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Patjamontri S, Lucas-Herald AK, Bryce J, van den Akker E, Cools M, Globa E, Guerra-Junior G, Hiort O, Hofman P, Holterhus PM, Hughes IA, Juul A, Nordenstrom A, Russo G, Stancampiano MR, Seneviratne SN, Tadokoro-Cuccaro R, Thankamony A, Weintrob N, Zelinska N, Ahmed SF. Gynecomastia and Its Management In Boys With Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024:dgae562. [PMID: 39213311 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) is a rare condition that is reported to be commonly associated with gynecomastia in males. OBJECTIVES To assess the management of gynecomastia in male PAIS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective review of males with PAIS over the age of 10 years in the I-DSD registry. RESULTS Of the 205 eligible cases, information was available for 57 from 13 centers. An androgen receptor gene variant was confirmed in 45 (79%) with a median age at first presentation of 1.0 year (range 0.1, 26.0). Of the 45 genetically confirmed cases, gynecomastia was present in 41 (91%) with a median age at the time of gynecomastia development of 13.5 years (11.0, 29.0). In the other 4 (9%) with no gynecomastia, the median age at last assessment was 15.7 years (10.6, 17.0). In 30 cases with information available, micropenis was present at the time of gynecomastia development in 23 (77%). Of the 35 with information available, 2 (6%) exhibited spontaneous resolution between the ages of 15 and 21 years and 25 (71%) had breast surgery at a median age of 15.7 years (14.0, 23.0). Of these 25, 9 (26%) had previously received medical therapy. The median clinician score of effectiveness for medical therapy was 3 (1, 8) compared to 10 (3, 10) for surgery (P < .0001). In 31 with information available, 13 (42%) had received psychology support. CONCLUSION Gynecomastia is common in PAIS but not universal. Surgical management may be more effective than medical therapy, but there is a need for further standardized and systematic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supitcha Patjamontri
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Angela K Lucas-Herald
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Jillian Bryce
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Erica van den Akker
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital and Center of Expertise DSD, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | - Martine Cools
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, University of Ghent, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Evgenia Globa
- Ukrainian Scientific and Practical Center of Endocrine Surgery, Transplantation of Endocrine Organs and Tissues of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kyiv 01021, Ukraine
| | - Gil Guerra-Junior
- Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Olaf Hiort
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Paul Hofman
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 1023 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul-Martin Holterhus
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel/Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ieuan A Hughes
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anders Juul
- Growth and Reproduction Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Nordenstrom
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gianni Russo
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Unit, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Marianna R Stancampiano
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Unit, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | | | | | - Ajay Thankamony
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Naomi Weintrob
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Natalia Zelinska
- Ukrainian Scientific and Practical Center of Endocrine Surgery, Transplantation of Endocrine Organs and Tissues of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kyiv 01021, Ukraine
| | - S Faisal Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
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Maheshwari M, Arya S, Lila AR, Sarathi V, Barnabas R, Rai K, Bhandare VV, Memon SS, Karlekar MP, Patil V, Shah NS, Kunwar A, Bandgar T. 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency in 46, XY: our experience and review of literature. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac011. [PMID: 35178494 PMCID: PMC8845120 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Context There are more than 100 pathogenic variants in CYP17A1 that have been identified in patients with 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency (17OHD). Objective We aimed to describe 46,XY patients with 17OHD from our center and review the literature. Methods We retrospectively analyzed genetically proven index cases of 17OHD from our 46,XY disorders of sex development cohort and reviewed similar cases from the literature (n = 150). Based on the phenotype, 17OHD probands were classified into combined severe deficiency (n = 128) and combined partial deficiency (n = 16). Additionally, patients with the apparent isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency (n = 7, from 6 families) were noted. Residual enzyme activities with the observed mutant enzymes were divided in 2 categories as < 1% and ≥ 1%, each for hydroxylase and lyase. Results We present 4 index cases of 46,XY 17OHD with a complete spectrum of undervirilization and 2 novel variants in CYP17A1. In the review, the combined severe deficiency was the most common form, with more frequent female sex of rearing, hypertension, hypokalemia, suppressed renin, higher plasma corticotropin, lower serum cortisol, and androgens. Immunoassay-measured serum aldosterone was frequently (68.2%) unsuppressed (>5 ng/dL). Elevated serum progesterone had high sensitivity for diagnosis of combined 17OHD, even in combined partial deficiency (83.3%). Among patients with clinical phenotype of combined severe deficiency, 11.5% had partial 17α-hydroxylase and complete 17,20-lyase deficiency (>1%/<1%) and had significantly higher serum cortisol than those with < 1%/<1% activity. Conclusion We report the first monocentric case series of Asian Indian 46,XY patients with 17OHD. We propose that a phenotype of severe undervirilization with milder cortisol deficiency may represent a distinct subtype of combined severe 17OHD with residual 17α-hydroxylase activity but severe 17,20-lyase deficiency (>1%/<1%), which needs further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur Maheshwari
