Factors related to recurrence of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: what do we learn from a multicentre study?

The impact of cotrimoxazole in idiopathic granulomatous mastitis treatment

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a benign inflammatory breast disease, commonly presented with a sensitive breast lump and developing scars. Currently, there is no definitive treatment for IGM but Antibiotics, steroids, immunosuppressive drugs or a surgical treatments are the usual options. This case series aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cotrimoxazole in treatment of IGM as there is no clinical consensus on the best and most widely acknowledged therapeutic management for IGM.

CASE PRESENTATION

All IGM patients were treated by Cotrimoxazole (800 mg BD for one week), and they were assessed at a month, 3 months, and 6 months after that. The primary outcome was an improvement in presenting complaints and symptoms such as palpable mass, bulging, pain, erythema and hypersensitivity of breast skin, breast discharge and fluctuation. The secondary outcome was the refractory rate within 6 months. Number of 20 patients were included. At the baseline, participants exhibited various symptoms such as bulging, pain and erythema (100 %), breast discharge (80 %), and fluctuation (30 %). After the intervention, there was a significant decrease in the prevalence of symptoms over the study period. The prevalence of bulging and pain, erythema, discharge, and fluctuation symptoms were decreasedto 5 %, 0 %, and 0 %, respectively. The refractory rate of IGM within six months of cotrimoxazole treatment was estimated 30 %.

CLINICAL DISCUSSION

In this study, the treatment approach did not involve corticosteroids and invasive procedures and the recurrence rate of IGM within the six months was lower than in similar studies that employed steroids alone or any more invasive treatments. Additionally, our study showed a high healing rate with resolution of inflammation, pain, discharge, and fluctuation. These results suggest that cotrimoxazole may be a more favorable option than high-dose corticosteroids and a comparable alternative to low-dose corticosteroids regarding recurrence rates.

CONCLUSION

Cotrimoxazole may be an effective treatment option for idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. However, further research is needed on different treatment options.

Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis, Erythema Nodosum, and Polyarthritis

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is an inflammatory-mediated rare disease that can be linked to rare manifestations. Erythema nodosum (EN) and polyarthritis, seen in a multitude of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases, have been rarely linked to IGM. Despite the cause of IGM being unclear, Corynebacterium infections are thought to play a role in the pathophysiology of IGM. Unusually, IGM has a relapsing and remitting course, which also applies to its systemic manifestations. As such, we present a case of IGM in a middle-aged lady who was initially thought to have Corynebacterium-containing unilateral abscesses for which drainage was performed. However, several abscesses devoid of bacterial growth started recurring, and the disease course was complicated by EN and polyarthritis. IGM, EN, and polyarthritis eventually resolved and were managed with symptomatic treatment.

Presentation and Management of Granulomatous Mastitis in the United States: Results of an American Society of Breast Surgeons Registry Study

BACKGROUND

Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is a benign, chronic, inflammatory disease lacking clear treatment guidelines. The purpose of this American Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBrS) prospective, multisite registry was to characterize the presentation of GM and identify treatment strategies associated with symptom resolution and optimal cosmesis.

METHODS

ASBrS members entered data into a registry on patient demographics, treatment, symptoms, and cosmesis over a 1-year period. Initial symptoms were graded as mild, moderate, or severe. The Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to identify factors related to symptom improvement and cosmesis.

RESULTS

Overall, 112 patients with a mean age of 36 years were included. More patients were Hispanic (49.1%) and from the Southwest (41.1%), and management included observation (4.5%), medical (70.5%), surgical (5.4%), or combination treatment (19.6%). Immunosuppression was used in 83 patients (74.1%), including 43 patients who received intralesional steroid injections. Patients with severe symptoms were more likely to undergo surgical intervention compared with those with mild or moderate symptoms (21.4% vs. 0% and 7.5%, respectively; p = 0.004). Within 1 year, 85 patients (75.9%) experienced symptom improvement and/or resolution at a median of 3 months. Receipt of immunosuppressive therapy was predictive of improvement or resolution at 1 month (odds ratio 4.22; p = 0.045). One-year physician-assessed cosmesis was excellent or good for 20/35 patients (57.1%) and was not associated with type of treatment or symptom severity.

