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Zhang Y, Qi J, Zhao J, Li M, Zhang Y, Hu H, Wei L, Zhou K, Qin H, Qu P, Cao W, Liu E. Effect of Dietetic Obesity on Testicular Transcriptome in Cynomolgus Monkeys. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030557. [PMID: 36980830 PMCID: PMC10048326 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a metabolic disorder resulting from behavioral, environmental and heritable causes, and can have a negative impact on male reproduction. There have been few experiments in mice, rats, and rabbits on the effects of obesity on reproduction, which has inhibited the development of better treatments for male subfertility caused by obesity. Nonhuman primates are most similar to human beings in anatomy, physiology, metabolism, and biochemistry and are appropriate subjects for obesity studies. In this investigation, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of the testes of cynomolgus monkeys on high-fat, high-fructose, and cholesterol-rich diets to determine the effect of obesity on gene expression in testes. The results showed that the testes of obese monkeys had abnormal morphology, and their testes transcriptome was significantly different from that of non-obese animals. We identified 507 differentially abundant genes (adjusted p value < 0.01, log2 [FC] > 2) including 163 up-regulated and 344 down-regulated genes. Among the differentially abundant genes were ten regulatory genes, including IRF1, IRF6, HERC5, HERC6, IFIH1, IFIT2, IFIT5, IFI35, RSAD2, and UBQLNL. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analysis was conducted, and we found that processes and pathways associated with the blood testes barrier (BTB), immunity, inflammation, and DNA methylation in gametes were preferentially enriched. We also found abnormal expression of genes related to infertility (TDRD5, CLCN2, MORC1, RFX8, SOHLH1, IL2RB, MCIDAS, ZPBP, NFIA, PTPN11, TSC22D3, MAPK6, PLCB1, DCUN1D1, LPIN1, and GATM) and down-regulation of testosterone in monkeys with dietetic obesity. This work not only provides an important reference for research and treatment on male infertility caused by obesity, but also valuable insights into the effects of diet on gene expression in testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Jia Qi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi’an 710061, China
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Miaojing Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Huizhong Hu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Liangliang Wei
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Hongyu Qin
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Pengxiang Qu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Wenbin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710049, China
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (E.L.)
| | - Enqi Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi’an 710061, China
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (E.L.)
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Bick AJ, Avenant C, Tomasicchio M, van der Spuy Z, Hapgood JP. Increased HIV-1 infection in PBMCs treated in vitro with menstrual cycle phase hormones or medroxyprogesterone acetate likely occurs via different mechanisms. Am J Reprod Immunol 2022; 88:e13643. [PMID: 36302121 PMCID: PMC9884997 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Both luteal phase progesterone (P4) levels and use of the intramuscular (IM) injectable progestin-only contraceptive depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM) have been linked to increased S/HIV acquisition in animal, clinical and in vitro models. Several plausible mechanisms could explain MPA-induced HIV-1 acquisition while those for the luteal phase are underexplored. METHOD OF STUDY Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were treated with P4 and estrogen at concentrations mimicking the luteal phase, follicular phase or with levels of MPA mimicking peak serum levels in DMPA-IM users. Cells were infected with an R5-tropic infectious molecular clone and HIV-1 infection was measured. A role for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was investigated using the GR/PR antagonist RU486. CCR5 protein levels and activation status, assessed by levels of the activation marker CD69, were measured by flow cytometry after treatment in vitro and in PBMCs from naturally-cycling women or DMPA-IM users. RESULTS Both MPA and luteal phase hormones significantly increased HIV-1 infection in vitro. However, MPA but not luteal phase hormones increased the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio, CCR5 protein expression on CD4+ T cells and increased expression of the activation marker CD69. The GR is involved in MPA-induced, but not luteal phase hormone-induced increased HIV-1 infection. In DMPA-IM users, the frequency of CCR5-expressing CD3+ and CD8+ cells was higher than for women in the luteal phase. CONCLUSIONS MPA increases HIV-1 infection in a manner different from that of luteal phase hormones, most likely involving the GR and at least in part changes in the frequency and/or expression of CCR5 and CD69.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J. Bick
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chanel Avenant
