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Hunter SK, S Angadi S, Bhargava A, Harper J, Hirschberg AL, D Levine B, L Moreau K, J Nokoff N, Stachenfeld NS, Bermon S. The Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance: Consensus Statement for the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:2328-2360. [PMID: 37772882 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones. Adult men are typically stronger, more powerful, and faster than women of similar age and training status. Thus, for athletic events and sports relying on endurance, muscle strength, speed, and power, males typically outperform females by 10%-30% depending on the requirements of the event. These sex differences in performance emerge with the onset of puberty and coincide with the increase in endogenous sex steroid hormones, in particular testosterone in males, which increases 30-fold by adulthood, but remains low in females. The primary goal of this consensus statement is to provide the latest scientific knowledge and mechanisms for the sex differences in athletic performance. This review highlights the differences in anatomy and physiology between males and females that are primary determinants of the sex differences in athletic performance and in response to exercise training, and the role of sex steroid hormones (particularly testosterone and estradiol). We also identify historical and nonphysiological factors that influence the sex differences in performance. Finally, we identify gaps in the knowledge of sex differences in athletic performance and the underlying mechanisms, providing substantial opportunities for high-impact studies. A major step toward closing the knowledge gap is to include more and equitable numbers of women to that of men in mechanistic studies that determine any of the sex differences in response to an acute bout of exercise, exercise training, and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Hunter
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, and Athletic and Human Performance Center, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Aditi Bhargava
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Joanna Harper
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SWEDEN
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Natalie J Nokoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Nina S Stachenfeld
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, Monaco and the LAMHESS, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, FRANCE
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2
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Lin Z, Liu Z, Niu Y. Exploring the Enigma of 5-ARIs Resistance in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Paving the Path for Personalized Medicine. Curr Urol Rep 2023; 24:579-589. [PMID: 37987980 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-023-01188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite the widespread utilization of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), certain BPH patients exhibit unresponsiveness to 5-ARIs therapy. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current perspectives on the mechanisms of 5-ARIs resistance in BPH patients and integrates potential biomarkers and underlying therapeutic options for 5-ARIs resistance. These findings may facilitate the development of novel or optimize more effective treatment options, and promote personalized medicine for BPH. RECENT FINDINGS The pathways contributing to resistance against 5-ARIs in certain BPH patients encompass epigenetic modifications, shifts in hormone levels, autophagic processes, and variations in androgen receptor structures, and these pathways may ultimately be attributed to inflammation. Promisingly, novel biomarkers, including intravesical prostatic protrusion, inflammatory factors, and single nucleotide polymorphisms, may offer predictive insights into the responsiveness to 5-ARIs therapy, empowering physicians to fine-tune treatment strategies. Additionally, on the horizon, GV1001 and mTOR inhibitors have emerged as potential alternative therapeutic modalities for addressing BPH in the future. After extensive investigation into BPH's pathological processes and molecular landscape, it is now recognized that diverse pathophysiological mechanisms may contribute to different BPH subtypes among individuals. This insight necessitates the adoption of personalized treatment strategies, moving beyond the prevailing one-size-fits-all paradigm centered around 5-ARIs. The imperative for early identification of individuals prone to treatment resistance will drive physicians to proactively stratify risk and adapt treatment tactics in future practice. This personalized medicine approach marks a progression from the current standard treatment model, emerging as the future trajectory in BPH management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhemin Lin
- Department of Urology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Zhanliang Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yinong Niu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
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3
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Kulkarni V, Chellasamy SK, Dhangar S, Ghatanatti J, Vundinti BR. Comprehensive molecular analysis identifies eight novel variants in XY females with disorders of sex development. Mol Hum Reprod 2023; 29:6972780. [PMID: 36617173 PMCID: PMC10167928 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD) are a group of clinical conditions with variable presentation and genetic background. Females with or without development of secondary sexual characters and presenting with primary amenorrhea (PA) and a 46,XY karyotype are one of the classified groups in DSD. In this study, we aimed to determine the genetic mutations in 25 females with PA and a 46,XY karyotype to show correlations with their phenotypes. Routine Sanger sequencing with candidate genes like SRY, AR, SRD5A2, and SF1, which are mainly responsible for 46,XY DSD in adolescent females, was performed. In a cohort of 25 patients of PA with 46,XY DSD, where routine Sanger sequencing failed to detect the mutations, next-generation sequencing of a targeted gene panel with 81 genes was used for the molecular diagnosis. The targeted sequencing identified a total of 21 mutations including 8 novel variants in 20 out of 25 patients with DSD. The most frequently identified mutations in our series were in AR (36%), followed by SRD5A2 (20%), SF1 (12%), DHX37 (4%), HSD17B3 (4%), and DMRT2 (4%). We could not find any mutation in the DSD-related genes in five (20%) patients due to complex molecular mechanisms in 46,XY DSD, highlighting the possibility of new DSD genes which are yet to be discovered in these disorders. In conclusion, genetic testing, including cytogenetics and molecular genetics, is important for the diagnosis and management of 46,XY DSD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Kulkarni