CONCLUSION

Although GM can have a protracted course, the majority of patients in this registry resolved within 1 year, with good cosmetic result. Treatment with immunosuppression appears to be most beneficial, and a symptom-based algorithm may be helpful to guide treatment.

Rare and Complicated Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis (2000-2023): A Bibliometrics Study and Visualization Analysis

Purpose

Granulomatous mastitis (GLM) is a rare and complex chronic inflammatory disease of the breast with an unknown cause and a tendency to recur. As medical science advances, the cause, treatment strategies, and comprehensive management of GLM have increasingly attracted widespread attention. The aim of this study is to assess the development trends and research focal points in the GLM field over the past 24 years using bibliometric analysis.

Methods

Using GLM, Granulomatous mastitis (GM), Idiopathic granulomatous lobular mastitis (IGLM), and Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) as keywords, we retrieved publications related to GLM from 2000 to 2023 from the Web of Science, excluding articles irrelevant to this study. Citespace and VOSviewer were employed for data analysis and visualization.

Results

A total of 347 publications were included in this analysis. Over the past 24 years, the number of publications has steadily increased, with Turkey being the leading contributor in terms of publications and citations. The University of Health Sciences, Istanbul University, and Istanbul University Cerrahpasa were the most influential institutions. The Breast Journal, Breast Care, and Journal of Investigative Surgery were the journals that published the most on this topic. The research primarily focused on the cause, differential diagnosis, treatment, and comprehensive management of GLM. Issues related to recurrence, hyperprolactinemia, and Corynebacterium emerged as current research hotspots.

Conclusion

Our bibliometric study outlines the historical development of the GLM field and identifies recent research focuses and trends, which may aid researchers in identifying research hotspots and directions, thereby advancing the study of GLM.

Refractory and Recurrent Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis Treatment: Adaptive, Randomized Clinical Trial

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is mostly described as an autoimmune disease with higher prevalence among Middle Eastern childbearing-age women. This study aimed to evaluate the best treatment of choice in patients with resistant or recurrent IGM.

STUDY DESIGN

Patients with established recurrent or resistant IGM who were referred to the Breast Cancer Research Center from 2017 to 2020 were randomly assigned to either one of the following treatment groups: A (best supportive care), B (corticosteroids: prednisolone), and C (methotrexate and low-dose corticosteroids). This adaptive clinical trial evaluated radiological and clinical responses, as well as the potential side effects, on a regular basis in each group, with patients followed up for a minimum of 2 years.

RESULTS

A total of 318 participants, with a mean age of 33.52 ± 6.77 years, were divided into groups A (10 patients), B (78 patients), and C (230 patients). In group A, no therapeutic response was observed; group B exhibited a mixed response, with 14.1% experiencing complete or partial responses, 7.7% maintaining stability, and 78.2% experiencing disease progression. Accordingly, groups A and B were terminated due to inadequate response. In group C, 94.3% achieved complete response, 3% showed partial remission, and 2.7% had no response to therapy. Among the entire patient cohort, 11.6% tested positive for antinuclear antibodies, 3.5% for angiotensin-converting enzyme, and 12.3% for erythema nodosum. Notably, hypothyroidism was a prevalent condition among the patients, affecting 7.2% of the cohort. The incidence of common side effects was consistent across all groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The most effective treatment option for patients with recurrent or resistant IGM is a combination therapy involving steroids and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs such as methotrexate.

Immune pathogenesis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: from etiology toward therapeutic approaches

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a noncancerous, chronic inflammatory disorder of breast with unknown causes, posing significant challenges to the quality of life due to its high refractoriness and local aggressiveness. The typical symptoms of this disease involve skin redness, a firm and tender breast mass and mastalgia; others may include swelling, fistula, abscess (often without fever), nipple retraction, and peau d'orange appearance. IGM often mimics breast abscesses or malignancies, particularly inflammatory breast cancer, and is characterized by absent standardized treatment options, inconsistent patient response and unknown mechanism. Definite diagnosis of this disease relies on core needle biopsy and histopathological examination. The prevailing etiological theory suggests that IGM is an autoimmune disease, as some patients respond well to steroid treatment. Additionally, the presence of concurrent erythema nodosum or other autoimmune conditions supports the autoimmune nature of the disease. Based on current knowledge, this review aims to elucidate the autoimmune-favored features of IGM and explore its potential etiologies. Furthermore, we discuss the immune-mediated pathogenesis of IGM using existing research and propose immunotherapeutic strategies for managing this condition.

