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Jessup B, Tran N, Stevens T, Allen P, Barnett T. Towards a home-grown rural health workforce: Evidence from Tasmania, Australia. Aust J Rural Health 2024. [PMID: 39044449 DOI: 10.1111/ajr.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between place of origin and principal place of practice (PPP) of domestic Tasmanian health graduates who received end-to-end training with the University of Tasmania (UTAS). METHODS The 2022 PPP for all UTAS domestic Tasmanian graduates from medicine, nursing, pharmacy, psychology, medical radiation science and paramedicine between 2011 and 2020 was identified using the online Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (Ahpra) registration database. The graduate's place of origin (home address at the time of course application), together with their 2022 PPP, was described using the Modified Monash Model (MM) classification system of remoteness. Data were analysed using STATA. RESULTS Over the 10-year period, 4079 domestic Tasmanians graduated from health courses at UTAS, of which 3850 (94.4%) were matched to an Australian PPP. In all, 78.3% of graduates were working in Tasmania, while the remainder (21.7%) were employed interstate. Of those with a Tasmanian PPP, 81.4% were working in a regional setting (MM2), while 77.6% of interstate employed graduates recorded a metropolitan (MM1) PPP. Rural place of origin (MM3-7) was associated with rural employment (MM3-7) in both Tasmania (OR, 37.08; 95% CI 29.01-47.39, p < 0.001), and on the Australian mainland (OR, 21.4; 95% CI 17.4-26.3, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Most domestic Tasmanian origin UTAS health graduates contribute to the state's health workforce after qualifying. Further research is needed to explore PPP over time and to understand why some graduates are motivated to seek employment on the Australian mainland and in particular, metropolitan cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jessup
- Centre for Rural Health, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - N Tran
- Centre for Rural Health, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - T Stevens
- Centre for Rural Health, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - P Allen
- Centre for Rural Health, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - T Barnett
- Centre for Rural Health, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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King C, Timler A, Gill J, Loh N, Morgan M, Nolan J, Sturdy R, Debenham JR. This is why we are staying: Job satisfaction among Physiotherapists in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Aust J Rural Health 2024; 32:521-537. [PMID: 38572851 DOI: 10.1111/ajr.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Kimberley region of Western Australia (WA) is classified by the Modified Monash Model as MM6 & 7 ('Remote/Very Remote'). Many physiotherapists in the Kimberley are considered 'rural generalists' and require a diverse set of clinical and non-clinical skills to work successfully within this setting. OBJECTIVE To understand physiotherapists' perspectives regarding job satisfaction within the Kimberley region a 'rural and remote' areas of Australia. DESIGN An exploratory case study approach examined physiotherapists' job satisfaction in the Kimberley. Each participant completed a demographic survey and a one-on-one face-to-face interview lasting for approximately 60 minutes. Transcriptions were analysed and presented thematically. Eleven physiotherapists (nine women, two men, median age = 32 [27-60] years) participated in the study. Participants' median time working in the Kimberley was 2 (1-15) years; eight participants completed a rural placement, and eight participants had a rural background. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Two overarching themes relating to job satisfaction emerged: 'personal factors' and 'workplace factors'. Furthermore, several sub-themes illustrated high levels of job satisfaction. Positive sub-themes relating to personal factors included 'belonging to the community and a rural lifestyle'. 'Diversity in caseloads' and 'workplace culture' were examples of positive workplace sub-themes. Subthemes that challenged the participants personally were 'family arrangements' including schooling, 'spousal employment and family separation' and the 'transiency and social issues' within these remote communities. Workplace challenges comprised of 'barriers to providing best practice' and the 'workforce and clinical experience' found within the Kimberley physiotherapy community and the wider health care workforce. The primary challenge of job satisfaction that encompassed both personal and workplace factors was 'accommodation', with 'cost', 'lack of availability', and 'perceived unsafe location' challenging physiotherapists' decisions to remain in the Kimberley. CONCLUSION This study describes the many factors impacting job satisfaction among physiotherapists in a rural and remote location in WA Australia. These factors warrant consideration by organisations interested in improving recruitment and retention in this context. Improving recruitment and retention in physiotherapists in rural and remote Australia has the potential to positively influence health service provision, and therefore improve health outcomes for those living in rural and remote communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenae King
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, Midwifery and Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda Timler
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, Midwifery and Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Broome, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Janelle Gill
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, Midwifery and Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Negin Loh
- Majarlin Kimberley Centre for Remote Health, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Broome, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Maria Morgan
- Majarlin Kimberley Centre for Remote Health, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Broome, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jessica Nolan
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, Midwifery and Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
- Sir Charles Gairdner Osborne Park Health Care Group, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robyn Sturdy
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, Midwifery and Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
- Fiona Stanley Fremantle Hospitals Group, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - James Robert Debenham
