The First 2 Years of Activity of a Specialized Organ Procurement Center: Report of an Innovative Approach to Improve Organ Donation

A Rapid Scoping Review of the Dual Advocacy Model for Donation Conversations

INTRODUCTION

Increasing family authorization for donation is critical to address the shortage of organs for transplantation, yet there is no standardized method for leading conversations with families about donation.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this rapid scoping review is to identify research assessing the components of dual advocacy, a model to discuss organ donation with grieving families.

METHODS

PubMed, Web of Science, and grey literature were searched for studies published from 2012 to the present. Data representing the various dual advocacy components that were empirically tested were extracted. Outcomes of interest were authorization for organ donation or family satisfaction with the donation conversation.

RESULTS

Twenty-two articles were identified that tested at least one component of dual advocacy. The most commonly tested component was effective communication about donation (N = 9), including explaining brain death and the donation process. The primary outcome for the majority of studies was donation authorization or conversion rates. Studies that tested all components of dual advocacy (N = 9) had overall positive results while studies that tested a single component had mixed results.

DISCUSSION

Although family authorization to donation is critical to addressing the national organ shortage, there has yet to be a standardized method for leading families in the organ donation conversation. Despite the need for organ transplantation in the United States and worldwide, few large-scale studies have rigorously tested the most effective ways to engage families of donor-eligible patients about the organ donation opportunity. There is an urgent need for further research to establish a standard of evidence-based practice.

Nurse knowledge and attitudes towards organ donation and deemed consent: the Human Organ and Tissue Donation Act in Nova Scotia

PURPOSE

In April 2019, the Human Organ and Tissue Donation Act (HOTDA) in Nova Scotia was modified to incorporate a deemed consent model. In this study, we sought to understand intensive care unit (ICU) and emergency department (ED) nurses' knowledge of and confidence around organ donation and transplantation, experiences with organ donors and recipients, attitudes toward organ donation and deemed consent, and perceived opportunities and barriers to a deemed consent approach in view of the legislative change.

METHODS

We sent an electronic, self-administered survey to all ICU and ED nurses in Nova Scotia. The survey queried respondents on their knowledge of, experience with, and attitudes around organ donation and HOTDA, and opportunities and barriers to the implementation of HOTDA in clinical practice. Survey results were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

RESULTS

One-hundred and ninety-four nurses responded to the survey. Nearly all (98%) supported organ donation, with 86% having signed an organ donor card to donate organs and/or tissues after death. A considerable majority (89%) also supported the new legislation. Nevertheless, a minority of respondents (13%) believed that deemed consent legislation would be considered a violation of the general principles of freedom and autonomy. The three most identified topics for ongoing training were coordination of the donation process (70%), clinical management of donors (70%), and family issues in decision-making (70%).

CONCLUSION

Intensive care unit and ED nurses had positive attitudes toward organ donation, including deemed consent model. The findings should inform educational initiatives in Nova Scotia and beyond to optimize organ donation processes and outcomes.

The Suitability of Potential Organ Donors Using Real Case-Scenarios; Do we Need to Create a "Donor Board" Process for Donors Perceived as Unlikely Suitable?

Introduction: Despite availability of selection criteria, different interpretations can lead to variability in the appreciation of donor eligibility with possible viable organs missed. Our primary objective was to test the perception of feasibility of potential organ donors through the survey of a small sample of external evaluators.

Methods: Clinical scenarios summarizing 66 potential donors managed in the first year of our Organ Recovery Center were sent to four critical care physicians to evaluate the feasibility of the potential donors and the probability of organ procurement.

Results: Potential donors procuring at least one organ were identified in 55 of the 66 cases (83%). Unanimity was reached in 38 cases, encompassing 35 out of the 55 converted and 3 of the non-converted donors. The overall agreement was moderate (kappa = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.37–0.82). For the organs finally procured for transplantation, organ donation was predicted for the majority of the cases, but high discrepancy was present with the final outcome of organs not procured (particularly liver and kidney).

Conclusion: The assessment of a potential donor is a complex dynamic process. In order to increase organ availability, standardized electronically clinical data, as well a “donor board” structure of decision might inform future systems.

Advanced considerations in organ donors

The rising need for lung transplantation over recent years has not paralleled the availability of suitable lung allografts. The number of lung transplantations performed each year in the United States remains limited by an inadequate supply of suitable donors as well as low donor utilization rates. While several methods have been proposed for increasing the donor pool, there is considerable disparity between acceptance and utilization of these practices among transplant centers. In this review article, we explore various approaches for enhancing donor selection and expanding the donor pool. We discuss the use of “extended criteria” donors including high risk groups such as drug overdose donors, and we examine the role of techniques in donor assessment and selection such as the use of computed tomography for accurate size matching. We review topics in donor management such as the establishment of specialized donor care facilities and the implementation of lung-focused resuscitation protocols, and we discuss advancements in donor procurement such as the utilization of local procurement teams. We also review barriers to donation, such as variability in organ procurement organization (OPO) consent practices, as well as patient-specific factors such as religious or cultural beliefs. Addressing these aspects of donor evaluation, management, and accessibility is essential in maximizing the number of lungs available for transplantation within the existing donor pool.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Organ Donation, Procurement, and Liver Transplantation in the United States

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has had an impact on all facets of our health care system, including life-saving procedures like organ transplantation. Concerns for potential exposure to the causative severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 have profoundly altered the process of organ donation and recovery that is vital to the execution of organ transplantation. Issues regarding adequate donor evaluation and consent, organ recovery, organ procurement organization, and donor hospital resources as well as the transplant center's acceptance of organ offers for their candidates have all required new practice paradigms. Consequently, the ability to treat patients with organ failure, in particular patients with end-stage liver disease in whom no temporizing treatments exist, and to obtain expected excellent outcomes for new liver transplant recipients has been challenged during this time. Conclusion: We summarize some of the negative effects of the current pandemic on organ recovery and liver transplantation as well as offer considerations and strategies for their mitigation that could have a lasting impact on the field even after the coronavirus disease 2019 has waned.

A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Levothyroxine to Placebo in Neurologically Deceased Donors

BACKGROUND

Although commonly prescribed, the efficacy of levothyroxine to improve heart function in neurologically deceased donors is unclear. We evaluated the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial to compare levothyroxine to placebo on the variation of left ventricular ejection fraction, in hemodynamically unstable donors.

METHODS

We conducted a pilot, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Deceased donors with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction or needing vasopressors were included. We randomized participants to a 20 μg bolus followed by a 20 μg/h infusion of levothyroxine or an identically appearing placebo. We report the proportion of recruited participants, the time to the administration of the study drug, and protocol violations.

RESULTS

Twenty-four participants (N = 24/104; 23.1%) were eligible. Five of them (N = 5/24; 20.8%) were excluded by the attending physician. Four others were not included, due to family refusal for research (n = 2/24;8.3%) and unavailability of research staff (n = 2/24; 8.3%). Fifteen participants were randomized (N = 15/104; 14.4%). Mean time between the echocardiography and the initiation of the drug was 1.73 hours, and14 (93.3%) of 15 of the participants received the drug within 2 hours after the echocardiography. We report no study violation. The study was stopped prematurely because of low recruitment.

CONCLUSION

This pilot trial suggests that the success of a definitive randomized control trial to assess the efficacy of levothyroxine in deceased donors could benefit from a multicenter recruitment and education on the evidence surrounding the pharmacological management of organ donors. The need for consent to research interventions in deceased donors should also be clarified.