Rotational gland dissection for refractory granulomatous mastitis: A single-center retrospective study

BACKGROUND

Refractory granulomatous mastitis (RGM) is a chronic benign breast disease that commonly occurred in women of childbearing age and is usually treated with surgery, with numerous cases suffering from unsatisfied postoperative recovery of breast shape, high rates of surgical complications, and even high recurrence. This study tries to evaluate the efficacy of an innovative surgical procedure, the rotational gland dissection for the treatment of RGM.

METHODS

129 patients with RGM who underwent surgical treatment at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University between Apr. 2017 and May. 2021 were retrospectively included in this study. The article analyzed the age, local symptoms, lesion location, and size, days in hospital, recurrence rate, and satisfaction rate of the patients.

RESULTS

Patients ranged in age from 19 to 58 years, with a median age of onset of 32 years. In 63 patients (48.84%), their lesions coverage exceeded two quadrants, and 52.71% of patients had lesions larger than 10 cm2. The average days in hospital of patients was 7.5 days, and 85.27% of them were satisfied with their post-surgery breast appearance. Within the median follow-up of 56 months, only 3.10% of patients experienced a recurrence of mastitis on the operation side.

CONCLUSION

This novel surgical procedure we created is an effective treatment for RGM with a high success rate, high patient satisfaction, and low recurrence rate, and is significantly superior to other studies for it has the largest sample size and longest follow-up in this field.

Predictive Significance of the Preoperative Neutrophil-lymphocyte Ratio for Recurrence in Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis Patients

BACKGROUND

To investigate and assess the correlation between inflammatory markers, such as the preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and the recurrence of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM).

METHODS

All patients with IGM who were free of malignancy or inflammatory diseases were included in this retrospective analysis between January 2013 and December 2019. On the basis of the presence or absence of recurrence, the patients were split into two groups. After collecting retrospective data, the relationship between patient characteristics, hematological markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), NLR, platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and white blood cell count (WBC), and their connection with postoperative recurrence were assessed utilizing univariate and multivariate analyses, receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC curves), and logistic regression.

RESULTS

Recurrences occurred in 40.0% (32/80) of the 80 patients over a median follow-up duration of 35.5 months (22.0-47.8 months). The recurrent group showed higher NLR and CRP than the non-recurrent group (PNLR = .003, PCRP = .02). Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and postoperative recurrence were associated (correlation coefficient r = .436, P = .01). The ROC curve's ideal threshold, which had predictive value for IGM recurrence, was 2.18 (sensitivity: 46.9%; specificity: 14.6%).

CONCLUSION

The preoperative NLR is a simple and affordable way to predict IGM relapse, which is important for directing clinical work.

Local steroid injection in severe idiopathic granulomatous mastitis as a new first-line treatment modality with promising therapeutic efficacy

Background

Intralesional steroid injection has recently evolved as a novel treatment modality for localized idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (= IGM). We aimed to explore the therapeutic efficacy of local steroid injections (LSI) in patients with severe IGM.

Methods

Fifty-one patients diagnosed with severe IGM were included in the study and treated with either local steroid injection (LSI) alone (n = 25) or combined LSI with systemic oral steroid treatment (OST) (n = 26). The local steroid injection protocol included an intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection into the palpable granulomas every 4-week, and topical administration of steroid-containing pomades twice a day on the affected surface of the breast. Patients with a combined LSI and OST received low-dose oral methylprednisolone (<16 mg).

Results

Patients with LSI alone required more LSI applications than those in the combined LSI with OST group (LSI: 5 ± 2.9; vs. LSI/OST: 3.5 ± 2.5; p = 0.080) to obtain an effective optimum therapeutic response. At a median of 12 months (range, 4-42), no difference was found in complete response rates between patients in the LSI group and the combined LSI group with OST (52 vs. 53.9%, p = 0.999). However, steroid-related systemic side effects were lower in the LSI alone group (p < 0.008).

