9007. [PMID: 31227772 PMCID: PMC6588560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The approximity of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) to the roots of lower third molars (M3) is a risk factor for the occurrence of nerve damage and subsequent sensory disturbances of the lower lip and chin following the removal of third molars. To assess this risk, the identification of M3 and IAN on dental panoramic radiographs (OPG) is mandatory. In this study, we developed and validated an automated approach, based on deep-learning, to detect and segment the M3 and IAN on OPGs. As a reference, M3s and IAN were segmented manually on 81 OPGs. A deep-learning approach based on U-net was applied on the reference data to train the convolutional neural network (CNN) in the detection and segmentation of the M3 and IAN. Subsequently, the trained U-net was applied onto the original OPGs to detect and segment both structures. Dice-coefficients were calculated to quantify the degree of similarity between the manually and automatically segmented M3s and IAN. The mean dice-coefficients for M3s and IAN were 0.947 ± 0.033 and 0.847 ± 0.099, respectively. Deep-learning is an encouraging approach to segment anatomical structures and later on in clinical decision making, though further enhancement of the algorithm is advised to improve the accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankeeth Vinayahalingam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboudumc 3D Lab, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tong Xi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Stefaan Bergé
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Maal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboudumc 3D Lab, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido de Jong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Self-assessed neurological disturbances after surgical removal of impacted lower third molar: a pragmatic prospective study on 423 surgical extractions in 247 consecutive patients. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:3257-3265. [PMID: 30474748 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2747-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the combined role of current radiographic risk indicators and patient age in predicting lower lip sensitivity disturbances after surgical removal of impacted lower third molars. The question was which combinations indicate low or high risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective study was implemented involving 247 consecutive outpatients who underwent 423 surgical extractions. The predictor variables were patient age and risk indicators observed on panoramic radiographs. The outcome variable was the incidence of self-assessed lip sensitivity alterations. The extractions were subdivided into four groups according to the predictors. RESULTS Two hundred forty-five teeth were extracted in patients younger than 25 years and 178 in patients 25 years old or older; radiographic risk indicators were associated with 226 out of 423 teeth (53.43%). No permanent neurological damage was observed. Transient lip sensitivity alterations were observed in five cases (1.18%; 95% confidence interval = 0.4 to 2.7%), all in the older group with radiographic risk indicators. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate a low overall incidence of transient lip sensitivity impairment that occurred only in the presence of radiographic risk indicators in patients aged ≥ 25 years. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Informed consent should include the possibility of inferior alveolar nerve injury in mature patients with radiographic risk indicators. Prophylactic removal of impacted teeth with radiographic signs of risk may be indicated when the patient is not yet aged 25 years.
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Cox B, Zuniga JR, Panchal N, Cheng J, Chhabra A. Magnetic resonance neurography in the management of peripheral trigeminal neuropathy: experience in a tertiary care centre. Eur Radiol 2016; 26:3392-400. [PMID: 26795500 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-015-4182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This tertiary care experience examines the utility of magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) in the management of peripheral trigeminal neuropathies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventeen patients with clinically suspected peripheral trigeminal neuropathies (inferior alveolar nerve and lingual nerve) were imaged uniformly with 1.5-T examinations. MRN results were correlated with clinical and surgical findings in operated patients and the impact on clinical management was assessed. RESULTS Clinical findings included pain (14/17), sensory changes (15/17), motor changes (2/17) and palpable masses (3/17). Inciting events included prior dental surgery (12/17), trauma (1/17) and idiopathic incidents (4/17). Non-affected side nerves and trigeminal nerves in the intracranial and skull base course were normal in all cases. Final diagnoses on affected sides were nerve inflammation (4/17), neuroma in continuity (2/17), LN transection (1/17), scar entrapment (3/17), infectious granuloma (1/17), low-grade injuries (3/17) and no abnormality (3/17). Associated submandibular gland and sublingual gland oedema-like changes were seen in 3/17 cases because of parasympathetic effects. Moderate-to-excellent MRN-surgical correlation was seen in operated (8/17) patients, and neuroma and nerve transection were prospectively identified in all cases. CONCLUSION MRN is useful for the diagnostic work-up of suspected peripheral trigeminal neuropathy patients with significant impact on clinical management and moderate-to-excellent correlation with intra-operative findings. KEY POINTS • MRN substantially impacts diagnostic thinking and management in peripheral trigeminal neuropathy. • MRN has moderate-to-excellent correlation with intra-operative findings. • MRN should be considered in pre-surgical planning of peripheral trigeminal neuropathy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Cox
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9178, USA
| | - John R Zuniga
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Surgery, Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Neeraj Panchal
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Cheng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Avneesh Chhabra
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9178, USA.
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