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Duan H, Pan C, Wu T, Peng J, Yang L. MT-TN mutations lead to progressive mitochondrial encephalopathy and promotes mitophagy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167043. [PMID: 38320662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial encephalopathy is a neurological disorder caused by impaired mitochondrial function and energy production. One of the genetic causes of this condition is the mutation of MT-TN, a gene that encodes the mitochondrial transfer RNA (tRNA) for asparagine. MT-TN mutations affect the stability and structure of the tRNA, resulting in reduced protein synthesis and complex enzymatic deficiency of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Our patient cohort manifests with epileptic encephalopathy, ataxia, hypotonia, and bilateral basal ganglia calcification, which differs from previously reported cases. MT-TN mutation deficiency leads to decreased basal and maximal oxygen consumption rates, disrupted spare respiratory capacity, declined mitochondrial membrane potential, and impaired ATP production. Moreover, MT-TN mutations promote mitophagy, a process of selective degradation of damaged mitochondria by autophagy. Excessive mitophagy further leads to mitochondrial biogensis as a compensatory mechanism. In this study, we provided evidence of pathogenicity for two MT-TN mutations, m.5688 T > C and m.G5691A, explored the molecular mechanisms, and summarized the clinical manifestations of MT-TN mutations. Our study expanded the genotype and phenotypic spectrum and provided new insight into mt-tRNA (Asn)-associated mitochondrial encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Duan
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Research Center of Children Neurodevelopmental Disabilities of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Cunhui Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Research Center of Children Neurodevelopmental Disabilities of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Tenghui Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Research Center of Children Neurodevelopmental Disabilities of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Research Center of Children Neurodevelopmental Disabilities of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China..
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Research Center of Children Neurodevelopmental Disabilities of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China..
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Doke M, Appunni S, Rubens M, Alcazar O, Ramamoorthy V, Saxena A, Roy M, Khosla A, Chaparro S, Jimenez J. Genomic Alterations and Aberrant Molecular Pathways in Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2024; 211:160-162. [PMID: 37890566 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Doke
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Muni Rubens
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida; Office of Clinical Research, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida; Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador
| | - Oscar Alcazar
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Anshul Saxena
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida; Center for Advanced Analytics, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida
| | - Mukesh Roy
- Office of Clinical Research, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida
| | - Atulya Khosla
- William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Sandra Chaparro
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida; Miami Cardiac & Vascular Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida
| | - Javier Jimenez
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida; Miami Cardiac & Vascular Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida.
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3
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Zhang M, Liao X, Ji G, Fan X, Wu Q. High Expression of COA6 Is Related to Unfavorable Prognosis and Enhanced Oxidative Phosphorylation in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065705. [PMID: 36982777 PMCID: PMC10056783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial metabolism plays an important role in the occurrence and development of cancers. Cytochrome C oxidase assembly factor six (COA6) is essential in mitochondrial metabolism. However, the role of COA6 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unknown. Here we report that the expression of COA6 mRNA and protein were upregulated in LUAD tissues compared with lung normal tissues. We found that COA6 had high sensitivity and specificity to distinguish LUAD tissues from normal lung tissues shown by a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. In addition, our univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that COA6 was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for LUAD patients. Furthermore, our survival analysis and nomogram showed that a high expression of COA6 mRNA was related to the short overall survival (OS) of LUAD patients. Notably, our weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and functional enrichment analysis revealed that COA6 may participate in the development of LUAD by affecting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Importantly, we demonstrated that depletion of COA6 could decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H) (NADH), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in LUAD cells (A549 and H1975), hence inhibiting the proliferation of these cells in vitro. Together, our study strongly suggests that COA6 is significantly associated with the prognosis and OXPHOS in LUAD. Hence, COA6 is highly likely a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target of LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao 999078, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macao 999078, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xiaohua Liao
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao 999078, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macao 999078, China
| | - Guanxu Ji
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao 999078, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macao 999078, China
| | - Xianming Fan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Correspondence: (X.F.); (Q.W.); Tel.: +86-139-8276-9572 (X.F.); +853-8897-2708 (Q.W.)
| | - Qiang Wu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao 999078, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macao 999078, China
- Correspondence: (X.F.); (Q.W.); Tel.: +86-139-8276-9572 (X.F.); +853-8897-2708 (Q.W.)
