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İşbilir F, Özgüden Akkoç CG, İşbilir İ, Özöner Ö, Güzel BC, Arıcan İ, Atalgın ŞH, Can M, Bekmezci S. Morphometric, macroscopic and microscopic investigation of glandulae uropygiale in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Microsc Res Tech 2024. [PMID: 38940021 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the macroanatomical, morphometric, histological, and electron microscopic characteristics of the uropygial gland in adult male and female turkeys (Meleagris gallapovo).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma İşbilir
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Cansel Güzin Özgüden Akkoç
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - İhsan İşbilir
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Özgür Özöner
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Barış Can Güzel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - İlker Arıcan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Hakan Atalgın
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Can
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Soner Bekmezci
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
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Abdellatif AM, Lashen S, Kandyel RM, Shoeib MB, Madkour FA. Age-related morphological and ultrastructural changes in the palate and pharyngeal masticatory apparatus of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) juveniles. Tissue Cell 2024; 86:102264. [PMID: 37984223 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella or C. idella) is a Cyprinid fish frequently utilized for aquaculture, medical, and research purposes. In C. idella, the palate is followed by a well-developed pharyngeal masticatory apparatus. The latter consists of an upper chewing pad superimposing a paired set of teeth. The present study investigated morphological, morphometric, histochemical, and surface ultrastructural changes involving these structures in C. idella juveniles at three different timepoints namely 35 mm total length (TL; 59 days posthatching (dph); fry-fingerling transition), 70 mm TL (90 dph; fingerling), and 210 mm TL ( 365 dph: yearling). The palatal epithelium revealed a constant number of taste buds. However, the height and width of these buds revealed an age-dependent increase. The number of palatal acidic goblet cells increased gradually with age. Enhanced keratinization of pad epithelium, and increased teeth dimensions were age-associated characteristics. Ultrastructurally, the palatal surface of C. idella was slightly papillated at 35 mm TL after which it formed brick-like structural units that tended to cluster into longitudinally paralleled rows toward the palate-pad junction. Goblet cell openings appeared oval at 35 mm TL and became club-shaped by 210 mm TL at which the epithelium appeared compact and heavily coated in mucus. Indentations of pad surface and signs of dental wear and tear were evident ultrastructurally at 70 mm TL and onwards. The current study reports for the first time age-related developmental features of the palate and pharyngeal masticatory apparatus of grass carp. Results of the present work will help to understand aging-associated factors involving the studied fish and other related aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abdellatif
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Samah Lashen
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ramadan M Kandyel
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt; Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud B Shoeib
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Fatma A Madkour
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
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El-Bakary NER, Alsafy MAM, Rutland CS, El-Gendy SAA, Kamal BM. Anatomical oropharyngeal cavity specialisations in the cutlassfish (Trichiurus lepturus, Linnaeus, 1758). Anat Histol Embryol 2023; 52:862-873. [PMID: 37390103 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Trichiurus lepturus is a carnivorous fish, and most of the previous anatomical research has focused on computed tomography imaging and histology of their teeth and fangs, while the remaining structures of pharyngeal cavity remain unexplored. The present research is the first to use anatomical examinations alongside scanning electron microscopy to investigate the T. lepturus oral cavity. The oropharyngeal roof included teeth, upper lip, rostral and caudal velum and the palate. The middle of the palate showed a median groove flanked by two folds, followed by a median band flanked by micro-folds, thereafter the palate became crescent shaped. The lateral regions of the palate exhibited longitudinal folds that extended rostrally towards the fangs. The oropharyngeal floor had two cavities which acted as a scabbard for the premaxillary fangs and upper velum, while the caudal sublingual cavity contained two oyster-shaped structures on the outer surface plus sublingual ridges and sublingual clefts. The tongue apex exhibited a spoon-like shape, its body demonstrated a median elevation and the root with two lateral branches contained only dome-shaped papillae. Taste buds were located on the upper velum, lower lip and the caudal part of the interbranchial septum. Images and descriptions of T. lepturus tooth structure are also provided. The present research, using anatomical dissection and morphological observation using scanning electron microscopy, has identified the structures of the dentition system, a variety in shapes of the folds and microridges, and identified the taste buds and mucous pores in the T. lepturus oropharyngeal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed A M Alsafy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Catrin S Rutland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Samir A A El-Gendy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Basma M Kamal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
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Sayyaf Dezfuli B, Pironi F, Maynard B, Simoni E, Bosi G. Rodlet cells, fish immune cells and a sentinel of parasitic harm in teleost organs. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 121:516-534. [PMID: 35123696 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rodlet cells (RCs) are the enigmatic and distinctive pear-shaped cells had found in many tissues of marine and freshwater teleosts. They have a distinctive fibrous capsule or the cell cortex that envelopes conspicuous inclusions called rodlets, basally situated nucleus, and poorly developed mitochondria. The contraction of the cell cortex results in the expulsion of the cell contents through an apical opening. One hundred and thirty years since rodlet cells were first reported, many questions remain about their origin and a function. This review will present new evidence regarding the relationship between RCs and metazoan parasites, and a protozoan infecting organs of different fish species, and update the state of knowledge about the origin, structure and the function of these intriguing fish cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, St. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Flavio Pironi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, St. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Barbara Maynard
- The Institute for Learning and Teaching, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Edi Simoni
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, St. Giuseppe Orus, 2/B, 35128, Padua, Italy.
