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Tandon N, Luxami V, Tandon R, Paul K. Recent Approaches of Repositioning and Traditional Drugs for the Treatment of COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:952-968. [PMID: 33234101 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201124141103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence of novel, pathogenic COVID-19 disease associated with SARSCoV- 2 virus in China and its rapid national and international spread pose a global health emergency. The development of a new drug is tedious and may take decades to develop and involve multiple steps like the development of prototypes and phase I to III human trials, which involve the study on small to large populations to examine the safety and side effects associated with the drug under trials. Due to continous increase in the number of confirmed cases and deaths, there is an urgent need to develop a drug that is effective to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus with fewer side effects to the human body. Therefore, this review focus on the latest advances in the development for the treatment of COVID-19 disease associated with SARS-CoV-2 with repositioning of already marketed drug with small molecules, as well as Chinese traditional medicines with established safety and efficacy which are being used for different therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Tandon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Vijay Luxami
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Runjhun Tandon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Kamaldeep Paul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
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Atalla E, Kalligeros M, Mylona EK, Tsikala-Vafea M, Shehadeh F, Georgakas J, Mylonakis E. Impact of Influenza Infection Among Adult and Pediatric Populations With Hematologic Malignancy and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Ther 2021; 43:e66-e85. [PMID: 33812700 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Influenza is increasingly recognized as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with hematologic malignancies and recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, the impact of influenza on this population has not been previously evaluated in a systematic review. This study systematically reviewed and summarized the outcomes of influenza infection as to in-hospital influenza-related mortality, development of lower respiratory tract infection and acute respiratory distress syndrome, need for hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and mechanical ventilation. METHODS We conducted a systematic search of literature using the PubMed and EMBASE databases for articles published from January 1989 through January 19, 2020, reporting laboratory-confirmed influenza in patients of any age with hematologic malignancies and HSCT. Time from transplantation was not included in the search criteria. The impact of antiviral therapy on influenza outcomes was not assessed due to heterogeneity in antiviral treatment provision across the studies. Patients with influenza-like illness, solid-tumor cancers, or nonmalignant hematologic diseases were excluded from the study. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate the prevalences and 95% CIs of each outcome of interest. A subgroup analysis was carried out to assess possible sources of heterogeneity and to evaluate the potential impact of age on the influenza infection outcomes. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. FINDINGS Data from 52 studies providing data on 1787 patients were included in this analysis. During seasonal epidemics, influenza-related in-hospital mortality was 16.60% (95% CI, 7.49%-27.7%), with a significantly higher death rate in adults compared to pediatric patients (19.55% [95% CI, 10.59%-29.97%] vs 0.96% [95% CI, 0%-6.77%]; P < 0.001). Complications from influenza, such as lower respiratory tract infection, developed in 35.44% of patients with hematologic malignancies and HSCT recipients, with a statistically significant difference between adults and children (46.14% vs 19.92%; P < 0.001). However, infection resulted in a higher hospital admission rate in pediatric patients compared to adults (61.62% vs 22.48%; P < 0.001). For the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, no statistically significant differences were found between adult and pediatric patients when comparing the rates of influenza-related in-hospital mortality, lower respiratory tract infection, and hospital admission. Similarly, no significant differences were noted in any of the outcomes of interest when comparing H1N1 pandemic with seasonal epidemics. IMPLICATIONS Regardless of influenza season, patients, and especially adults, with underlying hematologic malignancies and HSCT recipients with influenza are at risk for severe outcomes including lower respiratory tract infection and in-hospital mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Atalla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Markos Kalligeros
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Evangelia K Mylona
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Maria Tsikala-Vafea
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Fadi Shehadeh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Joanna Georgakas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