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele Tomasicchio
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and UCT Lung Institute, South Africa.,South African MRC Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zephne van der Spuy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Janet P. Hapgood
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town South Africa.,Corresponding author:
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3
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Daly MB, Sterling M, Holder A, Dinh C, Nishiura K, Khalil G, García-Lerma JG, Dobard C. The effect of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on tenofovir alafenamide in rhesus macaques. Antiviral Res 2020; 186:105001. [PMID: 33385420 PMCID: PMC8480307 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.105001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of HIV infection and unintended pregnancies are public health priorities. In sub-Saharan Africa, where HIV prevalence is highest, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is widely used as contraception. Therefore, understanding potential interactions between DMPA and antiretrovirals is critical. Here, we use a macaque model to investigate the effect of DMPA on the pharmacology of the antiretroviral tenofovir alafenamide (TAF). Female rhesus macaques received 30 mg of DMPA (n = 9) or were untreated (n = 9). Macaques received a human equivalent dose of TAF (1.5 mg/kg) orally by gavage. Tenofovir (TFV) and TFV-diphosphate (TFV-DP) were measured in blood, secretions, and tissues over 72 h. The median area under the curve (AUC0-72h) values for TFV-DP in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were similar in DMPA-treated (6991 fmol*h/106 cells) and untreated controls (5256 fmol*h/106 cells) (P = 0.174). Rectal tissue TFV-DP concentrations from DMPA+ animals [median: 20.23 fmol/mg of tissue (range: 4.94-107.95)] were higher than the DMPA- group [median: below the limit of quantification (BLOQ-11.92)], (P = 0.019). TFV-DP was not detectable in vaginal tissue from either group. A high-dose DMPA treatment in macaques was associated with increased rectal TFV-DP levels, indicating a potential tissue-specific drug-drug interaction. The lack of detectable TFV-DP in the vaginal tissue warrants further investigation of PrEP efficacy with single-agent TAF products. DMPA did not affect systemic TAF metabolism, with similar PBMC TFV-DP in both groups, suggesting that DMPA use should not alter the antiviral activity of TAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele B Daly
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - Mara Sterling
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Angela Holder
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - Chuong Dinh
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - Kenji Nishiura
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - George Khalil
- Quantitative Sciences and Data Management Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - J Gerardo García-Lerma
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - Charles Dobard
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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4
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Hapgood JP, Kaushic C, Hel Z. Hormonal Contraception and HIV-1 Acquisition: Biological Mechanisms. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:36-78. [PMID: 29309550 PMCID: PMC5807094 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Access to effective affordable contraception is critical for individual and public health. A wide range of hormonal contraceptives (HCs), which differ in composition, concentration of the progestin component, frequency of dosage, and method of administration, is currently available globally. However, the options are rather limited in settings with restricted economic resources that frequently overlap with areas of high HIV-1 prevalence. The predominant contraceptive used in sub-Saharan Africa is the progestin-only three-monthly injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Determination of whether HCs affect HIV-1 acquisition has been hampered by behavioral differences potentially confounding clinical observational data. Meta-analysis of these studies shows a significant association between depot medroxyprogesterone acetate use and increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition, raising important concerns. No association was found for combined oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel, nor for the two-monthly injectable contraceptive norethisterone enanthate, although data for norethisterone enanthate are limited. Susceptibility to HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted infections may, however, be dependent on the type of progestin present in the formulation. Several underlying biological mechanisms that may mediate the effect of HCs on HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted infection acquisition have been identified in clinical, animal, and ex vivo studies. A substantial gap exists in the translation of basic research into clinical practice and public health policy. To bridge this gap, we review the current knowledge of underlying mechanisms and biological effects of commonly used progestins. The review sheds light on issues critical for an informed choice of progestins for the identification of safe, effective, acceptable, and affordable contraceptive methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet P Hapgood