- Department of Anatomy, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Mumbai, India.,Department of Cytogenetics, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohematology, Mumbai, India
| | - Selvaa Kumar Chellasamy
- Bioinformatics Division, School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D.Y. Patil Deemed to be University, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Somprakash Dhangar
- Department of Cytogenetics, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohematology, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Babu Rao Vundinti
- Department of Cytogenetics, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohematology, Mumbai, India
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Liu Z, Lin Z, Cao F, Jiang M, jin S, Cui Y, Niu YN. Upregulation of mir-1199-5p is associated with reduced type 2 5-α reductase expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia. BMC Urol 2022; 22:172. [PMID: 36344974 PMCID: PMC9639318 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-022-01121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
5-α reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) are first-line drugs for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Unfortunately, some patients do not respond to 5-ARI therapy and may even show worsening symptoms. The decreased expression of steroid 5-α reductase type 2(SRD5A2) in BPH tissues may explain the failure of 5-ARI therapy, however, the mechanisms underlying SRD5A2 decreased remained unelucidated. Objectives
To investigate microRNA-mediated regulation of the expression of SRD5A2 resulting in 5-ARI therapy failure. Materials and methods
The expression of SRD5A2 and microRNAs in BPH tissues and prostate cells were detected by immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to confirm that microRNA directly combine to SRD5A2 mRNA. The apoptosis of prostatic cells was detected by flow cytometry. Results
SRD5A2 expression was variable; it was negative, weak, and strong in 13.6%, 28.8%, and 57.6% of BPH tissues respectively. The normal human prostatic epithelial cell line RWPE-1 strongly expressed SRD5A2, whereas the immortalized human prostatic epithelial cell line BPH-1 weakly expressed SRD5A2. miR-1199-5p expression was remarkably higher in BPH-1 than in RWPE-1 cells(P<0.001), and miR-1199-5p expression was significantly upregulated in BPH tissues with negative SRD5A2 expression than those with positive SRD5A2 expression. Transfection of miR-1199-5p mimics in RWPE-1 cells led to a marked decrease in SRD5A2 expression, whereas miR-1199-5p inhibitor increased SRD5A2 expression in BPH-1 cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-1199-5p could bind the 3′untranslated region of SRD5A2 mRNA. miR-1199-5p also decreased the RWPE-1 sensibility to finasteride, an inhibitor of SRD5A2. Conclusion
Our results show that SRD5A2 expression varies in BPH tissues and miR-1199-5p might be one of the several factors contributing to differential SRD5A2 expression in BPH patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12894-022-01121-5.
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Bose S, Das K, George B, Raman V, Shubha AM, Mahadevappa K, Kumar P, Bantwal G, Ayyar V, Deb M. 46 XY disorder of sex development (DSD) due to 5 alpha (SRD5A2) deficiency - Experience from a multidisciplinary Pediatric Gender Clinic. J Pediatr Urol 2022; 18:492.e1-492.e8. [PMID: 35668006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SRD5A2 deficiency leads to incomplete masculinization of individuals with a 46 XY karyotype. A definitive diagnosis in early infancy facilitates decisions concerning choice of sex of rearing and management. AIM To review the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of children with 46 XY DSD due to SRD5A2 deficiency at a Paediatric Gender Clinic. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Retrospective review of cases of SRD5A2 deficiency (2000-15) managed with a standard protocol at a multidisciplinary clinic. Demographic data, clinical presentation, physical findings, investigations (hormonal profile, imaging, genitoscopy), psychological evaluation (child, family), medical and surgical management, outcome and follow up were collated and analyzed. RESULTS There were 12 cases aged 3 days-14 years at presentation, 3 had parental consanguinity. Eight were reared as males and 4 as females. Specialist referral was sought for hypospadias (5), atypical genitalia (5) or incongruent pubertal masculinization (2). All had chordee, symmetrical inguinoscrotal gonads, rugose labioscrotum and proximal hypospadias (perineoscrotal -9, perineal -3). Both pubertal cases had significant masculinization and no gynecomastia. The median testosterone/dihydrotestosterone ratio was 22.1(IQR-8.6-55.7). Despite a classical phenotype, four (2 prepubertal, 2 pubertal) had a ratio <10. Genitoscopy showed urogenital sinus remnant (4) and hypoplastic verumontanum (5). Sex reassignment was done in 4. Surgical management was staged and completed by 4 years in those with infantile presentation. Besides correction of chordee and urethroplasty in 11, other procedures included orchidopexy (5), excision of a urogenital sinus remnant (4) and correction of penoscrotal transposition (4). The urethroplasty was single staged in 3. All operated cases were followed up (mean age at last follow up - 10.63 years, mean follow up period - 7.25 years). The overall cosmetic result was satisfactory, but the phallic structure remained relatively small across prepubertal period. Uroflowmetry curves were normal in 9. All showed penile tumescence/erection and two peripubertal cases had typical secondary sexual characters. All cases, including those with sex reassignment, have a well-adjusted male psyche. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The diagnosis, management and longitudinal follow up of cases of SRD5A2 deficiency at a multidisciplinary gender clinic is presented. Diagnostic dilemmas with low T/DHT ratios remained in a third of cases. Most were diagnosed in infancy and assigned a male sex of rearing, all underwent staged masculinizing genitoplasty. Those with sex reassignment also fared well with comprehensive management after family counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumona Bose
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Gender Clinic, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, 560034, India.