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Abstract
Progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO), characterized by ptosis and impaired eye movements, is a clinical syndrome with an expanding number of etiologically distinct subtypes. Advances in molecular genetics have revealed numerous pathogenic causes of PEO, originally heralded in 1988 by the detection of single large-scale deletions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in skeletal muscle of people with PEO and Kearns-Sayre syndrome. Since then, multiple point variants of mtDNA and nuclear genes have been identified to cause mitochondrial PEO and PEO-plus syndromes, including mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) and sensory ataxic neuropathy dysarthria ophthalmoplegia (SANDO). Intriguingly, many of those nuclear DNA pathogenic variants impair maintenance of the mitochondrial genome causing downstream mtDNA multiple deletions and depletion. In addition, numerous genetic causes of nonmitochondrial PEO have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Hirano
- H. Houston Merritt Neuromuscular Research Center, Neuromuscular Medicine Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Robert D S Pitceathly
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Queen Square Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Bottoni P, Gionta G, Scatena R. Remarks on Mitochondrial Myopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010124. [PMID: 36613565 PMCID: PMC9820309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial myopathies represent a heterogeneous group of diseases caused mainly by genetic mutations to proteins that are related to mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Meanwhile, a similar etiopathogenetic mechanism (i.e., a deranged oxidative phosphorylation and a dramatic reduction of ATP synthesis) reveals that the evolution of these myopathies show significant differences. However, some physiological and pathophysiological aspects of mitochondria often reveal other potential molecular mechanisms that could have a significant pathogenetic role in the clinical evolution of these disorders, such as: i. a deranged ROS production both in term of signaling and in terms of damaging molecules; ii. the severe modifications of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+/NADH, pyruvate/lactate, and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)/2- hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) ratios. A better definition of the molecular mechanisms at the basis of their pathogenesis could improve not only the clinical approach in terms of diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of these myopathies but also deepen the knowledge of mitochondrial medicine in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Bottoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Gionta
- Dipartimento Scienze Anatomiche Istologiche Medico Legali e dell’Apparato Locomotore—Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Università La Sapienza di Roma, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Scatena
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Laboratorio, Madre Giuseppina Vannini Hospital, Via di Acqua Bullicante 4, 00177 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Molecular Genetics Overview of Primary Mitochondrial Myopathies. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030632. [PMID: 35160083 PMCID: PMC8836969 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are the most common inherited conditions, characterized by defects in oxidative phosphorylation and caused by mutations in nuclear or mitochondrial genes. Due to its high energy request, skeletal muscle is typically involved. According to the International Workshop of Experts in Mitochondrial Diseases held in Rome in 2016, the term Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy (PMM) should refer to those mitochondrial disorders affecting principally, but not exclusively, the skeletal muscle. The clinical presentation may include general isolated myopathy with muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, chronic ophthalmoplegia/ophthalmoparesis (cPEO) and eyelids ptosis, or multisystem conditions where there is a coexistence with extramuscular signs and symptoms. In recent years, new therapeutic targets have been identified leading to the launch of some promising clinical trials that have mainly focused on treating muscle symptoms and that require populations with defined genotype. Advantages in next-generation sequencing techniques have substantially improved diagnosis. So far, an increasing number of mutations have been identified as responsible for mitochondrial disorders. In this review, we focused on the principal molecular genetic alterations in PMM. Accordingly, we carried out a comprehensive review of the literature and briefly discussed the possible approaches which could guide the clinician to a genetic diagnosis.
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Dabravolski SA, Nikiforov NG, Zhuravlev AD, Orekhov NA, Grechko AV, Orekhov AN. Role of the mtDNA Mutations and Mitophagy in Inflammaging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031323. [PMID: 35163247 PMCID: PMC8836173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is an unavoidable multi-factorial process, characterised by a gradual decrease in physiological functionality and increasing vulnerability of the organism to environmental factors and pathogens, ending, eventually, in death. One of the most elaborated ageing theories implies a direct connection between ROS-mediated mtDNA damage and mutations. In this review, we focus on the role of mitochondrial metabolism, mitochondria generated ROS, mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in normal ageing and pathological conditions, such as inflammation. Also, a chronic form of inflammation, which could change the long-term status of the immune system in an age-dependent way, is discussed. Finally, the role of inflammaging in the most common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei A. Dabravolski
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine [UO VGAVM], 7/11 Dovatora Str., 210026 Vitebsk, Belarus
- Correspondence:
| | - Nikita G. Nikiforov
- AP Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.N.); (A.D.Z.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander D. Zhuravlev
- AP Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.N.); (A.D.Z.)
| | - Nikolay A. Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Osennyaya Street 4-1-207, 121609 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.O.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Andrey V. Grechko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 14-3 Solyanka Street, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Osennyaya Street 4-1-207, 121609 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.O.); (A.N.O.)