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charu Kaushic
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada.,McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zdenek Hel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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5
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Derby N, Aravantinou M, Kenney J, Ugaonkar SR, Wesenberg A, Wilk J, Kizima L, Rodriguez A, Zhang S, Mizenina O, Levendosky K, Cooney ML, Seidor S, Gettie A, Grasperge B, Blanchard J, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Fernández-Romero J, Zydowsky TM, Robbiani M. An intravaginal ring that releases three antiviral agents and a contraceptive blocks SHIV-RT infection, reduces HSV-2 shedding, and suppresses hormonal cycling in rhesus macaques. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2017; 7:840-858. [PMID: 28600625 PMCID: PMC5656733 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Women globally need access to multipurpose prevention technologies (MPTs) that prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), sexually transmitted infections that increase HIV acquisition/transmission risk, and unintended pregnancy. Seeking an MPT with activity against HIV, herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), and human papillomavirus (HPV), we developed a prototype intravaginal ring (IVR), the MZCL IVR, which released the antiviral agents MIV-150, zinc acetate, and carrageenan (MZC for short) and the contraceptive levonorgestrel (LNG). Previously, we showed that an MZC gel has potent activity against immunodeficiency viruses, HSV-2, and HPV and that the MZCL (MZC with LNG) IVR releases all four components in macaques in vivo at levels associated with efficacy. Vaginal fluid from treated macaques has in vitro activity against HIV, HSV-2, and HPV. Herein, we assessed the ability of the MZCL IVR to protect macaques against repeated co-challenge with HSV-2 and SHIV-RT (simian immunodeficiency virus [SIV] containing the reverse transcriptase gene from HIV) and prevent hormonal cycling. We evaluated in vivo drug release in co-challenged macaques by measuring drug levels in blood and vaginal fluid and residual drug levels in used IVRs. The MZCL IVR significantly prevented SHIV-RT infection, reduced HSV-2 vaginal shedding, and prevented cycling. No non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-resistant SHIV was detected in macaques that became infected after continuous exposure to MZC from the IVR. Macaques wearing the MZCL IVR also had carrageenan levels in vaginal fluid expected to protect from HPV (extrapolated from mice) and LNG levels in blood associated with contraceptive efficacy. The MZCL IVR is a promising MPT candidate that warrants further development.
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MESH Headings
- Alphapapillomavirus/drug effects
- Alphapapillomavirus/physiology
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Carrageenan/administration & dosage
- Carrageenan/pharmacology
- Contraceptive Agents, Female/administration & dosage
- Contraceptive Agents, Female/pharmacology
- Contraceptive Devices, Female
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Therapy, Combination/methods
- Female
- Herpes Simplex/prevention & control
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Macaca mulatta
- Menstrual Cycle
- Pyridines/administration & dosage
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Urea/administration & dosage
- Urea/analogs & derivatives
- Urea/pharmacology
- Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies/administration & dosage
- Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies/pharmacology
- Virus Shedding/drug effects
- Zinc Acetate/administration & dosage
- Zinc Acetate/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Derby
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | | | - Jessica Kenney
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Asa Wesenberg
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jolanta Wilk
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Larisa Kizima
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Aixa Rodriguez
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Olga Mizenina
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | | | - Samantha Seidor
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Brooke Grasperge
- Tulane Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433-8915, USA
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433-8915, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - José Fernández-Romero
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Science Department, Borough of Manhattan Community College, The City University of New York, 199 Chambers Street, New York, NY, 10007, USA
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6