| | - Giampaolo Bosi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, St. of University 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
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Microscopic Characterization of the Mucous Cells and Their Mucin Secretions in the Alimentary Canal of the Blackmouth Catshark Galeus melastomus (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii). FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sharks belong to the most primitive group of jawed vertebrates and have some special structural and functional features such as a cartilaginous skeleton, a spiral intestinal valve, and a rectal gland for osmoregulation. In January 2020, ten specimens of Galeus melastomus, the Blackmouth catshark, were collected from the Gulf of Asinara (North Sardinia, Italy) and the entire alimentary canal was studied using histochemical reactions to characterize the mucous cell types. In the alimentary canal of G. melastomus, mucous cells mainly secrete a mixture of acidic and neutral mucins. Of the acidic mucins, only the carboxylated type was present in mucous cells of the stomach, while the sulfated type predominated in the esophagus and the intestines. The use of lectins revealed a distribution of sugar residues in mucins related to cellular activities of the different regions of the catshark alimentary canal. The current study is the first report to characterize the intestinal mucous cells of G. melastomus and to provide quantitative data on their different populations in the alimentary canal.
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Chiale MC, Cadierno MP, Fernández P, Mijailovsky S, Heras H, Barbeito C, Montalti D. Biochemical and morphological features of the uropygial gland of the Chilean Flamingo and their functional implications. ZOOLOGY 2021; 147:125941. [PMID: 34126327 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Flamingos inhabit specialized habitats and breed in large colonies, building their nests on islands that limit the access of terrestrial predators. Many aspects of their uropygial gland are still unknown. The uropygial gland, a sebaceous organ exclusive to birds, shares some histological features among species such as the presence of a capsule, adenomers with stratified epithelium and secondary and primary chambers. We found that the uropygial gland of the Chilean Flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis) displays most of these characteristics but lacks a primary storage chamber. This absence may be an adaptation to their aquatic environment. The uropygial secretion of this species has a variety of glycoconjugates while its lipid moiety is largely dominated by waxes and minor amounts of triacylglycerols and fatty acids. Mass spectrometry analysis of the preen wax showed branched fatty acids of varied chain length and unbranched fatty alcohols, resulting in a complex mixture of wax esters and no differences between sexes were observed. The glycoconjugates present in the preen secretion could play a role as antimicrobial molecules, as suggested for other bird species, while the absence of diester waxes in flamingos might be related with their nesting habits and limited exposure to predation. Our results were evaluated according to physiological and ecological aspects of the flamingo's biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cecilia Chiale
- Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva, Experimental y Comparada (LHYEDEC), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Avenida 60 y 118 (1900), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Pilar Cadierno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UNLP, Avenida 60 y 120 (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Fernández
- Cátedra de Patología General, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, Avenida 60 y 118 (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Mijailovsky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UNLP, Avenida 60 y 120 (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio Heras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UNLP, Avenida 60 y 120 (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, Avenida 60 y 121 (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio Barbeito
- Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva, Experimental y Comparada (LHYEDEC), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Avenida 60 y 118 (1900), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Montalti
- Sección Ornitología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP-CONICET, Paseo del Bosque s/n (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Chiale MC, Carril J, Montalti D, Barbeito CG. Comparative morphology and histochemistry of the uropygial gland of the endangered and endemic Hooded Grebe (
Podiceps gallardoi
, Podicipediformes). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Cecilia Chiale
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva Experimental y Comparada Universidad Nacional de La Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Julieta Carril
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva Experimental y Comparada Universidad Nacional de La Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Diego Montalti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Sección Ornitología Universidad Nacional de La Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Claudio Gustavo Barbeito
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva Experimental y Comparada Universidad Nacional de La Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