- Majarlin Kimberley Centre for Remote Health, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Broome, Western Australia, Australia
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Jessup B, Proudfoot F, Cross M, Barnett T. Are recent health, welfare and care graduates part of a rural and remote workforce solution? Evidence from Tasmania, Australia. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:652. [PMID: 38773454 PMCID: PMC11110370 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-11087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strong growth in graduate supply from health, welfare and care courses across Australia may bode well for easing rural workforce shortages. However, little is known about the employment opportunities available for recent graduates in non-metropolitan areas. This study aimed to quantify and describe advertised job vacancies for health, welfare and care professions in Tasmania, a largely rural and geographically isolated island state of Australia. Further, it aimed to examine those job vacancies specifying that recent graduates were suitable to apply. METHODS Job advertisements for health, welfare and care professionals were collected weekly throughout 2018 from six online job vacancy websites. Data were extracted on 25 variables pertaining to type of profession, number of positions, location, and graduate suitability. Location of positions were recoded into a Modified Monash Model (MM) category, the Australian geographic standard used to classify rurality. Positions advertised in MM2 areas were considered regional and MM3-7 areas rural to very remote. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS Over the twelve-month period, 3967 advertisements were identified, recruiting for more than 4700 positions across 49 different health, welfare and care professions in Tasmania. Most vacancies were in the non-government sector (58.5%) and located in regional areas (71.7%) of the state. Professions most frequently advertised were registered nurse (24.4%) and welfare worker (11.4%). Eleven professions, including physiotherapist and occupational therapist, recorded a disproportionate number of advertisements relative to workforce size, suggesting discipline specific workforce shortages. Only 4.6% of collected advertisements specified that a recent graduate would be suitable to apply. Of these, most were for the non-government sector (70.1%) and located in regional areas (73.4%). The professions of physiotherapist (26.6%) and occupational therapist (11.4%) were most frequently represented in advertised graduate suitable positions. CONCLUSIONS Despite a range of advertised employment opportunities for health, welfare and care professionals across Tasmania, few specified vacancies as suitable for recent graduates and most were located in regional areas of the state. Health, welfare and care services in non-metropolitan locations may need to develop more employment opportunities for recent graduates and explicitly advertise these to job-seeking graduates to help grow and sustain the rural and remote health workforce into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Jessup
- Centre for Rural Health, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.
| | - Fiona Proudfoot
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Merylin Cross
- Centre for Rural Health, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Tony Barnett
- Centre for Rural Health, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
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Endalamaw A, Khatri RB, Erku D, Zewdie A, Wolka E, Nigatu F, Assefa Y. Barriers and strategies for primary health care workforce development: synthesis of evidence. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2024; 25:99. [PMID: 38539068 PMCID: PMC10967164 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-024-02336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Having a sufficient and well-functioning health workforce is crucial for reducing the burden of disease and premature death. Health workforce development, focusing on availability, recruitment, retention, and education, is inseparable from acceptability, motivation, burnout, role and responsibility, and performance. Each aspect of workforce development may face several challenges, requiring specific strategies. However, there was little evidence on barriers and strategies towards comprehensive health workforce development. Therefore, this review explored barriers and strategies for health workforce development at the primary health care level around the world. METHODS A scoping review of reviews was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews. The article search was performed in Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE. We used EndNote x9 for managing the collected articles, screening processes, and citation purpose. The scoping review included any kind of review articles on the application of health workforce development concepts, such as availability, recruitment, retention, role and responsibility, education and training, motivation, and burnout, with primary health care and published in English anywhere in the world. Based on the concepts above, barriers and strategies for health workforce development were identified. The findings were synthesized qualitatively based on the building blocks of the health system framework. The analysis involved specific activities such as familiarization, construction of the thematic framework, indexing, charting, and interpretation. The results were presented in texts, tables, and figures. RESULTS The search strategies yielded 7,276 papers were found. Of which, 69 were included in the scoping review. The most frequently cited barriers were financial challenges and issues related to health care delivery, such as workloads. Barriers affecting healthcare providers directly, including lack of training and ineffective teamwork, were also prominent. Other health system and governance barriers include lack of support, unclear responsibility, and inequity. Another notable barrier was the shortage of health care technology, which pertains to both health care supplies and information technology. The most common cited effective strategies were ongoing support and supervision, engaging with communities, establishing appropriate primary care settings, financial incentives, fostering teamwork, and promoting autonomous health care practice. CONCLUSIONS Effective leadership/governance, a robust health financing system, integration of health information and technology, such as mobile health and ensuring a consistent supply of adequate resources are also vital components of primary health care workforce development. The findings highlight the importance of continuous professional development, which includes training new cadres, implementing effective recruitment and retention mechanisms, optimising the skill mix, and promoting workplace wellness. These elements are essential in fostering a well-trained and resilient primary health care workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aklilu Endalamaw