Conclusion

Local steroid injection could be considered as the first-line treatment in patients with severe IGM until a therapeutic response has been obtained either as the sole treatment modality or combined with oral steroids. Compared with systemic oral steroid therapy, local steroid administration can be considered a new treatment modality with fewer side effects.

Factors Affecting Recurrence of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: A Systematic Review

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is a rare and benign disease that primarily affects young women of reproductive age. Various factors have been suggested as possible causes, including pregnancy, breastfeeding, history of taking birth control pills, hyperprolactinemia, smoking, and history of trauma. Due to unknown etiology, opinions on its treatment have varied, resulting in differing recurrence rates and side effects. Therefore, conducting a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis can aid in understanding the causes and recurrence of the disease, thereby assisting in the selection of effective treatment and improving the quality of life. A systematic literature review was conducted using predefined search terms to identify eligible studies related to risk factors and recurrence up to June 2022 from electronic databases. Data were extracted and subjected to meta-analysis when applicable. A total of 71 studies with 4735 patients were included. The mean age of the patients was 34.98 years, and the average mass size was 4.64 cm. About 3749 of these patients (79.17%) were Caucasian. Patients who mentioned a history of pregnancy were 92.65% with 76.57%, 22.7%, and 19.7% having a history of breastfeeding, taking contraceptive pills, and high prolactin levels, respectively. Around 5.6% of patients had previous trauma. The overall recurrence rate was 17.18%, with recurrence rates for treatments as follows: surgery (22.5%), immunosuppressive treatment (14.7%), combined treatment (14.9%), antibiotic treatment (6.74%), and observation (9.4%). Only antibiotic and expectant treatments had significant differences in recurrence rates compared to other treatments (p value = 0.023). In conclusion, factors such as Caucasian race, pregnancy and breastfeeding history, and use of contraceptive hormone are commonly associated with the disease recurrence. Treatment should be tailored based on symptom severity and patient preference, with surgery or immunosuppressive options for recurrence.

What predicts the recurrence in ıdiopathic granulomatous mastitis?

INTRODUCTION

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rarely seen chronic and benign disease of the breast. IGM usually emerges in women between 30 and 45 years of age and within the first 5 years after lactation. There is no consensus on the treatment of the disease. Steroids, immunosuppressive agents such as methotrexate and azathioprine, antibiotics, and surgical and conservative treatments can be preferred. In the present study, it was aimed to demonstrate the treatment options and follow-up data of the patients with IGM and to investigate the effective factors on recurrence if developed in the follow-up period.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

The data of 120 patients diagnosed with idiopathic granulomatous mastitis were evaluated for this cross-sectional retrospective study. The demographic, clinical, treatment, and follow-up features of the patients were obtained from the file records.

RESULTS

The median age value of the 120 female patients included in the study was 35 (24-67) years. Of the patients, 45%, 79.2%, 49.2%, and 15% had a past history of surgical intervention, steroid use, methotrexate use, and azathioprine use, respectively. Recurrent lesion developed after the treatment in 57 (47.5%) patients. The recurrence rate was 66.1% in the patients who underwent surgical intervention in the initial treatment. There was a statistically significant difference between the patients with and without recurrence regarding the presence of abscess, the presence of recurrent abscess, and having surgical intervention as the initial treatment in the past history. The rate of having surgery was statistically significantly higher compared with the administration of steroid therapy alone and the combination of steroid and immunosuppressive therapy in the initial treatment of the patients who developed recurrence. The rate of having surgery together with the administration of steroid and immunosuppressive therapy was statistically significantly higher than the administration of steroid and immunosuppressive therapies.

DISCUSSION

Our study showed that surgical intervention and the presence of abscess increased recurrence in the treatment of IGM. Key Points • This study has shown that surgical intervention and the presence of abscess increase recurrence. • A multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of IGM and management of the disease by the rheumatologists may be critical.

Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis or Breast Cancer? A Comparative MRI Study in Patients Presenting with Non-Mass Enhancement

OBJECTIVE

To compare and determine discriminative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) and breast cancer (BC) that present as non-mass enhancement.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study includes 68 IGM and 75 BC cases that presented with non-mass enhancement on breast MRI. All patients with a previous history of breast surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy due to BC or a previous history of mastitis were excluded. On MRI images, presence of architectural distortion skin thickening, edema, hyperintense ducts containing protein, dilated fat-containing ducts and axillary adenopathies were noted. Cysts with enhancing walls, lesion size, lesion location, fistulas, distribution, internal enhancement pattern and kinetic features of non-mass enhancement were recorded. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were calculated. Pearson chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, independent t test and Mann-Whitney U test were used as needed for statistical analysis and comparison. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine the independent predictors.

RESULTS

IGM patients were significantly younger than BC patients (p < 0.001). Cysts with thin (p < 0.05) or thick walls (p = 0.001), multiple cystic lesions, (p < 0.001), cystic lesions draining to the skin (p < 0.001), and skin fistulas (p < 0.05) were detected more often in IGM. Central (p < 0.05) and periareolar (p < 0.001) location and focal skin thickening (p < 0.05) were significantly more common in IGM. Architectural distortion (p = 0.001) and diffuse skin thickening (p < 0.05) were associated with BC. Multiple regional distribution was more common in IGM, whereas diffuse distribution and clumped enhancement were more common in BC (p < 0.05). In kinetic analysis, persistent enhancement was more common in IGM, whereas plateau and wash-out types were more common in BC (p < 0.001). Independent predictors for BC were age, diffuse skin thickening and kinetic curve types. There was no significant difference in the diffusion characteristics. Based on these findings, MRI had a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 88%, 67.65%, and 78.32%, respectively, in differentiating IGM from BC.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, for non-mass enhancement, MRI can rule out malignancy with a considerably high sensitivity; however, specificity is still low, as many IGM patients have overlapping findings. Final diagnosis should be complemented with histopathology whenever necessary.

Demographic and Socioeconomic Risk Factors for Granulomatous Mastitis in the United States: A Case-Control Study

OBJECTIVE

Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is a benign breast disease that can have an extended clinical course impacting quality of life and causing breast disfigurement. Granulomatous mastitis has been studied throughout the world; however, less is known about GM patients in the United States. We aim to identify demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with GM in the United States.

METHODS

An IRB-approved retrospective case-control study was performed of 92 patients with biopsy-proven GM at two institutions in Los Angeles, California: a safety-net hospital and an academic institution. Age-matched controls were selected from patients presenting for diagnostic breast imaging. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics were collected. Data were analyzed using univariable test for odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and multivariable conditional logistic regression.

RESULTS

Patients with GM were more likely to prefer Spanish language (OR 6.20, 95% CI: 2.71%-14.18%), identify as Hispanic/Latina (OR 5.18, 95% CI: 2.38%-11.30%), and be born in Mexico (OR 3.85, 95% CI: 1.23%-12.02%). Cases were more likely to have no primary care provider (OR 3.76, 95% CI: 1.97%-7.14%) and use California Medicaid for undocumented adults (OR 3.65, 95% CI: 1.89%-7.08%). In the multivariable analysis, participants who preferred Spanish language had four times higher odds of GM versus those who preferred English language (OR 4.32, 95% CI: 1.38%-13.54%).

CONCLUSION

Patients with GM may have barriers to health care access, such as preferring Spanish language, being an undocumented immigrant, and not having a primary care provider. Given these health care disparities, further research is needed to identify risk factors, etiologies, and treatments for this subset of GM patients.

Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: Six years of experience and the current evidence in literature

Objectives

This study aimed to retrospectively describe the clinicopathological pattern and management experience of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis in women receiving care at the Royal Hospital, a tertiary care centre in Oman. The study then compared the researchers' experience with the current literature trends.

Methods

The data of patients from January 2012 to December 2017 were reviewed retrospectively, after receiving ethical approval from the Centre of Studies and Research.

Results

This retrospective study included 64 patients were confirmed to have idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. All patients were in the premenopausal phase, with only one being nulliparous. Mastitis was the most common clinical diagnosis; furthermore, half of the patients had a palpable mass. Most patients had received antibiotics during the span of their treatment. Drainage procedure was done in 73% of the patients, whereas excisional procedure was done for 38.7%. Only 52.4% of patients were able to achieve complete clinical resolution within six months of follow-up.