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Zika virus preferentially replicates in the female reproductive tract after vaginal inoculation of rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006537. [PMID: 28746373 PMCID: PMC5546709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus that can cause severe defects in an infected fetus. ZIKV is also transmitted by sexual contact, although the relative importance of sexual transmission is unclear. To better understand the role of sexual transmission in ZIKV pathogenesis, a nonhuman primate (NHP) model of vaginal transmission was developed. ZIKV was readily transmitted to mature cycling female rhesus macaque (RM) by vaginal inoculation with 104–106 plaque-forming units (PFU). However, there was variability in susceptibility between the individual RM with 1–>8 vaginal inoculations required to establish infection. After treatment with Depoprovera, a widely used contraceptive progestin, two RM that initially resisted 8 vaginal ZIKV inoculations became infected after one ZIKV inoculation. Thus, Depoprovera seemed to enhance susceptibility to vaginal ZIKV transmission. Unexpectedly, the kinetics of virus replication and dissemination after intravaginal ZIKV inoculation were markedly different from RM infected with ZIKV by subcutaneous (SQ) virus inoculation. Several groups have reported that after SQ ZIKV inoculation vRNA is rapidly detected in blood plasma with vRNA less common in urine and saliva and only rarely detected in female reproductive tract (FRT) secretions. In contrast, in vaginally inoculated RM, plasma vRNA is delayed for several days and ZIKV replication in, and vRNA shedding from, the FRT was found in all 6 animals. Further, after intravaginal transmission ZIKV RNA shedding from FRT secretions was detected before or simultaneously with plasma vRNA, and persisted for at least as long. Thus, ZIKV replication in the FRT was independent of, and often preceded virus replication in the tissues contributing to plasma vRNA. These results support the conclusion that ZIKV preferentially replicates in the FRT after vaginal transmission, but not after SQ transmission, and raise the possibility that there is enhanced fetal infection and pathology after vaginal ZIKV transmission compared to a mosquito transmitted ZIKV. Zika virus was introduced to Brazil in 2015 and it rapidly spread to all of tropical America. Although Zika virus infection is usually mild in adults, it can cause severe birth defects in the developing fetus that makes it critical to prevent ZIKV infection in women who are pregnant or who could become pregnant. Although Zika virus is transmitted primarily by mosquito bite, it can also be transmitted by sex. To understand the role of sexual transmission in Zika virus disease, we inoculated rhesus monkeys intravaginally with the virus and monitored virus in blood and reproductive tract secretions. ZIKV was detected in the female reproductive tract before it was detected in plasma and replication levels in the female reproductive tract did not reflect ZIKV levels in other parts of the body. Thus ZIKV prefers the reproductive tract after vaginal transmission suggesting that fetal disease could be more common or severe after vaginal ZIKV transmission compared to a mosquito transmitted ZIKV infection.
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7
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Calla NEQ, Miguel RDV, Boyaka PN, Hall-Stoodley L, Kaur B, Trout W, Pavelko SD, Cherpes TL. Medroxyprogesterone acetate and levonorgestrel increase genital mucosal permeability and enhance susceptibility to genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1571-1583. [PMID: 27007679 PMCID: PMC5035233 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a hormonal contraceptive especially popular in areas with high prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STI). Although observational studies identify DMPA as an important STI risk factor, mechanisms underlying this connection are undefined. Levonorgestrel (LNG) is another progestin used for hormonal contraception, but its effect on STI susceptibility is much less explored. Using a mouse model of genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection, we herein found that DMPA and LNG similarly reduced genital expression of the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein-1α (DSG1α), enhanced access of inflammatory cells to genital tissue by increasing mucosal epithelial permeability, and increased susceptibility to viral infection. Additional studies with uninfected mice revealed that DMPA-mediated increases in mucosal permeability promoted tissue inflammation by facilitating endogenous vaginal microbiota invasion. Conversely, concomitant treatment of mice with DMPA and intravaginal estrogen restored mucosal barrier function and prevented HSV-2 infection. Evaluating ectocervical biopsy tissue from women before and 1 month after initiating DMPA remarkably revealed that inflammation and barrier protection were altered by treatment identically to changes seen in progestin-treated mice. Together, our work reveals DMPA and LNG diminish the genital mucosal barrier; a first-line defense against all STI, but may offer foundation for new contraceptive strategies less compromising of barrier protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirk E Quispe Calla