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Resham B Khatri
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Health Social Science and Development Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Daniel Erku
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Applied Health Economics, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anteneh Zewdie
- International Institute for Primary Health Care in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eskinder Wolka
- International Institute for Primary Health Care in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Frehiwot Nigatu
- International Institute for Primary Health Care in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Assefa
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Forbes R, Wilesmith S, Dinsdale A, Neish C, Wong J, McClymont D, Lu A. Exploring the workplace and workforce intentions of early career physiotherapists in Australia. Physiother Theory Pract 2023:1-14. [PMID: 38014841 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2023.2286333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has indicated significant concerns regarding attrition of early career physiotherapists in Australia. Despite the importance of retaining skilled and experienced professionals within the profession, the workplace and workforce intentions of early career physiotherapists remain relatively unexplored. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate and explore factors influencing the workplace and workforce intentions of early career physiotherapists in Australia. METHODS The Turnover Intention Theory was used to guide a whole-of-person qualitative exploration through semi-structured interviews with 14 participants. Transcribed interview data was subjected to reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS Four themes were generated, constructed as questions to represent participants' temporary holding of intentions: 1) What drives me?; 2) Do my expectations align?; 3) Do my values align?; and 4) What does the future hold? CONCLUSION Early career physiotherapists' perspectives encompass diverse and varied experiences that reflect an alignment, or in some cases a misalignment, of the expectations, values and resulting practices of becoming and being a physiotherapist. Early career physiotherapists experience a range of challenges within their workplaces, including significant experiences of stress, yet they express an underlying commitment to the wider profession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Forbes
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, St Lucia Campus, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah Wilesmith
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, St Lucia Campus, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alana Dinsdale
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, St Lucia Campus, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Calum Neish
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, St Lucia Campus, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jonathan Wong
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, St Lucia Campus, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Damian McClymont
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, St Lucia Campus, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andric Lu
- North West Hospital and Health Service, Queensland Health, Mt Isa, Australia
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Tieman J, Morgan D, Jones K, Gordon S, Chakraborty A. Allied health professionals' contribution to care at end of life in aged care settings. Aust J Prim Health 2023; 29:341-348. [PMID: 36740449 DOI: 10.1071/py22178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Australian population is aging, and the proportion of older Australians will continue to grow over the coming decades. However, there is a lack of research published on the specific roles and responsibilities of allied health professionals (AHPs) providing palliative care within an aged care context. Understanding the roles and needs of AHPs providing care during the last months of life in the community and aged care facilities could contribute to workforce planning, targeted information and improved care. METHODS In total, 108 eSurveys were collected between November 2019 to May 2020 from three allied health professions working in government-funded aged care; the majority of these being in residential aged care. Descriptive data are reported on the provision of care in key palliative care domains, care settings and practice activity. RESULTS Nearly all respondents reported they had worked with older Australians who had palliative care needs. However, over one-third of respondents reported low levels of confidence in supporting clients or residents with palliative care needs. The majority indicated they would benefit from additional education and training and support in palliative care. CONCLUSIONS This study investigated the role of the allied health workforce in contributing to the care of older Australians at the end of life. It has also demonstrated that there are gaps in practice activity and work role that must be addressed to ensure this workforce can support older people with palliative care needs in receipt of aged care services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Tieman
- Research Centre for Palliative Care, Death and Dying, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Deidre Morgan
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Kelly Jones
- Research Centre for Palliative Care, Death and Dying, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Sue Gordon
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Amal Chakraborty