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Bosi G, DePasquale JA, Rossetti E, Dezfuli BS. Differential mucins secretion by intestinal mucous cells of Chelon ramada in response to an enteric helminth Neoechinorhynchus agilis (Acanthocephala). Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151488. [PMID: 31862187 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.151488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal mucous cells produce and secrete mucins which hydrate, lubricate and protect the intestinal epithelium from mechanical injuries due to the transition of digesta or action of pathogens. Intestinal mucous cells are considered elements of the innate immune system as they secrete lectins, toxins, immunoglobulins, and anti-microbial peptides. Acid mucins can surround and eliminate many pathogenic microorganisms. We performed a quantitative analysis of the density and mucus composition of different intestinal mucous cell types from mullet (Chelon ramada) that were infected solely with Neoechinorhynchus agilis. Most N. agilis were encountered in the middle region of the intestine. Mucous cell types were identified with Alcian Blue (pH2.5) and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) histochemistry, and by staining with a panel of seven lectins. Mucus enriched for high viscosity acid mucins was accumulated near points of worm attachment. Parasites were surrounded by an adherent mucus layer or blanket. Ultrastructural examination showed intestinal mucous cells typically possessed an elongated, basally positioned nucleus and numerous electron dense and lucent vesicles in the cytoplasm. The results show both an increase in mucus production and changes in mucin composition in infected mullet in comparison with uninfected conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Bosi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, St. Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Emanuele Rossetti
- Consortium of Fishing Cooperatives of the Polesine, Scardovari, St. Borsa 11, 45018 Rovigo, Italy
| | - Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, St. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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Keratinization and mucogenesis in the epidermis of an angler catfish Chaca chaca (Siluriformes, Chacidae): A Histochemical and fluorescence microscope investigation. ZOOLOGY 2018; 131:10-19. [PMID: 30502823 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes keratinization and mucogenesis in the epidermis of an angler catfish Chaca chaca, using a series of immunochemical, fluorescence and histochemical methods. The epidermis is primarily mucogenic and shows characteristic specialised structures at irregular intervals. These structures are identified keratinized in nature. The superficial layer epithelial cells in the keratinized structures often detach from the underlying epithelial cells and exfoliate either singly or in the form of sheet. This is associated to provide protection by removing silty depositions, pathogens, and debris along with exfoliated keratinized cells/sheets periodically to keep the skin surface clean. Mucogenic epidermis is equipped with the mucous goblet cells and the club cells. Nevertheless, these cells are not discernible in the keratinized structures. This suggests an inverse relationship between mucogenesis and keratinization in the epidermis of the fish. The mucogenic epidermis is involved in the secretion of different classes of glycoproteins. These include glycoproteins with oxidizable vicinal diols, glycoproteins with O-sulphate esters and glycoproteins with sialic acid residues without O-acyl substitution. Secretion of these glycoproteins on the surface are associated to control the acidity of the acidic glycoproteins, to protect the skin surface against bacterial, viral infection and other pathogens, and help in lubrication to protect against abrasion during burrowing. Epidermal keratinization and glycoprotein characterization are associated with the physiological adaptations in relation to the characteristic habit and habitat of the fish.
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Putative Rodlet Cell Neoplasms in the Livers of Two White Suckers (Catostomus commersonii). J Comp Pathol 2018; 164:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Ramos CA, da Costa OTF, Duncan WLP, Fernandes MN. Morphofunctional description of mucous cells in the gills of the Arapaimidae Arapaima gigas
(Cuvier) during its development. Anat Histol Embryol 2018; 47:330-337. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Ramos
- Department of Morphology; Federal University of Amazon; Coroado; Manaus Brazil
| | - O. T. F. da Costa
- Department of Morphology; Federal University of Amazon; Coroado; Manaus Brazil
| | - W. L. P. Duncan
- Department of Morphology; Federal University of Amazon; Coroado; Manaus Brazil
| | - M. N. Fernandes
- Physiological Sciences Department; Federal University of São Carlos; São Carlos Brazil
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Bosi G, DePasquale JA, Manera M, Castaldelli G, Giari L, Sayyaf Dezfuli B. Histochemical and immunohistochemical characterization of rodlet cells in the intestine of two teleosts, Anguilla anguilla and Cyprinus carpio. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:475-485. [PMID: 29159968 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rodlet cells (RC) are characterized by a distinctive cell cortex and conspicuous inclusions named "rodlets." These cells are particularly abundant and large in size in intestine of eels. Histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural investigations were carried out on European eel Anguilla anguilla and Common carp Cyprinus carpio from Northern Italy. Eight biotinylated lectins were used to probe for specific carbohydrate residues in deparaffinized, hydrated intestinal sections of eel and carp. Five antibodies were tested on intestinal sections of both fish species: inducible nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS), leu-enkephalin, lysozyme, serotonin and tumour necrosis factor-α. Lectin histochemistry revealed rodlet cells (RCs) of the eel intestine to react with two of the eight lectins tested, specifically Concanavalin A (ConA) and Sambucus Nigra Agglutinin (SNA). This contrasted to lectin staining of RCs in the intestine of common carp, where four of the eight lectins showed a positive reaction; Dolichos Biflorus Agglutinin (DBA), Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA), SNA and ConA. RCs in eel and carp intestine were immunoreactive with antibodies to lysozyme and i-NOS. The occurrence of the inflammatory peptides lysozyme and i-NOS in RCs of the eel and common carp poses in favour that these cells are involved in the mechanism of defence against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bosi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - M Manera
- Faculty of Biosciences, Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - G Castaldelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - L Giari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - B Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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