- Department of Microbial infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA,Corresponding authors: Thomas L. Cherpes, DVM, MD, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 712, 460 West 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Telephone: 614.688.1897 Fax: 614.292.9616. Rodolfo D. Vicetti Miguel, MD, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 731, 460 West 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Telephone: 614.688.2165 Fax: 614.292.9616. Nirk E. Quispe Calla, MD, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 740,460 West 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Telephone: 614.688.2165 Fax: 614.292.9616
| | - Rodolfo D Vicetti Miguel
- Department of Microbial infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA,Corresponding authors: Thomas L. Cherpes, DVM, MD, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 712, 460 West 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Telephone: 614.688.1897 Fax: 614.292.9616. Rodolfo D. Vicetti Miguel, MD, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 731, 460 West 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Telephone: 614.688.2165 Fax: 614.292.9616. Nirk E. Quispe Calla, MD, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 740,460 West 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Telephone: 614.688.2165 Fax: 614.292.9616
| | - Prosper N Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Luanne Hall-Stoodley
- Department of Microbial infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Wayne Trout
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen D Pavelko
- Department of Microbial infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas L Cherpes
- Department of Microbial infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA,Corresponding authors: Thomas L. Cherpes, DVM, MD, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 712, 460 West 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Telephone: 614.688.1897 Fax: 614.292.9616. Rodolfo D. Vicetti Miguel, MD, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 731, 460 West 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Telephone: 614.688.2165 Fax: 614.292.9616. Nirk E. Quispe Calla, MD, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 740,460 West 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Telephone: 614.688.2165 Fax: 614.292.9616
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8
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MOLDT B, LE K, CARNATHAN DG, WHITNEY JB, SCHULTZ N, LEWIS MG, BORDUCCHI E, SMITH K, MACKEL JJ, SWEAT SL, HODGES AP, GODZIK A, PARREN PWHI, SILVESTRI G, BAROUCH DH, BURTON DR. Neutralizing antibody affords comparable protection against vaginal and rectal simian/human immunodeficiency virus challenge in macaques. AIDS 2016; 30:1543-51. [PMID: 27243773 PMCID: PMC4915739 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Passive administration of broadly neutralizing antibodies has been shown to protect against both vaginal and rectal challenge in the simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)/macaque model of HIV transmission. However, the relative efficacy of antibody against the two modes of exposure is unknown and, given differences in the composition and immunology of the two tissue compartments, this is an important gap in knowledge. To investigate the significance of the challenge route for antibody-mediated protection, we performed a comparative protection study in macaques using the highly potent human monoclonal antibody, PGT126. DESIGN Animals were administered PGT126 at three different doses before challenged either vaginally or rectally with a single dose of SHIVSF163P3. METHODS Viral loads, PGT126 serum concentrations, and serum neutralizing titers were monitored. RESULTS In vaginally challenged animals, sterilizing immunity was achieved in all animals administered 10 mg/kg, in two of five animals administered 2 mg/kg and in one of five animals administered 0.4 mg/kg PGT126. Comparable protection was observed for the corresponding groups challenged rectally as sterilizing immunity was achieved in three of four animals administered 10 mg/kg, in two of four animals administered 2 mg/kg and in none of four animals administered 0.4 mg/kg PGT126. Serological analysis showed similar serum concentrations of PGT126 and serum neutralization titers in animals administered the same antibody dose. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that broadly neutralizing antibody-mediated protection is not strongly dependent on the mucosal route of challenge, which indicates that a vaccine aimed to induce a neutralizing antibody response would have broadly similar efficacy against both primary transmission routes for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian MOLDT
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Khoa LE
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Diane G. CARNATHAN
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James B. WHITNEY
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Niccole SCHULTZ
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Erica BORDUCCHI
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kaitlin SMITH
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph J. MACKEL
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shelby L. SWEAT
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew P. HODGES
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Adam GODZIK
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Guido SILVESTRI