| | - Kanishka Das
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Gender Clinic, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, 560034, India.
| | - Belinda George
- Department of Endocrinology, Paediatric Gender Clinic, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, 560034, India.
| | - Vijaya Raman
- Department of Psychiatry, Paediatric Gender Clinic, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, 560034, India.
| | - A M Shubha
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Gender Clinic, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, 560034, India.
| | - Kiran Mahadevappa
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Gender Clinic, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, 560034, India.
| | - Prasanna Kumar
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Gender Clinic, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, 560034, India.
| | - Ganapathi Bantwal
- Department of Endocrinology, Paediatric Gender Clinic, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, 560034, India.
| | - Vageesh Ayyar
- Department of Endocrinology, Paediatric Gender Clinic, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, 560034, India.
| | - Mainak Deb
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Gender Clinic, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, 560034, India.
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Batista RL, Mendonca BB. The Molecular Basis of 5α-Reductase Type 2 Deficiency. Sex Dev 2022; 16:171-183. [PMID: 35793650 DOI: 10.1159/000525119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5α-reductase type 2 enzyme catalyzes the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, playing a crucial role in male development. This enzyme is encoded by the SRD5A2 gene, which maps to chromosome 2 (2p23), consists of 5 exons and 4 introns, and encodes a 254 amino acid protein. Disruptions in this gene are the molecular etiology of a subgroup of differences of sex development (DSD) in 46,XY patients. Affected individuals present a large range of external genitalia undervirilization, ranging from almost typically female external genitalia to predominantly typically male external genitalia with minimal undervirilization, including isolated micropenis. This is an updated review of the implication of the SRD5A2 gene in 5α-reductase type 2 enzyme deficiency. For that, we identified 451 cases from 48 countries of this particular 46,XY DSD from the literature with reported variants in the SRD5A2 gene. Herein, we present the SRD5A2 mutational profile, the SRD5A2 polymorphisms, and the functional studies related to SRD5A2 variants to detail the molecular etiology of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael L Batista
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, do Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Endocrine Oncology Unit, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, ICESP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Berenice B Mendonca
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, do Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Liu Q, Yin X, Li P. Clinical, Hormonal, and Genetic Characteristics of 5α-Reductase Type 2 Deficiency in 103 Chinese Patients. Endocr Pract 2022; 28:859-866. [PMID: 35700942 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 5α-Reductase type 2 (5α-RD2) deficiency causes variable degrees of undervirilization in patients. The correlation between its genotype and phenotype is unclear. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 103 patients with 46,XY disorders of sex development who were diagnosed with 5α-RD2 deficiency. RESULTS The prevalence of female sex assignment (P = .008) and the incidences of cryptorchidism (P = .0003) and bifid scrotum (P = .0002) in the non-p.R227Q variant group were higher, but there were no significant differences in the incidences of hypospadias and isolated microphallus. The external masculinization score in the non-p.R227Q variant group was lower than that in the homozygous p.R227Q variant (P = .019) and compound heterozygous p.R227Q variant groups (P = .013). The level of anti-Mullerian hormone in the non-p.R227Q variant group was lower than that in the homozygous p.R227Q variant (P < .001) and compound heterozygous p.R227Q variant groups (P = .006). The testosterone-to-dihydrotestosterone ratio of the homozygous p.R227Q variant group was higher than that of the non-p.R227Q variant (P = .018) and compound heterozygous p.R227Q variant groups (P = .029). Twenty-three reportedly pathogenic variants and 11 novel steroid 5α-reductase 2 (SRD5A2) variants were identified. CONCLUSION Compared with patients without p.R227Q, patients with p.R227Q exhibited higher external masculinization scores and anti-Mullerian hormone expression, a lower prevalence of female sex assignment, and lower incidences of cryptorchidism and bifid scrotum. We identified 23 reportedly pathogenic SRD5A2 variants and 11 novel SRD5A2 variants that led to 5α-RD2 deficiency. We established a genotype-phenotype correlation, and patients with p.R227Q showed a relatively mild phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Pin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Subbiah S, Priyanka R, Jayaraman S. "Congruency the ART of Being Real" - 46XY DSD Due to 5 α Reductase Deficiency - Challenges in Decision Making. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2021; 25:392-394. [PMID: 35300438 PMCID: PMC8923313 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_179_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of sexual development (DSDs) are heterogenous group of disorders characterized by discrepancy in chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic sex. DSD is a Medico-Social Emergency. 5 α reductase type 2 deficiency is one of the rare causes of 46 XY DSD. The degree of under virilization varies from clinically female to a near male phenotype. Müllerian structures were absent. At puberty, there might be features of virilization. Gender incongruence or dysphoria occurs frequently during puberty. An important marker for diagnosis is an elevated testosterone to dihydrotestosterone ratio in the basal state or following HCG stimulation. All 46 XY DSD require an appropriate molecular diagnosis prior to gender assignment and gender reassignment surgery. Gender reassignment surgery and/or Gonadectomy should be performed only after 18 years if there are compelling indications like suspicion of malignancy or presence of gender dysphoria or gender incongruence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Subbiah
- Department of Endocrinology, Government Rajaji Hospital and Madurai Medical College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raghavendran Priyanka
- Department of Endocrinology, Government Rajaji Hospital and Madurai Medical College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sangumani Jayaraman