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Sneha Arya
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Anurag Ranjan Lila
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Vijaya Sarathi
- Department of Endocrinology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Rohit Barnabas
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Khushnandan Rai
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Saba Samad Memon
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Virendra Patil
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Nalini S Shah
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Ambarish Kunwar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Tushar Bandgar
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
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Acharya SV. Clinical features, presentation and hormonal parameters in patients with pubertal gynecomastia. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:648-651. [PMID: 34041055 PMCID: PMC8138374 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1987_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Gynecomastia is benign enlargement of breast in male. It is postulated that its development is primarily due to a mismatch in ratio of oestrogen and androgen at breast tissue. The aim of this study was to highlight the clinical features, presentation and hormonal parameters at the time of consultation. Methods: All adolescent patients who attended endocrinology department with the complaint of breast enlargement were taken into study. We analysed their thyroid function test, oestrogen, testosterone, prolactin, alpha-fetoprotein, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, beta HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) and liver function. Clinical features and anthropometry were recorded. Results: Out of 50 patients enrolled, 34 (68%) had bilateral gynaecomastia while 16 patients (32%) had unilateral disease. Mastalgia was seen in 44 patients (88%). Psychological disturbance in the form of depression was seen in 60% of adolescent boys with gynecomastia. Tanner stage B had positive correlation with oestrogen to testosterone (E2/TTE) ratio (r = 0.47; P = 0.034). All other hormonal parameters were normal. Conclusion: Mastalgia was one of the presenting complaints in majority of patients and many had bilateral enlargement. Altered oestrogen to testosterone ratio is altered in majority of patients thus may be reason for pubertal gynecomastia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikrishna V Acharya
- Consultant Endocrinologist K S Hegde Medical Academy Nitte University Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Zitzmann M, Aksglaede L, Corona G, Isidori AM, Juul A, T'Sjoen G, Kliesch S, D'Hauwers K, Toppari J, Słowikowska-Hilczer J, Tüttelmann F, Ferlin A. European academy of andrology guidelines on Klinefelter Syndrome Endorsing Organization: European Society of Endocrinology. Andrology 2020; 9:145-167. [PMID: 32959490 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge about Klinefelter syndrome (KS) has increased substantially since its first description almost 80 years ago. A variety of treatment options concerning the spectrum of symptoms associated with KS exists, also regarding aspects beyond testicular dysfunction. Nevertheless, the diagnostic rate is still low in relation to prevalence and no international guidelines are available for KS. OBJECTIVE To create the first European Academy of Andrology (EAA) guidelines on KS. METHODS An expert group of academicians appointed by the EAA generated a consensus guideline according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system. RESULTS Clinical features are highly variable among patients with KS, although common characteristics are severely attenuated spermatogenesis and Leydig cell impairment, resulting in azoospermia and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. In addition, various manifestations of neurocognitive and psychosocial phenotypes have been described as well as an increased prevalence of adverse cardiovascular, metabolic and bone-related conditions which might explain the increased morbidity/mortality in KS. Moreover, compared to the general male population, a higher prevalence of dental, coagulation and autoimmune disorders is likely to exist in patients with KS. Both genetic and epigenetic effects due to the supernumerary X chromosome as well as testosterone deficiency contribute to this pathological pattern. The majority of patients with KS is diagnosed during adulthood, but symptoms can already become obvious during infancy, childhood or adolescence. The paediatric and juvenile patients with KS require specific attention regarding their development and fertility. CONCLUSION These guidelines provide recommendations and suggestions to care for patients with KS in various developmental stages ranging from childhood and adolescence to adulthood. This advice is based on recent research data and respective evaluations as well as validations performed by a group of experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zitzmann