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dan H. BAROUCH
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dennis R. BURTON
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with daily Truvada has demonstrated clinical efficacy against HIV-1 acquisition that correlates with high adherence. Long-acting antiretroviral drugs offer an alternative to daily regimens and may improve PrEP adherence. This review summarizes the preclinical nonhuman primate studies for evaluating the efficacy of cabotegravir long-acting as PrEP and the ongoing phase 2a studies assessing safety, tolerability, and acceptability of cabotegravir long-acting. RECENT FINDINGS Cabotegravir is an HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitor with intrinsic properties that permit its formulation as a long-acting injectable suspension. In clinical evaluation, cabotegravir long-acting has a half-life that permits infrequent dosing, possibly once every 3 months. In validated macaque models, cabotegravir long-acting demonstrated high protection against both rectal and vaginal transmission at clinically achievable drug concentrations. SUMMARY PrEP, after approval of Truvada, continues to evolve to address adherence limitations of daily dosing. As a long-acting injectable antiretroviral drug, cabotegravir long-acting permits quarterly dosing and demonstrated high efficacy in macaque models supporting dose selection and clinical development. Clinical studies have confirmed dose selection in phase 2a trials with cabotegravir long-acting to ultimately lead to phase 2b/3 PrEP efficacy trials.
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10
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Andrews CD, Yueh YL, Spreen WR, St Bernard L, Boente-Carrera M, Rodriguez K, Gettie A, Russell-Lodrigue K, Blanchard J, Ford S, Mohri H, Cheng-Mayer C, Hong Z, Ho DD, Markowitz M. A long-acting integrase inhibitor protects female macaques from repeated high-dose intravaginal SHIV challenge. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:270ra4. [PMID: 25589630 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Long-acting GSK1265744 (GSK744 LA) is a strand transfer inhibitor of the HIV/SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) integrase and was shown to be an effective preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) agent in a low-dose intrarectal SHIV (simian-human immunodeficiency virus) rhesus macaque challenge model. We examined the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of GSK744 LA as PrEP against repeat high-dose intravaginal SHIV challenge in female rhesus macaques treated with Depo-Provera (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate), which promotes viral transmission vaginally. When Depo-Provera-treated female rhesus macaques were dosed with GSK744 LA (50 mg/kg) monthly, systemic and tissue drug concentrations were lower than previously observed in male rhesus macaques. GSK744 concentrations were fivefold lower on average in cervical tissues than in rectal tissues. Eight female rhesus macaques were treated with GSK744 LA at week 0, and four female rhesus macaques served as controls. All animals received a high-dose challenge of SHIV162P3 at week 1. No infection was detected in GSK744 LA-treated rhesus macaques, whereas viremia was detected 1 to 2 weeks after SHIV challenge in all control animals. The GSK744 LA-treated rhesus macaques were given a second administration of drug at week 4 and further challenged at weeks 5 and 7. GSK744 LA treatment protected six of eight female rhesus macaques against three high-dose SHIV challenges, whereas all control animals became infected after the first challenge (P = 0.0003, log-rank test). These results support further clinical development of GSK744 LA for PrEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chasity D Andrews
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yun Lan Yueh
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Leslie St Bernard
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mar Boente-Carrera
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kristina Rodriguez
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Susan Ford
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Hiroshi Mohri
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Cecilia Cheng-Mayer
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Zhi Hong
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Martin Markowitz
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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11