Conclusion

There is no standardised management algorithm due to the paucity of high-level evidence comparing different modalities. However, steroids, methotrexate and surgery are all considered to be effective and acceptable treatments. Moreover, current literature tends towards multimodality treatments planned tailored case-to-case based on the clinical context and patients' preference.

Profiling Microbial Communities in Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare and benign inflammatory breast disease with ambiguous aetiology. Contrastingly, lactational mastitis (LM) is commonly diagnosed in breastfeeding women. To investigate IGM aetiology, we profiled the microbial flora of pus and skin in patients with IGM and LM. A total of 26 patients with IGM and 6 patients with LM were included in the study. The 16S rRNA sequencing libraries were constructed from 16S rRNA gene amplified from total DNA extracted from pus and skin swabs in patients with IGM and LM controls. Constructed libraries were multiplexed and paired-end sequenced on HiSeq4000. Metagenomic analysis was conducted using modified microbiome abundance analysis suite customised R-resource for paired pus and skin samples. Microbiome multivariable association analyses were performed using linear models. A total of 21 IGM and 3 LM paired pus and skin samples underwent metagenomic analysis. Bray−Curtis ecological dissimilarity distance showed dissimilarity across four sample types (IGM pus, IGM skin, LM pus, and LM skin; PERMANOVA, p < 0.001). No characteristic dominant genus was observed across the IGM samples. The IGM pus samples were more diverse than corresponding IGM skin samples (Shannon and Simpson index; Wilcoxon paired signed-rank tests, p = 0.022 and p = 0.07). Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii, reportedly associated with IGM in the literature, was higher in IGM pus samples than paired skin samples (Wilcoxon, p = 0.022). Three other species and nineteen genera were statistically significant in paired IGM pus−skin comparison after antibiotic treatment adjustment and multiple comparisons correction. Microbial profiles are unique between patients with IGM and LM. Inter-patient variability and polymicrobial IGM pus samples cannot implicate specific genus or species as an infectious cause for IGM.

Risk Factors and the Role of the Albumin-to-Globulin Ratio in Predicting Recurrence Among Patients with Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis

Background

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare inflammatory disease of the breast with a high recurrence rate. The serum albumin to globulin ratio (AGR) is a relatively novel biomarker in inflammatory diseases, and one whose role in the recurrence of IGM remains unknown. This study primarily investigated the potential risk factors for IGM recurrence and whether AGR can be used as a predictive factor.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with IGM from pathology reports between 2016 and 2021 were enrolled in the study, and their medical records were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups – recurrence and non-recurrence. Clinical, demographic characteristics, and laboratory parameters were compared.

Results

Eighty-five patients were included in the study, recurrence being detected in 16 (18.8%) of these, with a median follow-up time of 39.99±18.93 months. No relationship was determined between childbearing, breastfeeding, disease severity, or therapeutic approaches and IGM recurrence. While AGR was significantly lower in the recurrence group (p < 0.001), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) results were comparable in the two groups (p = 0.472 and p = 0.421, respectively). Multivariate analysis identified low AGR (odds ratio (OR): 50.7, 95% CI 5.93–434.1 P < 0.001) and smoking (OR: 4.45, 95% CI 1.04–18.9 P = 0.044) as independent risk factors for IGM recurrence.

Conclusion

The study findings indicated that AGR at a cut-off value of ≤1.179 at diagnosis and smoking exhibited a remarkable performance in predicting the recurrence of IGM. Developing new risk stratification systems for IGM recurrences and using AGR in these classifications may increase the success of treatment.

Trial Registration

This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05409586.

Management of Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis and Risk Factors Associated with Recurrence

BACKGROUND

Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GM), an inflammatory breast lesion with unknown etiology, is prone to recur. There is no global consensus on the optimal treatment at present. This study was conducted to show our step-by-step systemic procedure and discuss the recurrence risk factors of GM.