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Fullana Barceló MI, Asensio Rodriguez J, Artigues Serra F, Ferre Beltran A, Salva D'agosto P, Almodovar Garcia M, Lopez Bilbao MDC, Sanchis Cortés P, Reina Prieto J, Riera Jaume M. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of community-acquired and nosocomial influenza cases and risk factors associated with complications: A four season analysis of all adult patients admitted in a tertiary hospital. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 15:352-360. [PMID: 33125178 PMCID: PMC8051698 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Information on the characteristics of patients with nosocomial influenza and associated complications is scarce. This study compared epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients admitted with hospital‐acquired influenza (HAI) to those with community‐acquired influenza (CAI) and analyzed risk factors associated with complications. Methods This retrospective, observational study included all adult patients with confirmed influenza virus infection admitted to Son Espases University Hospital during the influenza season in Spain (October to May) from 2012‐2013 to 2015‐2016. Symptom onset before admission was included as CAI, and 2 days after admission or within 48 hours after previous discharge were considered as HAI. Results Overall, 666 patients with laboratory‐confirmed influenza were included; 590 (88.6%) and 76 (11.4%) had CAI and HAI, respectively. Baseline characteristics and vaccination rates were similar in both groups. Patients with HAI had significantly fewer symptoms, less radiological alterations, and earlier microbiological diagnosis than those with CAI. Eighty‐five (14.4%) and 20 (27.6%) CAI and HAI patients, respectively, experienced at least one complication, including septic shock, admission to the intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation or evolution to death (any one, P = .003). Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression was performed to assess independent risk factors associated with the occurrence of complications: nosocomial infection, diabetes, oseltamivir treatment, having received no vaccination, microbiological delay, dyspnea, and the state of confusion were the most important significant factors. Conclusions Our study shows the need to implement microbiological diagnostic measures in the first 48 hours to reduce HAI frequency and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adrian Ferre Beltran
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pilar Salva D'agosto
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | | | - Pilar Sanchis Cortés
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jorge Reina Prieto
- Virology Unit, Clinical Microbiology Service, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Melchor Riera Jaume
- Infectious Diseases Section, Internal Medicine Department, Infectious Diseases and HIV Group, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, IDISBA, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Beyond personal protective equipment: adjunctive methods for control of healthcare-associated respiratory viral infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2020; 33:312-318. [PMID: 32657968 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Prevention of nosocomial transmission of respiratory viruses is a priority in all healthcare settings and often achieved with the use of personal protective equipment. Several adjunctive infection prevention methods are in common use but their effectiveness in reducing healthcare-associated respiratory viral infections is unclear. In this review, recent advances regarding the effectiveness of several adjunctive infection prevention methods to reduce healthcare-associated respiratory viral infections are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Training and education on hand hygiene guidelines, mandatory influenza vaccination for healthcare personnel, access to paid sick leave to reduce ill presenteeism, cohorting of patients with the same infection or clinical syndrome, neuraminidase inhibitor chemoprophylaxis during influenza outbreaks, and enhanced visitor restrictions in pediatric hospitals all have shown some degree of effectiveness in observational or quasi-experimental studies. SUMMARY Most of the studies evaluating the effect of adjunctive infection prevention methods on healthcare-associated respiratory viral infections are observational or quasi-experimental and are often combined with other interventions. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the precise effectiveness or efficacy of these interventions and more controlled trials are needed. Multimodal infection prevention policies are likely to be most effective in reducing healthcare-associated respiratory viral infections.
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Jungo C, Russmann S, Benden C, Schuurmans MM. Use of oseltamivir in lung transplant recipients with suspected or proven influenza infection: a 1-year observational study of outcomes and safety. Antivir Ther 2019; 24:495-503. [PMID: 31172978 DOI: 10.3851/imp3320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza virus infections in lung transplant recipients (LTRs) have an increased risk of unfavourable outcomes. Early initiation of treatment is associated with improved outcomes. In clinical practice, empirical oseltamivir treatment is therefore commonly started prior to diagnostic microbiological confirmation. There is limited data on the patient characteristics, outcomes and safety of this practice. This study investigated outcomes and safety of this pre-emptive treatment strategy using oseltamivir. METHODS Descriptive analysis of LTRs who received oseltamivir for ≥2 days for suspected influenza infection between July 2011 and June 2012. Analyses were based on data from electronic medical records and our standardized LTR database with prospective documentation of clinical information including medication, laboratory and radiological results, outcomes and adverse events. RESULTS We included 133 patients with a total of 261 oseltamivir treatment episodes (87.4% as outpatients). Median duration of oseltamivir treatment was 4 days (range 2 to 67) and 98.5% had concomitant antibiotic pharmacotherapy. Indications for oseltamivir included acute respiratory infection (66.7%), non-distinctive inflammatory reaction (51.3%) and influenza-like illness (2.7%). Influenza virus infection was confirmed by PCR in only 7%. Rhinovirus was the most frequent pathogen detected (14.9%). We discovered a wide range of adverse events but none occurred in >5%, and most were mild and of questionable causal relationship to oseltamivir administration. CONCLUSIONS This non-controlled retrospective analysis suggests that the pre-emptive use of oseltamivir for respiratory tract infections pending microbiological results is safe in LTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jungo
- Divisions of Pulmonology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Russmann
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Benden
- Divisions of Pulmonology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Macé M Schuurmans
- Divisions of Pulmonology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital, Winterthur, Switzerland