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Nichols WA, Birke L, Dufour J, Loganantharaj N, Bagby GJ, Nelson S, Molina PE, Amedee AM. Characterization of the Genital Microenvironment of Female Rhesus Macaques Prior to and After SIV Infection. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 74:508-22. [PMID: 26290147 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM HIV infection among women is frequently modeled in female rhesus macaques. Longitudinal studies on genital compartment and hormonal factors that can influence susceptibility to SIV infection are lacking in this animal model. METHOD OF STUDY Genital specimens and menstruation of indoor-housed female rhesus macaques were analyzed prior to and after SIV infection. RESULTS Median menstrual cycle length averaged 27 days, although highly variable cycle lengths and frequent periods of amenorrhea were observed during summer months. The vaginal microbiota, characterized by adapted Nugent scoring, showed predominance of small Gram-variable rods and Gram-positive cocci. Highly variable vaginal cytokine levels were observed pre- and post-SIV infection. Vaginal viral loads correlated with plasma viral loads, but were not associated with progesterone levels. CONCLUSION These results provide an integrated characterization of important factors in the vaginal microenvironment that are relevant to the experimental design of HIV prevention and transmission studies in female rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney A Nichols
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Leslie Birke
- Division of Animal Care, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jason Dufour
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Nisha Loganantharaj
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Gregory J Bagby
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Steve Nelson
- Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Patricia E Molina
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Angela M Amedee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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12
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Butler K, Ritter J, Ellis S, Henning TR, Montague J, Zaki S, Garber D, McNicholl JM, Kersh EN. Analysis of putative mucosal SHIV susceptibility factors during repeated DMPA treatments in pigtail macaques. J Med Primatol 2015; 44:286-95. [PMID: 26238265 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) has been associated in some studies with increased HIV susceptibility in women. We used a pigtail macaque model to document the effects of repeated DMPA treatments and their potential contribution to increased SHIV susceptibility. METHODS Nine pigtails were administered 2.5, 1.5, or 0.5 mg/kg DMPA in study weeks one and four. Menstrual cycling, vaginal epithelial thickness, and other SHIV susceptibility factors were monitored for a mean of 24 study weeks. RESULTS All DMPA treatments suppressed menstrual cycling and increased vaginal pH. The vaginal epithelium thinned naturally during baseline menstrual cycles (from mean of 351 to 161 μm in late-luteal phase). Following DMPA, the non-nucleated layer was temporarily absent. Two weeks post-second DMPA injection, mean epithelial thickness was 53, 45, and 167 μm for the descending doses, respectively. CONCLUSIONS All animals showed temporal vaginal epithelial thinning with loss of the non-nucleated layer, and vaginal pH changes post-DMPA injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Butler
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Disease and Tuberculosis Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jana Ritter
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Tara R Henning
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Disease and Tuberculosis Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeltley Montague
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sherif Zaki
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Garber
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Disease and Tuberculosis Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Janet M McNicholl
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Disease and Tuberculosis Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ellen N Kersh
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Disease and Tuberculosis Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
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13
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Mayor P, Takeshita RS, Coutinho LN, Sánchez N, Gálvez H, Ique C, Monteiro FOB. Ovarian function in captive owl monkeys (Aotus nancymaae
and A. vociferans
). J Med Primatol 2015; 44:187-93. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mayor
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy; Faculty of Veterinary; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
- YAVACUS, Yavarí Conservación y Uso Sostenible; Iquitos Perú
| | - Rafaela S.C. Takeshita
- Department of Ecology and Social Behavior; Primate Research Institute; Kyoto University; Inuyama Aichi Japan
| | - Leandro Nassar Coutinho
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia; Universidade Federal Rural da Amazonia; Belém Pará Brazil
| | - Nofre Sánchez
- Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura; Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; San Marcos Perú
| | - Hugo Gálvez
- Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura; Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; San Marcos Perú
| | - Carlos Ique
- Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura; Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; San Marcos Perú
| | - Frederico Ozanan Barros Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia; Universidade Federal Rural da Amazonia; Belém Pará Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Bastrop TX USA
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14
