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Adair T, Lopez AD. An egalitarian society? Widening inequalities in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases in Australia, 2006-16. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 50:783-796. [PMID: 33349872 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyaa226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent slowdown in life expectancy increase in Australia has occurred concurrently with widening socioeconomic and geographical inequalities in all-cause mortality risk. We analysed whether, and to what extent, mortality inequalities among specific non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Australia at ages 35-74 years widened during 2006-16. METHODS Registered deaths that occurred during 2006-16 in Australia were analysed. Inequalities were measured by area socioeconomic quintile [ranging from Q1 (lowest) to Q5 (highest)] and remoteness (major cities, inner regional, outer regional/remote/very remote). Age-standardized death rates (ASDR) for 35-74 years were calculated and smoothed over time. RESULTS NCD mortality inequalities by area socioeconomic quintile widened; the ratio of Q1 to Q5 ASDR for males increased from 1.96 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.91-2.01] in 2011 to 2.08 (2.03-2.13) in 2016, and for females from 1.78 (1.73-1.84) to 1.96 (1.90-2.02). Moreover, Q1 NCD ASDRs did not clearly decline from 2011 to 2016. CVD mortality inequalities were wider than for all NCDs. There were particularly large increases in smoking-related mortality inequalities. In 2016, mortality inequalities were especially high for chronic respiratory diseases, alcohol-related causes and diabetes. NCD mortality rates outside major cities were higher than within major cities, and these differences widened during 2006-16. Higher mortality rates in inner regional areas than in major cities were explained by socioeconomic factors. CONCLUSIONS Widening of inequalities in premature mortality rates is a major public health issue in Australia in the context of slowing mortality decline. Inequalities are partly explained by major risk factors for CVDs and NCDs: being overweight or obese, lack of exercise, poor diet and smoking. There is a need for urgent policy responses that consider socioeconomic disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Adair
- Global Burden of Disease Group, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Alan D Lopez
- Global Burden of Disease Group, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
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Dasgupta P, Baade PD, Aitken JF, Ralph N, Chambers SK, Dunn J. Geographical Variations in Prostate Cancer Outcomes: A Systematic Review of International Evidence. Front Oncol 2019; 9:238. [PMID: 31024842 PMCID: PMC6463763 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous reviews of geographical disparities in the prostate cancer continuum from diagnosis to mortality have identified a consistent pattern of poorer outcomes with increasing residential disadvantage and for rural residents. However, there are no contemporary, systematic reviews summarizing the latest available evidence. Our objective was to systematically review the published international evidence for geographical variations in prostate cancer indicators by residential rurality and disadvantage. Methods: Systematic searches of peer-reviewed articles in English published from 1/1/1998 to 30/06/2018 using PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Informit databases. Inclusion criteria were: population was adult prostate cancer patients; outcome measure was PSA testing, prostate cancer incidence, stage at diagnosis, access to and use of services, survival, and prostate cancer mortality with quantitative results by residential rurality and/or disadvantage. Studies were critically appraised using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: Overall 169 studies met the inclusion criteria. Around 50% were assessed as high quality and 50% moderate. Men from disadvantaged areas had consistently lower prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and prostate cancer incidence, poorer survival, more advanced disease and a trend toward higher mortality. Although less consistent, predominant patterns by rurality were lower PSA testing, prostate cancer incidence and survival, but higher stage disease and mortality among rural men. Both geographical measures were associated with variations in access and use of prostate cancer-related services for low to high risk disease. Conclusions: This review found substantial evidence that prostate cancer indicators varied by residential location across diverse populations and geographies. While wide variations in study design limited comparisons across studies, our review indicated that internationally, men living in disadvantaged areas, and to a lesser extent more rural areas, face a greater prostate cancer burden. This review highlights the need for a better understanding of the complex social, environmental, and behavioral reasons for these variations, recognizing that, while important, geographical access is not the only issue. Implementing research strategies to help identify these processes and to better understand the central role of disadvantage to variations in health outcome are crucial to inform the development of evidence-based targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Dasgupta
- Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter D Baade
- Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joanne F Aitken
- Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Ralph
- Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia.,St Vincent's Private Hospital, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia.,School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Suzanne Kathleen Chambers
- Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Health and Wellness Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeff Dunn
- Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Sun M, Geng D, Li S, Chen Z, Zhao W. LncRNA PART1 modulates toll-like receptor pathways to influence cell proliferation and apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Biol Chem 2018; 399:387-395. [PMID: 29261512 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated thoroughly the effect of lncRNA PART1 on prostate cancer cells proliferation and apoptosis, through regulating toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways. LncRNA PART1 expression was also examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCR) in human tissues and the cells lines LNCaP and PC3. After transfection with si-PART1 or control constructs, the cell viability was measured by MTS and colony formation assays. In addition, the apoptosis rate of the prostate cancer cells was validated by TUNEL staining. Relationships between lncRNA PART1 expression and TLR pathway genes were demonstrated by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. High levels of lncRNA PART1 expression were correlated with advanced cancer stage and predication of poor survival. LncRNA PART1 levels was increased in PCa cells treated with 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), confirming PART1 was directly induced by androgen. Moreover, down-regulation of lncRNA PART1 inhibited prostate cancer cell proliferation and accelerated cell apoptosis. In addition, lncRNA PART1 induced downstream genes expression in TLR pathways including TLR3, TNFSF10 and CXCL13 to further influence prostate cancer cells, indicating its carcinogenesis on prostate cancer. LncRNA PART1 promoted cell proliferation ability and apoptosis via the inhibition of TLR pathways in prostate cancer. LncRNA PART1 could hence be considered as a new target in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sun
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Donghua Geng
- Department of General Surgery, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuqiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhaofu Chen
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Wenyan Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
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Ruseckaite R, Sampurno F, Millar J, Frydenberg M, Evans S. Diagnostic and treatment factors associated with poor survival from prostate cancer are differentially distributed between regional and metropolitan Victoria, Australia. BMC Urol 2016; 16:54. [PMID: 27589955 PMCID: PMC5010681 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-016-0172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa) in specific regional areas in Victoria, Australia have a poorer five-year survival rate compared to men living elsewhere in Victoria. This study aims to describe patterns-of- presentation and -care for men diagnosed with PCa in a specific regional Victorian area, and compare the outcomes with other Victorian regions. METHODS Information on consecutive men diagnosed between 2008 and 2013 was extracted from the Prostate Cancer Outcomes Registry-Victoria. Descriptive analyses summarized diagnostic and treatment patterns of the 7,204 men with PCa in the selected region (n = 373), metropolitan Melbourne (n = 2,565) and remaining areas of Victoria (n = 4,266) to compare risk factors, treatments and time-taken-to-treatment. RESULTS Men with PCa in the selected region were more likely to be diagnosed at older age (aged 68.6 vs 66 years in the rest of Victoria), and incidentally rather than through case-finding PSA blood tests. They were more likely to be presented with higher NCCN risk of the disease (High: 26 %, 24 % and 20.3 %; Very high/Metastasis: 11.8 %, 5.2 % and 5.7 % in the study region, metropolitan Melbourne and elsewhere in Victoria, respectively). Men in the selected region were also more likely to have a longer time from diagnosis to treatment (on average 15-30 days longer when compared to the rest of Victoria). CONCLUSIONS Poorer outcomes of men with PCa in this specific region might be explained by multiple factors, including clinical-, patient-, and health-system-related. This range of explanatory factors, occurring at multiple points along the pathway of diagnosis and detection, suggests that interventions to improve outcomes for PCa in regional areas such as this need to be systematic. Interventions specifically addressing any one factor in isolation are unlikely to have much effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Ruseckaite
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Fanny Sampurno
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeremy Millar
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Alfred Health Radiation Oncology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark Frydenberg
- Department of Surgery, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sue Evans
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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