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology/Clinical and Surgical Andrology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lise Aksglaede
- Rigshospitalet, Department of Growth and Reproduction, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giovanni Corona
- Medical Department, Endocrinology Unit, Maggiore Bellaria Hospital, Azienda Usl, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Advanced Endocrine Diagnostics Unit, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anders Juul
- Rigshospitalet, Department of Growth and Reproduction, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guy T'Sjoen
- Department of Endocrinology and Center for Sexology and Gender, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sabine Kliesch
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology/Clinical and Surgical Andrology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kathleen D'Hauwers
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrated Physiology and Pharmacology and Centre for Population Health Research, University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Frank Tüttelmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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The relationship between lavender and tea tree essential oils and pediatric endocrine disorders: A systematic review of the literature. Complement Ther Med 2019; 49:102288. [PMID: 32147050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Essential oils are common ingredients in personal care products, little is known about the effects of chronic exposure to these ingredients in human health. It has been suggested that these two essential oils cause prepubertal gynecomastia and premature thelarche in children. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the evidence related to the proposed link between these essential oils and endocrine disruption METHODS: This study sought to investigate the proposed link between LEO and TTEO and endocrine disrupting outcomes by identifying and evaluating the clinical evidence regarding this topic. Studies qualified if the participants included prepubertal children who have experienced either prepubertal gynecomastia or premature thelarche. The Case Series Critical Appraisal Tool (CSCAT) was used to identify the reliability of the identified case series. The potential for evidence of causality was evaluated using the tool proposed by Murad. RESULTS A total of four manuscripts were identified, describing a total of eleven cases reported to have experienced both the exposure and the outcome. Reporting of inclusion, demographic data, clinical data, and the potential for causality was found to be insufficient. This study did not find evidence to support the claim that tea tree essential oil is related to endocrine disruption in children, and little to no evidence to substantiate the proposed link between lavender essential oil and endocrine disruption in children. CONCLUSION Because this potential link remains a concern among pediatric care providers and parents, epidemiological research to address the proposed link is needed.
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Kanakis GA, Nordkap L, Bang AK, Calogero AE, Bártfai G, Corona G, Forti G, Toppari J, Goulis DG, Jørgensen N. EAA clinical practice guidelines—gynecomastia evaluation and management. Andrology 2019; 7:778-793. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Kanakis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - L. Nordkap
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC) Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A. K. Bang
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC) Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A. E. Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Catania Catania Italy
| | - G. Bártfai
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Andrology Albert Szent‐Györgyi Medical University Szeged Hungary
| | - G. Corona
- Medical Department, Endocrinology Unit Azienda Usl, Maggiore‐Bellaria Hospital Bologna Italy
| | - G. Forti
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, Endocrine Unit University of Florence Florence Italy
| | - J. Toppari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology Turku University Hospital Turku Finland
| | - D. G. Goulis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - N. Jørgensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC) Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
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Gravholt CH, Chang S, Wallentin M, Fedder J, Moore P, Skakkebæk A. Klinefelter Syndrome: Integrating Genetics, Neuropsychology, and Endocrinology. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:389-423. [PMID: 29438472 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although first identified over 70 years ago, Klinefelter syndrome (KS) continues to pose substantial diagnostic challenges, as many patients are still misdiagnosed, or remain undiagnosed. In fact, as few as 25% of patients with KS are accurately diagnosed and most of these diagnoses are not made until adulthood. Classic characteristics of KS include small testes, infertility, hypergonadothropic hypogonadism, and cognitive impairment. However, the pathophysiology behind KS is not well understood, although genetic effects are also thought to play a role. For example, recent developments in genetics and genomics point to a fundamental change in our understanding of KS, with global epigenetic and RNA expression changes playing a central role for the phenotype. KS is also associated with