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Morris MR, Byrareddy SN, Villinger F, Henning TC, Butler K, Ansari AA, McNicholl JM, Kersh EN. Relationship of menstrual cycle and vaginal infection in female rhesus macaques challenged with repeated, low doses of SIVmac251. J Med Primatol 2015; 44:301-5. [PMID: 26054016 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Varying susceptibility during menstrual cycling could be a factor for S(H)IV infection risk in female rhesus macaques. We retrospectively determined vaginal SIV infection time points relative to the menstrual cycle in a group of rhesus macaques (n=11) enrolled in an HIV transmission trial. Eight of nine rhesus macaques became infected around menstruation time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tara C Henning
- Laboratory Branch, Division HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katherine Butler
- Laboratory Branch, Division HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Janet M McNicholl
- Laboratory Branch, Division HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ellen N Kersh
- Laboratory Branch, Division HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA
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15
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Liechty ER, Bergin IL, Bell JD. Animal models of contraception: utility and limitations. Open Access J Contracept 2015; 6:27-35. [PMID: 29386922 PMCID: PMC5683139 DOI: 10.2147/oajc.s58754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate animal modeling is vital for the successful development of novel contraceptive devices. Advances in reproductive biology have identified novel pathways for contraceptive intervention. Here we review species-specific anatomic and physiologic considerations impacting preclinical contraceptive testing, including efficacy testing, mechanistic studies, device design, and modeling off-target effects. Emphasis is placed on the use of nonhuman primate models in contraceptive device development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason D Bell
- Program on Women's Health Care Effectiveness Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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16
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Dietz Ostergaard S, Butler K, Ritter JM, Johnson R, Sanders J, Powell N, Lathrop G, Zaki SR, McNicholl JM, Kersh EN. A combined oral contraceptive affects mucosal SHIV susceptibility factors in a pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) model. J Med Primatol 2014; 44:97-107. [PMID: 25536296 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injectable hormonal contraception may increase women's risk of HIV acquisition and can affect biological risk factors in animal models of HIV. We established, for the first time, a model to investigate whether combined oral contraceptives (COC) alter SHIV susceptibility in macaques. METHODS Seven pigtail macaques were administered a monophasic levonorgestrel (LNG)/ethinyl estradiol (EE) COC at 33% or 66% of the human dose for 60 days. Menstrual cycling, vaginal epithelial thickness, and other SHIV susceptibility factors were monitored for a mean of 18 weeks. RESULTS Mean vaginal epithelial thicknesses were 290.8 μm at baseline and 186.2 μm during COC (P = 0.0141, Mann-Whitney U-test). Vaginal pH decreased from 8.5 during treatment to 6.5 post-treatment (0.0176 two-tailed t-test). Measured microflora was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS COC caused thinning of the vaginal epithelium and vaginal pH changes, which may increase SHIV susceptibility. 0.033 mg LNG + .0066 mg EE appeared effective in suppressing ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Dietz Ostergaard
- Animal Resources Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
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17
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Tuero I, Robert-Guroff M. Challenges in mucosal HIV vaccine development: lessons from non-human primate models. Viruses 2014; 6:3129-58. [PMID: 25196380 PMCID: PMC4147690 DOI: 10.3390/v6083129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficacious HIV vaccine is urgently needed to curb the AIDS pandemic. The modest protection elicited in the phase III clinical vaccine trial in Thailand provided hope that this goal might be achieved. However, new approaches are necessary for further advances. As HIV is transmitted primarily across mucosal surfaces, development of immunity at these sites is critical, but few clinical vaccine trials have targeted these sites or assessed vaccine-elicited mucosal immune responses. Pre-clinical studies in non-human primate models have facilitated progress in mucosal vaccine development by evaluating candidate vaccine approaches, developing methodologies for collecting and assessing mucosal samples, and providing clues to immune correlates of protective immunity for further investigation. In this review we have focused on non-human primate studies which have provided important information for future design of vaccine strategies, targeting of mucosal inductive sites, and assessment of mucosal immunity. Knowledge gained in these studies will inform mucosal vaccine design and evaluation in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskra Tuero
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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