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Couch A, Haines T, O'Sullivan B, Menz HB, Williams CM. Australian podiatry workforce: findings from the PAIGE cross-sectional study of Australian podiatrists. J Foot Ankle Res 2023; 16:46. [PMID: 37525280 PMCID: PMC10391979 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-023-00646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the dynamics of the podiatry workforce is essential for the sustainability of the profession. This study aimed to describe the podiatry workforce characteristics and identify factors associated with rural practice location. METHODS We used an exploratory descriptive design from data obtained during cross sectional study: Podiatrists in Australia: Investigating Graduate Employment through four online surveys (2017-2020). Demographic and workplace characteristics including career development were described. Univariate logistic regressions were used to determine associations with rural or metropolitan practice location. RESULTS Data were included from 1, 135 podiatrists (21% of n = 5,429). There were 716 (69% of n = 1,042) females, 724 (65% of n = 1,118) worked in the public health service and 574 (51% of 1,129) were salaried employees. There were 706 (87% of n = 816) podiatrists with access to paid annual leave and 592 (72% of n = 816) to paid sick leave. There were 87 (32% of n = 276) podiatrists who reported 51-75% of workload involved Medicare bulk-billed Chronic Disease Management plans, and 324 (74% of n = 436) not utilising telehealth. The majority of podiatrists (57% of n = 1,048) indicated their average consultation length was 21 -30 min, and patients typically waited < 3 days for an appointment (41% of n = 1,043). Univariate logistic regression identified podiatrists working in metropolitan settings have less years working in current location (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.96, 0.99), less working locations (OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.86, 0.97), were less likely to have access to paid annual leave (OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.43, 0.98), and paid sick leave (OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.46, 0.95), shorter waiting periods for appointments (OR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.30, 0.64) and more likely to utilise telehealth within their practice (OR = 2.03, 95% CI 1.19, 3.50) than those in rural locations. CONCLUSION These results provide insight into the profession uncommonly captured in workforce planning data. This included the number of working locations, billing practices and wait lists. This also highlights opportunities to promote rural training pathways, service integration to build attractive podiatry positions that are tailored to meet the needs of rural communities and solutions to make telehealth more accessible to podiatrists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Couch
- Peninsula Health, Allied Health, Hastings Rd, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia.
- School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, 47-49 Moorooduc Hwy, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia.
- Frankston Integrated Health, 2 Hastings Road, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia.
| | - Terry Haines
- School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, 47-49 Moorooduc Hwy, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia
| | - Belinda O'Sullivan
- School of Rural Health, Monash University, Mercy St, Bendigo, VIC, 3550, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Hylton B Menz
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, VIC, 3086, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Cylie M Williams
- Peninsula Health, Allied Health, Hastings Rd, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia
- School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, 47-49 Moorooduc Hwy, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia
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Dymmott A, George S, Campbell N, Brebner C. Experiences of working as early career allied health professionals and doctors in rural and remote environments: a qualitative systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:951. [PMID: 35883068 PMCID: PMC9327222 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maintaining a health professional workforce in rural and remote areas poses a significant challenge internationally. A range of recruitment and retention strategies have had varying success and these are generally developed from the collective experience of all health professions, rather than targeted to professional groups with differing educational and support contexts. This review explores, compares and synthesises the evidence examining the experience of early career rural and remote allied health professionals and doctors to better understand both the profession specific, and common factors that influence their experience. Methods Qualitative studies that include early career allied health professionals’ or doctors’ experiences of working in rural or remote areas and the personal and professional factors that impact on this experience were considered. A systematic search was completed across five databases and three grey literature repositories to identify published and unpublished studies. Studies published since 2000 in English were considered. Studies were screened for inclusion and critically appraised by two independent reviewers. Data was extracted and assigned a level of credibility. Data synthesis adhered to the JBI meta-aggregative approach. Results Of the 1408 identified articles, 30 papers were eligible for inclusion, with one rated as low in quality and all others moderate or high quality. A total of 23 categories, 334 findings and illustrations were aggregated into three synthesised findings for both professional groups including: making a difference through professional and organisational factors, working in rural areas can offer unique and rewarding opportunities for early career allied health professionals and doctors, and personal and community influences make a difference. A rich dataset was obtained and findings illustrate similarities including the need to consider personal factors, and differences, including discipline specific supervision for allied health professionals and local supervision for doctors. Conclusions Strategies to enhance the experience of both allied health professionals and doctors in rural and remote areas include enabling career paths through structured training programs, hands on learning opportunities, quality supervision and community immersion. Systematic review registration number PROSPERO CRD42021223187. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-022-08261-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Dymmott
- Flinders University Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Stacey George
- Flinders University Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Narelle Campbell
- Flinders University Northern Territory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Chris Brebner
- Flinders University Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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