more general health markers, including higher morbidity and mortality rates and lower socioeconomic status (which likely affect both morbidity and mortality). In addition, hypogonadism is associated with greater risk of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and extragonadal germ cell tumors. Medical treatment typically focuses on testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), although the effects of this therapy have not been studied rigorously, and future studies need to evaluate the effects of TRT on metabolic risk and neurocognitive outcomes. This review presents a comprehensive interdisciplinary examination of recent developments in genetic, endocrine, and neurocognitive science, including the study of animal models. It provides a number of recommendations for improving the effectiveness of research and clinical practice, including neonatal KS screening programs, and a multidisciplinary approach to KS treatment from childhood until senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine (MEA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Simon Chang
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine (MEA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Esbjerg Sygehus, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Wallentin
- Department of Linguistics, Cognitive Science, and Semiotics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens Fedder
- Centre of Andrology and Fertility Clinic, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Philip Moore
- Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington DC
| | - Anne Skakkebæk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
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Bilateral Mastectomy as Radical Treatment of Gynecomastia Secondary to Antiretroviral Therapy in a Low-Income Setting: A Case Report. DRUG SAFETY - CASE REPORTS 2018; 5:21. [PMID: 29752634 PMCID: PMC5948190 DOI: 10.1007/s40800-018-0085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gynecomastia is a common finding in males, with an incidence that varies widely globally. In 10–25% of cases, it is caused by drugs. Its pathophysiologic mechanism includes exposure to exogenous estrogens and medications that cause hypogonadism, antiandrogenic effects and hyperprolactinemia. Gynecomastia is associated with exposure to antiretroviral therapy (ART), particularly efavirenz. Sometimes surgery may be required as treatment. We report a case of a 46-year-old man receiving ART presenting with a marked bilateral breast enlargement who underwent bilateral mastectomy as the only successful treatment in a low-income setting.
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Kim KE, Kim YJ, Jung MK, Chae HW, Kwon AR, Lee WJ, Kim DH, Kim HS. A boy with 46,X,+mar presenting gynecomastia and short stature. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017; 22:266-271. [PMID: 29301188 PMCID: PMC5769836 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2017.22.4.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A 15-year-old boy was referred due to gynecomastia and short stature. He was overweight and showed the knuckle-dimple sign on the left hand, a short fourth toe on the left foot, and male external genitalia with a small phallus. His levels of estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone were increased, and his testosterone concentration was normal. Other hormonal tests were within the normal range. Radiographs showed short fourth and fifth metacarpals and fourth metatarsal bones. The karyotype was reported as 46,X,+mar, and the marker chromosome was shown to originate from the Y chromosome, which was identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing were used to clarify the deleted loci of the Y chromosome by making use of Y-specific sequence-tagged sites (STSs). The sex-determining region Y and centromere were verified, and there were microdeletions on the long arm of the Y chromosome. The azoospermia factor (AZF) b region was partially deleted, and AZFa and AZFc were completely deleted. Two STS probes of sY143 and the Y chromosome RNA recognition motif in AZFb showed positive signals corresponding to Yq11.223. The karyotype of the patient was interpreted as 46,X,der(Y)del(Y)(q11.21q11.222)del(Y)(q11.23qter). Herein, we report a rare case of a boy presenting with gynecomastia and short stature with 46, X, +mar, which originated from the Y chromosome, which was identified to have Yq microdeletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Eun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye Jin Kim
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Research Institute, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mo Kyoung Jung
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Research Institute, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Chae
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Research Institute, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ah Reum Kwon
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Research Institute, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Jung Lee
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Research Institute, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk-Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Sowha Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Kim
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Research Institute, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Address for correspondence: Ho-Seong Kim, MD, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1135-099X Division of Pediatrics Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea Tel: +82-2-2228-2069 Fax: +82-2-393-9118 E-mail:
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