METHODS

The medical record database was retrospectively searched for patients with GM treated in our hospital between January 2015 and September 2021. Patients were divided into non-recurrence group (group A) and recurrence group (group B). Demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment and follow-up were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 885 GM patients were included in our study, all of whom received step-by-step systemic management. The mean age was 33.2 ± 5.2 years. There were 760 (85.9%) patients in group A and 125 (14.1%) in group B. Univariate analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in size of mass, pregnancy, hyperprolactinemia, bacterial cultures, erythema nodosum. Multivariate analysis showed that patients with purulent nipple discharge, skin lesion, bilateral disease and patients who need the combination of surgery and medication to achieve complete remission had higher risk of recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

We built a step-by-step systemic procedure for GM, and the recurrence rate was 14.1%. Prolactin level and microbiological results are important for the management of GM. Purulent nipple discharge, skin lesion, bilateral disease and patients who need the combination of surgery and medication to achieve complete remission are associated with GM recurrence. Prolonged maintenance therapy may secure a better prognosis.

Differential expression profiles of miRNA in granulomatous lobular mastitis and identification of possible biomarkers

The etiology and pathogenesis of granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) remain largely elusive and the expression levels and regulatory roles of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) in GLM have remained mostly undetermined. In the present study, the miRNAs that were differentially expressed in breast biopsy samples from patients with GLM and normal tissue adjacent to fibroadenoma were analyzed, a comprehensive differential expression profile of miRNAs was provided and potential biomarkers were screened out. The expression profile of miRNAs was determined by high-throughput sequencing in the tissues of patients with GLM and healthy controls. Significantly differentially expressed miRNAs were screened by threshold setting and cluster analysis and their target genes were analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment. Finally, circulating differentially expressed miRNAs between the GLM and control groups were further analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). A total of 31,077 miRNAs were detected by high-throughput sequencing. By using the cutoff criteria of |log2 fold change|>2.5 and q<0.001, 13 miRNAs that were indicated to be GLM biomarkers were screened out. The expression levels of these 13 miRNAs in the GLM group were higher than those in the control group. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses suggested that the occurrence and development of GLM may be associated with autoimmune inflammation, metabolism and pathogenic organisms. miR-451a and miR-5571-3p were confirmed to be significantly increased in the serum of patients with GLM compared with their levels in the serum of healthy volunteers, which suggests that they may be used as biomarkers of GLM. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first report detailing genome-wide miRNA profiling of patients with GLM compared with controls. The possible targets and pathways of GLM were evaluated by bioinformatics analysis. The present study identified 13 differentially expressed miRNAs with important theoretical significance and potential application. Furthermore, miR-451a and miR-5571-3p were verified by RT-qPCR as possible biomarkers of GLM.

The Effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine Combined With Surgery to Treat Granulomatous Mastitis: A Propensity-Matched Analysis

PURPOSE

The etiology and pathology of granulomatous mastitis (GLM) are still unknown. Expert consensus on the treatment of GLM has not been developed. The objective of this study is to study the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) combined with surgery in treating GLM.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was implemented at Longhua Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in China between September 2019 and August 2021. Female patients were included according to the propensity-score matching (PSM) method and balanced according to age and BMI. Patients with GLM diagnosed by pathology and a course of disease ≥ 6 months were included in this trial. Patients were divided into the TCM alone group or TCM + surgery group.

RESULTS

In total, 168 female patients were assessed and 102 patients were included in the study after PSM (51 in the TCM group and 51 in the TCM + surgery group). The average age of the patients was 32 years (21-47 years). There was no significant baseline characteristics difference between two groups after PSM. The suppuration rate in the TCM + surgery group was less than that in the TCM group (64.7% vs. 83.35%, P < 0.05), and the TCM + surgery group had a higher 9-month cure rate than the TCM group (86.3% vs. 52.9%, P < 0.05). The full course of disease in the TCM + surgery group was shorter than that in the TCM group (253.9 ± 117.3 days vs. 332.5 ± 111.6 days, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

TCM combined with surgery can improve the cure rate and shorten the full course of GLM treatment, indicating surgery should be integrated in the clinical management of GLM.

Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: A Rare Confrontation

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is a benign chronic inflammatory condition of the breast, the etiology of which has not been identified yet; it mimics two common breast disorders: breast carcinoma and tuberculous mastitis. Hence, this clinical entity poses difficulties in the diagnostic work-up. As clinical presentation and imaging findings often simulate other infectious and neoplastic etiologies, an accurate and early diagnosis is crucial to prevent misdiagnosis. Clear guidelines have yet to be established regarding treatment. In this report, we describe a case in which a patient presented with a painful breast mass and was diagnosed with idiopathic granulomatous mastitis after histological evaluation. We managed this patient with a combination of surgical excision and, subsequently, a course of antibiotics and steroids. To conclude, idiopathic granulomatous mastitis must be considered a possible differential while treating a patient with a lump in the breast tissue. 