- Department of Endocrinology, Government Rajaji Hospital and Madurai Medical College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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9
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Marzuki NS, Idris FP, Kartapradja H, Renata S, Harahap A, Batubara JRL. Accuracy of Urinary Etiocholanolone/Androsterone Ratio as Alternative to Serum Testosterone/Dihydrotestosterone Ratio for Diagnosis of 5 Alpha-reductase Type 2 Deficiency Patients and Carriers in Indonesia. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2021; 19:e109510. [PMID: 34149847 PMCID: PMC8198621 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.109510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5 Alpha-reductase type 2 deficiency (5ARD2) is an inherited condition, which clinically presents as variable degrees of under virilization in affected 46,XY individuals. In the diagnostic pathway of 5ARD2, the testosterone/dihydrotestosterone (T/DHT) ratio is broadly employed before molecular analysis of the SRD5A2 gene. However, due to cost-benefit considerations, the DHT test in our country is routinely lacking in clinical settings; therefore, we considered applying the urinary etiocholanolone/androsterone (Et/An) ratio as an alternative test. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the diagnostic value of the urinary Et/An ratio versus the T/DHT ratio in diagnosing 5ARD2 patients and carriers. METHODS Sixty-six suspected 5ARD2 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) individuals and 95 family members were recruited in the study. Their clinical manifestations, T/DHT and urinary Et/An ratios, and SRD5A2 genes were analyzed. Using molecular analysis of the SRD5A2 gene as the gold standard, we compared the accuracy of both ratios in diagnosing 5ARD2 patients and carriers with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients were confirmed molecularly to have 5ARD2, and the rest (n = 29) were assessed as normal controls, while in the carrier group, 53 were molecularly confirmed as carriers and 42 as controls. The AUCs (areas under the curve) of the T/DHT and urinary Et/An ratios were 57.7% (95% CI 43.0 - 72.4%, P > 0.05) and 79.7% (95% CI 69.0 - 90.4%, P < 0.001), respectively, in diagnosing 5ARD2 patients and 54.1% (95% CI 42.4 - 65.8%, P > 0.05) and 75.1% (95% CI 65.1 - 85.1%, P < 0.001), respectively, in diagnosing carriers. The cutoff value of the urinary Et/An ratio was set at ≥ 0.95 for detecting 5ARD2 patients and ≥ 0.99 for detecting carriers. CONCLUSIONS The testosterone/DHT ratio was inaccurate in diagnosing 5ARD2 patients. When molecular analysis for the SRD5A2 gene is lacking, the urinary Et/An ratio may be a useful test to diagnose 5ARD2 patients and carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanis Sacharina Marzuki
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Corresponding Author: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | | | | | - Shirley Renata
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alida Harahap
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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10
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Fan L, Song Y, Polak M, Li L, Ren X, Zhang B, Wu D, Gong C. Clinical characteristics and genotype-phenotype correlations of 130 Chinese children in a high-homogeneity single-center cohort with 5α-reductase 2 deficiency. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1431. [PMID: 32713132 PMCID: PMC7549558 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with steroid 5α‐reductase 2 deficiency (5α‐RD) caused by SRD5A2 (OMIM #607306) variants present variable genotypes and phenotypes. The genotype‐phenotype correlations remain unclear. Methods We investigated genotype‐phenotype correlations of SRD5A2 variants in a large Chinese single‐center cohort. Phenotypes were categorized using the external masculinization score (EMS), urethral meatus and gonad position, and penile length‐standard deviation score. Results Of the 130 included patients, 113 had hypospadias, and 17 had a normal urethral meatus position. Testosterone/dihydrotestosterone (T/DHT) values were not significantly associated with phenotypic severity (p = 0.539–0.989). Of the 31 SRD5A2 variants, including 10 novel variants, p.R227Q was the most prevalent (39.62%), followed by p.Q6* (16.92%), p.R246Q (13.46%), and p.G203S (10.38%). Compared to biallelic missense mutations, biallelic nonsense mutations were associated with a lower EMS and urethral meatus score (p = 0.009 and p = 0.024, respectively). Patients homozygous for p.R227Q exhibited mild and variable phenotypes, while those homozygous for p.Q6*, p.R246Q, or p.G203S showed consistently severe phenotypes. The phenotypes were variable and milder in patients with compound heterozygosity for p.R227Q and these mutations. Conclusion T/DHT does not predict phenotype severity. The most prevalent SRD5A2 variant in Han Chinese is p.R227Q, which is associated with milder phenotypes and greater phenotypic variability. SRD5A2 variants may significantly influence phenotypic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics, Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yanning Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics, Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Michel Polak
- Service d'endocrinologie, gynécologie et diabétologiepédiatriques, Hôpitaluniversitaire Necker Enfants Malades, université de Paris, IMAGINE institute, Paris, France
| | - Lele Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics, Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoya Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics, Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics, Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics, Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiu Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics, Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
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11