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Robson C, Baskar SR, Booy R, Ferguson PE, Gilroy N, Kok J, Sandaradura I, Dwyer D. Influenza: overview on prevention and therapy. Aust Prescr 2019; 42:51-55. [PMID: 31048938 PMCID: PMC6478960 DOI: 10.18773/austprescr.2019.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
QUADRIVALENT INFLUENZA VACCINATION IS RECOMMENDED ANNUALLY FOR ADULTS AND CHILDREN AGED SIX MONTHS TO 64 YEARS HIGH-DOSE OR ADJUVANTED TRIVALENT VACCINES ARE RECOMMENDED ANNUALLY FOR PEOPLE 65 YEARS AND OVER IF STARTED EARLY ENOUGH NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITORS REDUCE SYMPTOM DURATION BY APPROXIMATELY ONE DAY TREATMENT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE DISEASE REQUIRING HOSPITALISATION OR WHO ARE AT RISK OF COMPLICATIONS CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS IS NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR VACCINATION BUT CAN BE CONSIDERED IN HIGH-RISK INDIVIDUALS WITH AN INADEQUATE OR INEFFECTIVE VACCINATION STATUS
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Robson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Sydney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Kids Research Institute at The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney
- School of Medicine, University of Sydney
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney
| | - Sai Rupa Baskar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Sydney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Kids Research Institute at The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney
- School of Medicine, University of Sydney
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney
| | - Robert Booy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Sydney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Kids Research Institute at The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney
- School of Medicine, University of Sydney
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney
| | - Patricia E Ferguson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Sydney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Kids Research Institute at The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney
- School of Medicine, University of Sydney
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney
| | - Nicole Gilroy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Sydney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Kids Research Institute at The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney
- School of Medicine, University of Sydney
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney
| | - Jen Kok
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Sydney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Kids Research Institute at The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney
- School of Medicine, University of Sydney
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney
| | - Indy Sandaradura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Sydney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Kids Research Institute at The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney
- School of Medicine, University of Sydney
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney
| | - Dominic Dwyer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Sydney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Kids Research Institute at The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney
- School of Medicine, University of Sydney
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney
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Leiva-Juarez MM, Kirkpatrick CT, Gilbert BE, Scott B, Tuvim MJ, Dickey BF, Evans SE, Markesich D. Combined aerosolized Toll-like receptor ligands are an effective therapeutic agent against influenza pneumonia when co-administered with oseltamivir. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 818:191-197. [PMID: 29066417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Influenza pneumonia remains a common and debilitating viral infection despite vaccination programs and antiviral agents developed for prophylaxis and treatment. The neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir is frequently prescribed for established influenza A virus infections, but the emergence of neuraminidase inhibitor resistant viruses, a brief therapeutic window and competing diagnoses complicate its use. PUL-042 is a clinical stage, aerosol drug comprised of synthetic ligands for Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/6 and TLR 9. This host-targeted, innate immune stimulant broadly protects against bacterial, fungal and viral pneumonias, including those caused by influenza, when given prophylactically to animals. This study evaluated the therapeutic antiviral effects of PUL-042 against established influenza A pneumonia, when given alone or in combination with oseltamivir. Mice were treated with PUL-042 aerosol, oseltamivir or both at varying time points before or after challenge with influenza pneumonia. Treating established, otherwise lethal influenza A pneumonia (>1 LD100) with multiple inhaled doses of PUL-042 aerosol plus oral oseltamivir resulted in greater mouse survival than treatment with either drug alone. Single agent PUL-042 also protected mice against established infections following challenges with lower viral inocula (approximately 1 LD20). Aerosolized oseltamivir further enhanced survival when co-delivered with PUL-042 aerosol. The prophylactic and therapeutic benefits of PUL-042 were similar against multiple strains of influenza virus. In vitro influenza challenge of human HBEC3kt lung epithelial cells revealed PUL-042-induced protection against infection that was comparable to that observed in vivo. These studies offer new insights into means to protect susceptible populations against influenza A pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel M Leiva-Juarez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carson T Kirkpatrick
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian E Gilbert
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Michael J Tuvim
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Burton F Dickey
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott E Evans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
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