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Roos S, Hedberg-Oldfors C, Visuttijai K, Stein M, Kollberg G, Elíasdóttir Ó, Lindberg C, Darin N, Oldfors A. Expression pattern of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes in skeletal muscle of patients with mitochondrial myopathy associated with the homoplasmic m.14674T>C variant. Brain Pathol 2021; 32:e13038. [PMID: 34806237 PMCID: PMC9245933 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Two homoplasmic variants in tRNAGlu (m.14674T>C/G) are associated with reversible infantile respiratory chain deficiency. This study sought to further characterize the expression of the individual mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and to describe the natural history of the disease. Seven patients from four families with mitochondrial myopathy associated with the homoplasmic m.14674T>C variant were investigated. All patients underwent skeletal muscle biopsy and mtDNA sequencing. Whole-genome sequencing was performed in one family. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses were used to characterize the expression of the individual respiratory chain complexes. Patients presented with hypotonia and feeding difficulties within the first weeks or months of life, except for one patient who first showed symptoms at 4 years of age. Histopathological findings in muscle included lipid accumulation, numerous COX-deficient fibers, and mitochondrial proliferation. Ultrastructural abnormalities included enlarged mitochondria with concentric cristae and dense mitochondrial matrix. The m.14674T>C variant in MT-TE was identified in all patients. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting demonstrated pronounced deficiency of the complex I subunit NDUFB8. The expression of MTCO1, a complex IV subunit, was also decreased, but not to the same extent as NDUFB8. Longitudinal follow-up data demonstrated that not all features of the disorder are entirely transient, that the disease may be progressive, and that signs and symptoms of myopathy may develop during childhood. This study sheds new light on the involvement of complex I in reversible infantile respiratory chain deficiency, it shows that the disorder may be progressive, and that myopathy can develop without an infantile episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Roos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carola Hedberg-Oldfors
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kittichate Visuttijai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - My Stein
- Department of Pediatrics, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Gittan Kollberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ólöf Elíasdóttir
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Center, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christopher Lindberg
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Center, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Darin
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Oldfors
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The continued development in the field of immunohistochemistry (IHC) has improved the ability to diagnose muscle diseases. Many hereditary diseases are diagnosed by the absence or abnormal localization of proteins. Detection of secondary pathological protein expression is also used in diagnostics, and to study disease processes. We relate and discuss recent reports, where IHC has been an important tool in the investigation of muscle diseases. RECENT FINDINGS In idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, IHC has extended its role to diagnose subgroups. This is most evident concerning immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy and antisynthetase syndrome. The availability of new antibodies has increased the sensitivity of a muscle biopsy to diagnose several hereditary myopathies. The introduction of protein restoration therapies in muscular dystrophies also comes with the need to detect and measure protein levels. For the study of disease processes at the protein level, in both acquired and hereditary myopathies IHC, often combined with gene studies, PCR-based methods, western blotting and electron microscopy, continues to bring forth interesting results. SUMMARY IHC is an integrated tool in muscle pathology, where recent studies contribute to improved diagnostic skills and increased insights into disease processes.
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Bögeholz A, Falker-Gieske C, Guélat M, Gurtner C, Hunziker S, Oevermann A, Thaller G, Drögemüller C, Tetens J. GWAS Hits for Bilateral Convergent Strabismus with Exophthalmos in Holstein Cattle Using Imputed Sequence Level Genotypes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071039. [PMID: 34356055 PMCID: PMC8303712 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilateral convergent strabismus with exophthalmos (BCSE) is a malformation of the eyes and is recognized as a mild but progressive disorder that affects cattle in the first two years of life. This most likely inherited disorder is rarely described in cattle resembling autosomal dominantly inherited forms of human progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO). In German Braunvieh cattle, two linked genome regions were found that could be responsible for the development and/or progression of BCSE. The goal of this study was to phenotypically characterize BCSE in Holstein cattle from Germany and Switzerland as well as to identify associated genome regions by GWAS. The clinicopathological phenotype of 52 BCSE-affected Holstein cattle was in accordance with the phenotype described in German Braunvieh cattle, but in addition, signs of degeneration and cellular infiltration in the eye muscles were found. By using imputed sequence level genotype data, three genome-wide significant GWAS hits were revealed on different chromosomes that were not detected by initial GWAS based on high density SNP array data highlighting the usefulness of this approach for mapping studies. The associated genome regions include the ABCC4 gene as well as markers adjacent to the NCOR2 and DNAJC3 genes all illustrating possible functional candidate genes. Our results challenge a monogenic mode of inheritance and indicate a more complex inheritance of BCSE in Holstein cattle. Furthermore, in comparison to previous results from German Braunvieh cattle, it illustrates an obvious genetic heterogeneity causing BSCE in cattle. Subsequent whole genome sequencing (WGS)-based analyses might elucidate pathogenic variants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Bögeholz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (A.B.); (C.F.-G.)
| | - Clemens Falker-Gieske
- Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (A.B.); (C.F.-G.)
| | - Monika Guélat
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstr. 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstr. 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Sibylle Hunziker
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstr. 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (S.H.); (C.D.)
| | - Anna Oevermann
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstr. 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Georg Thaller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstr. 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (S.H.); (C.D.)
| | - Jens Tetens
- Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (A.B.); (C.F.-G.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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