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Ramos L, Vilchis F, Chávez B, Mares L. Mutational analysis of SRD5A2: From gene to functional kinetics in individuals with steroid 5α-reductase 2 deficiency. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 200:105691. [PMID: 32380235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human steroid 5α-reductase 2 (SRD5A2) plays a determinative role in the masculinization of external genitalia. To date, approximately 114 different mutations of the SRD5A2 gene have been reported; however, little information is available about their impact on catalytic function or their three-dimensional (3D) structures. We determined the effect of point mutations on the testosterone-depend kinetic constants (Km,app and Vmax,app) and structural characteristics of SRD5A2 from Mexican patients with 46,XY-steroid 5α-reductase 2 deficiency. PCR-SSCP assays identified ten distinct gene variants and sequencing analysis identified missense mutations [p.V3I, p.S14R, p.A52T, p.F118L, p.R145W, p.R171S, p.L226P, p.F229S, p.S245Y, and p.A248V]. Mutations were re-created by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in HEK293 cells. Functional studies demonstrated that 8 variants led to partial (Km,app = 0.16-2.6 μM; Vmax,app = 224-2640 pmol/mg P/min) or complete losses of activity compared to the wild-type enzyme (Km,app = 0.7 μM; Vmax,app = 4044 pmol/mg P/min). All the mutations were assessed using multiple software tools and the results predicted that all of the mutations were associated with disease or damage. Mapping mutations on the model of a 3D structure of SRD5A2 demonstrated alterations in contact sites with their proximal amino acids. Our data show that mutations affect the catalytic efficiency (Vmax/Km) or result in residual enzymatic activity, which could be due to erroneous interactions between amino acid residues, the substrate testosterone, or NADPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ramos
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - F Vilchis
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - B Chávez
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - L Mares
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico.
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12
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Mason KA, Schoelwer MJ, Rogol AD. Androgens During Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence: Physiology and Use in Clinical Practice. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5770947. [PMID: 32115641 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We provide an in-depth review of the role of androgens in male maturation and development, from the fetal stage through adolescence into emerging adulthood, and discuss the treatment of disorders of androgen production throughout these time periods. Testosterone, the primary androgen produced by males, has both anabolic and androgenic effects. Androgen exposure induces virilization and anabolic body composition changes during fetal development, influences growth and virilization during infancy, and stimulates development of secondary sexual characteristics, growth acceleration, bone mass accrual, and alterations of body composition during puberty. Disorders of androgen production may be subdivided into hypo- or hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism may be either congenital or acquired (resulting from cranial radiation, trauma, or less common causes). Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism occurs in males with Klinefelter syndrome and may occur in response to pelvic radiation, certain chemotherapeutic agents, and less common causes. These disorders all require testosterone replacement therapy during pubertal maturation and many require lifelong replacement. Androgen (or gonadotropin) therapy is clearly beneficial in those with persistent hypogonadism and self-limited delayed puberty and is now widely used in transgender male adolescents. With more widespread use and newer formulations approved for adults, data from long-term randomized placebo-controlled trials are needed to enable pediatricians to identify the optimal age of initiation, route of administration, and dosing frequency to address the unique needs of their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Mason
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - Alan D Rogol
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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13
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Li SP, Li LW, Sun MX, Chen XX, Wang XF, Li ZK, Zhou SY, Zhai DC, Geng SX, Li SJ, Dou XW. Identification of a novel mutation in the SRD5A2 gene of one patient with 46,XY disorder of sex development. Asian J Androl 2019; 20:518-519. [PMID: 29798939 PMCID: PMC6116686 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_34_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Li
- The Second Clinical Laboratory, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai 054000, China
| | - Li-Wei Li
- The Second Clinical Laboratory, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai 054000, China
| | - Ming-Xia Sun
- The Second Clinical Laboratory, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai 054000, China
| | - Xin-Xin Chen
- Nutrition Department, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai 054000, China
| | - Xiu-Feng Wang
- Department of Paediatrics, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai 054000, China
| | - Zeng-Kui Li
- Function Examination Department, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai 054000, China
| | - Sheng-Yun Zhou
- Function Examination Department, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai 054000, China
| | - Dong-Cai Zhai
- Function Examination Department, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai 054000, China
| | - Shu-Xia Geng
- Department of Paediatrics, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai 054000, China
| | - Shu-Jun Li
- The Second Clinical Laboratory, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai 054000, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Dou
- Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
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14
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Erratum. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 91:471-473. [PMID: 31441535 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Gui B, Song Y, Su Z, Luo FH, Chen L, Wang X, Chen R, Yang Y, Wang J, Zhao X, Fan L, Liu X, Wang Y, Chen S, Gong C. New insights into 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency based on a multi-centre study: regional distribution and genotype-phenotype profiling of SRD5A2 in 190 Chinese patients. J Med Genet 2019; 56:685-692. [PMID: 31186340 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5α-reductase type 2 (5α-RD2) deficiency caused by mutations in the steroid 5α-reductase 2 (SRD5A2) gene results in variable degrees of undervirilisation in patients with 46,XY disorders of sex development. This study aims to profile the regional distribution and phenotype-genotype characteristics of SRD5A2 in a large Chinese 5α-RD2 deficiency cohort through multi-centre analysis. METHODS 190 subjects diagnosed with 5α-RD2 deficiency were consecutively enrolled from eight medical centres in China. Their clinical manifestations and genetic variants were analysed. RESULTS Hypospadias (isolated or combined with microphallus and/or cryptorchidism) was fairly common in the enrolled subjects (66.32%). 42 variants, including 13 novel variants, were identified in SRD5A2. Homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations presented in 38.42% and 61.58% of subjects, respectively, and predominated in exons 1, 4 and 5. The most prevalent variant was c.680G > A (52.37%), followed by c.16C > T, (10.79%), c.607G > A, (9.21%) and c.737G > A, (8.95%). However, their distributions were different: c.680G > A was more common in South China than in North China (62.62% vs 39.16%, p < 0.001), whereas the regional prevalence of c.16C > T was reversed (6.07% vs 16.87%, p = 0.001). Furthermore, c.680G > A prevailed in cases with normal meatus (68.75%) or distal hypospadias (66.28%), compared with those with proximal hypospadias (35.54%, p < 0.001). However, cases with proximal hypospadias showed a higher frequency of c.16C > T (20.48%) than those with normal meatus (3.13%) or distal hypospadias (3.49%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study profiled variable phenotypic presentation and wide mutational spectrum of SRD5A2, revealing its distinctive regional distribution in Chinese patients and further shaping the founder effect and genotype-phenotype correlation of SRD5A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoheng Gui
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Yanning Song
- Center of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Su
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei-Hong Luo
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Shanghai, China
| | - Linqi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Genetic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruimin Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian, Fujian Medical University Teaching Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Endocrine Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Xiu Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Genetic Diseases, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Fan
- Center of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Center of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoke Chen
- Department of Pediatrics Endocrinology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Chunxiu Gong
- Center of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Children's Hospital, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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16
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Abacı A, Çatlı G, Kırbıyık Ö, Şahin NM, Abalı ZY, Ünal E, Şıklar Z, Mengen E, Özen S, Güran T, Kara C, Yıldız M, Eren E, Nalbantoğlu Ö, Güven A, Çayır A, Akbaş ED, Kor Y, Çürek Y, Aycan Z, Baş F, Darcan Ş, Berberoğlu M. Genotype-phenotype correlation, gonadal malignancy risk, gender preference, and testosterone/dihydrotestosterone ratio in steroid 5-alpha-reductase type 2 deficiency: a multicenter study from Turkey. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:453-470. [PMID: 30132287 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-018-0940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies regarding genetic and clinical characteristics, gender preference, and gonadal malignancy rates for steroid 5-alpha-reductase type 2 deficiency (5α-RD2) are limited and they were conducted on small number of patients. OBJECTIVE To present genotype-phenotype correlation, gonadal malignancy risk, gender preference, and diagnostic sensitivity of serum testosterone/dihydrotestosterone (T/DHT) ratio in patients with 5α-RD2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with variations in the SRD5A2 gene were included in the study. Demographic characteristics, phenotype, gender assignment, hormonal tests, molecular genetic data, and presence of gonadal malignancy were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 85 patients were included in the study. Abnormality of the external genitalia was the most dominant phenotype (92.9%). Gender assignment was male in 58.8% and female in 29.4% of the patients, while it was uncertain for 11.8%. Fourteen patients underwent bilateral gonadectomy, and no gonadal malignancy was detected. The most frequent pathogenic variants were p.Ala65Pro (30.6%), p.Leu55Gln (16.5%), and p.Gly196Ser (15.3%). The p.Ala65Pro and p.Leu55Gln showed more undervirilization than the p.Gly196Ser. The diagnostic sensitivity of stimulated T/DHT ratio was higher than baseline serum T/DHT ratio, even in pubertal patients. The cut-off values yielding the best sensitivity for stimulated T/DHT ratio were ≥ 8.5 for minipuberty, ≥ 10 for prepuberty, and ≥ 17 for puberty. CONCLUSION There is no significant genotype-phenotype correlation in 5α-RD2. Gonadal malignancy risk seems to be low. If genetic analysis is not available at the time of diagnosis, stimulated T/DHT ratio can be useful, especially if different cut-off values are utilized in accordance with the pubertal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abacı
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - G Çatlı
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ö Kırbıyık
- Division of Genetics, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Sağlık Bilimleri University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - N M Şahin
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Dr Sami Ulus Woman Health and Children Research Hospital, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Z Y Abalı
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - E Ünal
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Z Şıklar
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - E Mengen
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - S Özen
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - T Güran
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - C Kara
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - M Yıldız
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - E Eren
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ö Nalbantoğlu
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - A Güven
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Göztepe Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey
| | - A Çayır
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erzurum Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - E D Akbaş
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Y Kor
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Numune Training and Research Hospital, Sağlık Bilimleri University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Y Çürek
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sağlık Bilimleri University Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Z Aycan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Dr Sami Ulus Woman Health and Children Research Hospital, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - F Baş
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ş Darcan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - M Berberoğlu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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17
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Marzuki NS, Idris FP, Kartapradja HD, Harahap AR, Batubara JRL. Characterising SRD5A2 Gene Variants in 37 Indonesian Patients with 5-Alpha-Reductase Type 2 Deficiency. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:7676341. [PMID: 31885560 PMCID: PMC6914983 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7676341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-alpha-reductase type 2 deficiency (5ARD2) is an autosomal recessive condition associated with impairment in the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. This condition leads to undervirilisation in 46,XY individuals. To date, there have been more than 100 variations identified in the gene responsible for 5ARD2 development (steroid 5-alpha-reductase 2, SRD5A2). However, few studies have examined the molecular characterisation of Indonesian 5ARD2 cases. In the current study, we analysed 37 subjects diagnosed with 46,XY DSD (disorders of sex development) with confirmed variations in the SRD5A2 gene. We examined results from testosterone/dihydrotestosterone (T/DHT) and urinary etiocholanolone/androsterone (Et/An) ratios, as well as from molecular and clinical analyses. Twelve variants in the SRD5A2 gene were identified, and 6 of which were novel, namely, c.34-38delGinsCCAGC, p.Arg50His, p.Tyr136 ∗ , p.Gly191Arg, p.Phe194Ile, and p.Ile253Val variants. Moreover, we determined that 20 individuals contained harmful mutations, while the remaining 17 variants were benign. Those containing harmful mutations exhibited more severe phenotypes with median external genitalia masculinisation scores (EMS) of 3 (1.5-9) and were more likely to be diagnosed at a later age, reared as female, and virilised at pubertal age. In addition, the respective sensitivities for detecting severe 5ARD2 cases using T/DHT (cutoff: 10) and urinary Et/An ratios (cutoff: 0.95) were 85% and 90%, whereas mild cases were only identified with 64.7% and 47.1% sensitivity, respectively. Although we were unable to identify clear correlations between genotypic and phenotypic characteristics in this study, we clearly showed that individuals who were homozygous or compound heterozygous for any of the harmful mutations were more likely to exhibit classic 5ARD2 phenotypes, lower EMS, female assignment at birth, and virilisation during puberty. These results serve to inform the development of improved clinical and molecular 5ARD2 diagnostic approaches, specifically in Indonesian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanis S. Marzuki
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program in Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Firman P. Idris
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | | | - Alida R. Harahap
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program in Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Jose R. L. Batubara
- Doctoral Program in Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
- Department of Child Health, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
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18
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Clark RV, Wald JA, Swerdloff RS, Wang C, Wu FCW, Bowers LD, Matsumoto AM. Large divergence in testosterone concentrations between men and women: Frame of reference for elite athletes in sex-specific competition in sports, a narrative review. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 90:15-22. [PMID: 30136295 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this narrative review was to summarize available data on testosterone levels in normal, healthy adult males and females, to provide a physiologic reference framework to evaluate testosterone levels reported in males and females with conditions that elevate androgens, such as disorders of sex development (DSD), and to determine the separation or overlap of testosterone levels between normal and affected males and females. METHODS A literature review was conducted for published papers, from peer reviewed journals, reporting testosterone levels in healthy males and females, males with 46XY DSD, and females with hyperandrogenism due to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Papers were selected that had adequate characterization of participants, and description of the methodology for measurement of serum testosterone and reporting of results. RESULTS In the healthy, normal males and females, there was a clear bimodal distribution of testosterone levels, with the lower end of the male range being four- to fivefold higher than the upper end of the female range(males 8.8-30.9 nmol/L, females 0.4-2.0 nmol/L). Individuals with 46XY DSD, specifically those with 5-alpha reductase deficiency, type 2 and androgen insensitivity syndrome testosterone levels that were within normal male range. Females with PCOS or congenital adrenal hyperplasia were above the normal female range but still below the normal male range. CONCLUSIONS Existing studies strongly support a bimodal distribution of serum testosterone levels in females compared to males. These data should be considered in the discussion of female competition eligibility in individuals with possible DSD or hyperandrogenism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard V Clark
- United States Anti-Doping Agency, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | | | - Ronald S Swerdloff
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, LA Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-Univ of Calif-LA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Christina Wang
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, LA Biomedical Research Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Harbor-Univ of Calif-LA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Frederick C W Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Alvin M Matsumoto
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, V.A. Puget Sound Health Care System, and Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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19
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Nagaraja MR, Gubbala SP, Delphine Silvia CRW, Amanchy R. Molecular diagnostics of disorders of sexual development: an Indian survey and systems biology perspective. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2018; 65:105-120. [PMID: 30550360 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2018.1549619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to survey the monogenic causes of disorders of sex development (DSD) and thereby its prevalence in India. This study revealed mutations resulting in androgen insensitivity syndrome, 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency, and gonadal dysgenesis were commonly reported. Intriguingly, AR deficits were the most prevalent (32 mutations) and of 11/26 missense mutations were in exons 4-8 (encoding ligand binding domain). The unique features of SRD5A2 defects were p.R246Q (most prevalent) and p.G196S could be mutational hotspots, dual gene defects (p.A596T in AR and p.G196S in SRD5A2) in a patient with hypospadias and novel 8 nucleotide deletion (exon 1) found in a patient with perineal hypospadias. Deficits in SRY, WT1, DHH, NR5A1, and DMRT1 caused 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis. Notably, mutations in AR, SRD5A2, MAMLD1, WT1, and MAP3K1 have led to hypospadias and only one CYP19A1 mutation caused aromatase deficiency was reported to date. Data mining from various databases has not only reinforced the role of well-established genes (e.g., SRY, WT1, DHH, NR5A1, DMRT1, AR, SRD5A2, MAMLD1) involved in DSD but also provided us 12 more potential candidate genes (ACVR1, AMHR2, CTNNB1, CYP11A1, CYP19A1, FGFR2, FGF9, PRKACA, PRKACG, SMAD9, TERT, ZFPM2), which benefit from a close association with the well-established genes involved in DSD and might be useful to screen owing to their direct gene-phenotype relationship or through direct functional interaction. As more genes have been revealed in relation to DSD, we believe ultimately it holds a better scenario for therapeutic regimen. Despite the advances in translational medicine, hospitals are yet to adopt genetic testing and counseling facilities in India that shall have potential impact on clinical diagnosis. Abbreviations: 5α-RD2: 5α-Reductase type 2; AIS: androgen insensitivity syndrome; AMH: antimullerian hormone; AMHR: antimullerian hormone receptor; AR: androgen receptor gene; CAH: congenital adrenal hyperplasia; CAIS: complete AIS; CAH: congenital adrenal hyperplasia; CHH: congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; CXORF6: chromosome X open reading frame 6 gene; CYP19A1: cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 gene; DHT: dihydrotestosterone; DMRT1: double sex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 gene; DSD: disorders of sexual development; GD: gonadal dysgenesis; HGMD: human gene mutation database; IH: isolated hypospadias; MAMLD1: mastermind like domain containing 1 gene; MIS: mullerian inhibiting substance; NTD: N-terminal domain; OT DSD: ovotesticular DSD; PAIS: partial AIS; SOX9: SRY-related HMG-box 9 gene; SRY: sex-determining region Y gene; STAR: steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene; SRD5A2: steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 gene; T DSD: testicular DSD; T: testosterone; WNT4: Wnt family member 4 gene; WT1: Wilms tumor 1 gene; Δ4: androstenedione.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Nagaraja
- a Department of Biochemistry , Akash Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre , Bangalore , India
| | - Satya Prakash Gubbala
- b Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology , CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad , India
| | - C R Wilma Delphine Silvia
- a Department of Biochemistry , Akash Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre , Bangalore , India
| | - Ramars Amanchy
- b Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology , CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad , India
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20
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Chauhan V, Dada R, Jain V. Retracted: Aetiology and clinical profile of children with 46, XY differences of sex development at an Indian referral centre. Andrologia 2017; 49:e12663. [PMID: 27501740 DOI: 10.1111/and.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Retraction: 'Aetiology and clinical profile of children with 46, XY differences of sex development at an Indian referral centre' by Vasundhera Chauhan, Rima Dada, Vandana Jain The above article, published online on 8 August 2016 in Wiley Online Library (http://wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the Journal Editors-in-Chief, Wolf-Bernhard Schill and Ralf Henkel, and Blackwell Verlag GmbH. The retraction has been agreed as the result of an unresolved dispute between the first author and a colleague research fellow due to the inclusion of data from patients who were simultaneously enrolled in two studies being conducted separately by the two parties. Reference Chauhan, V., Dada, R. and Jain, V. (2016), Aetiology and clinical profile of children with 46, XY differences of sex development at an Indian referral centre. Andrologia. doi:10.1111/and.12663.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Chauhan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - R Dada
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - V Jain
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Controversies of Sex Re-assignment in Genetic Males with Congenital Inadequacy of the Penis. Indian J Pediatr 2017; 84:700-708. [PMID: 28687949 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-017-2412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sex assignment in 46XY genetic male children with congenital inadequacy of the penis (CIP) is controversial. Traditionally, children with penile length less than 2 cm at birth are considered unsuitable to be raised as males. They are typically re-assigned to female-sex and feminizing genitoplasty is usually done in infancy. However, the concept of cerebral androgen imprinting has caused paradigm shift in the philosophy of sex re-assignment. Masculinization of the brain, rather than length of the penis, is the modern criterion of sex re-assignment in CIP. This review summarizes the current understanding of the complex issue. In 46XY children with CIP, male-sex assignment appears appropriate in non-hormonal conditions such as idiopathic micropenis, aphallia and exstrophy. Female-sex re-assignment appears acceptable in complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS), while partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) patients are highly dissatisfied with the assignment of either sex. Children with 5-alpha reductase deficiency are likely to have spontaneous penile lengthening at puberty. Hence, they are better raised as males. Although female assignment is common in pure gonadal dysgenesis, long-term results are not known to justify the decision.
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Khorashad BS, Aghili Z, Kreukels BP, Hiradfar M, Roshan GM, Afkhamizadeh M, Abbaszadegan MR, Ghaemi N, Khazai B, Cohen-Kettenis P. Psychosexual Outcome Among Iranian Individuals With 5α-Reductase Deficiency Type 2 and Its Relationship With Parental Sexism. J Sex Med 2016; 13:1629-1641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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