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis after ductoscopy: A case report

Introduction and importance

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is an uncommon, benign, chronic inflammatory breast disease of unknown etiology, unpredictable duration, and unclear therapy.

Presentation of case

A 41-year-old woman presented with pathological nipple discharge for which ductoscopy was performed. Post-ductoscopy, the patient developed abscesses in her breast with histopathological confirmation of granulomatous mastitis (GM).

Clinical discussion and conclusion

IGM has an unknown etiology and atypical presentation. This is the only case described in which IGM occurred after ductoscopy. This can be related to trauma-induced GM or underlying IGM aggravated by ductoscopy.

•

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) has an atypical presentation.

•

Radiological findings are non-specific in diagnosing IGM.

•

GM can occur after ductoscopy. Whether this is trauma-induced GM or underlying IGM aggravated by ductoscopy remains unknown.

Etiology of granulomatous lobular mastitis based on metagenomic next-generation sequencing

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to comprehensively explore the etiology of granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) to optimize treatment programs.

METHODS

We collected 30 fresh mastitis samples for metagenomic next-generation sequencing, morphological observation, and analysis of the clinical information.

RESULTS

Of the 30 samples, 25 were GLM; pathogens were detected in 17, these were: Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii (10 of 25, 40%); C. kroppenstedtii and Pseudomonas oleovorans (3 of 25, 12%); C. kroppenstedtii and human gammaherpesvirus 4 (1 of 25, 4%); Acinetobacter baumannii and C. kroppenstedtii (1 of 25, 4%); P. oleovorans (1 of 25, 4%); and Tepidiphilus thermophilus (1 of 25, 4%). Abnormal sex hormone levels (mainly prolactin) and/or autoimmune function were found in 12 of the 25 samples. Lipophilic antibiotics (rifampicin) were found to work effectively in patients with slow-healing wounds after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

The main pathogenic factor of GLM is C. kroppenstedtii infection, but other unusual pathogens (P. oleovorans, human gammaherpesvirus 4, A. baumannii, T. thermophilus) are likely to be closely related to GLM, particularly human gammaherpesvirus 4 (Epstein-Barr virus)-associated mastitis, which may be a new entity of mastitis. Abnormal levels of sex hormones and autoimmune function are also common causes. Therefore, lipophilic antibiotics (rifampicin) and prolactin inhibitors may be an effective treatment.

Clinicopathological evaluation of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis patients: A retrospective analysis from a tertiary care hospital in Turkey

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the breast with unknown etiology that is characterized by granuloma formation. We analyzed the clinical, radiological, and therapeutic approaches; the recurrence rate of the disease; and the pathological findings diagnosed with mastitis in a retrospective study. We evaluated a total of 77 patients subjected to core needle or excisional biopsy with preliminary diagnosis of mastitis between January 2017-December 2019 who diagnosed with IGM, nonspecific mastitis/abscess, or periductal mastitis/plasma cell mastitis as a result of their pathological assessment. The mean age was 39.24 ± 10.6. Though 65 patients were diagnosed with IGM (84.4%), other diagnoses were reported as nonspecific mastitis/abscess (n = 9), periductal mastitis (n = 2) and plasma cell mastitis (n = 1). Recurrence occurred in 30 (39%) patients during follow-up. In patients without IGM, the number of 5-year postpartum mastitis diagnoses was significantly higher (p = 0.0008) while number of 2-year postpartum mastitis diagnoses was lower (p = 0.255) compared to those in IGM patients. The rates of axillary lymphadenopathy, bacterial culture, parity, and menopausal status were not different in patients without IGM. Linear correlation analysis did not reveal a significant relationship between radiological preliminary diagnosis and pathological diagnosis with BI-RADS classification. A detailed assessment, accompanied with clinical, radiological, and pathological findings, should be performed to achieve an accurate diagnosis and effective patient management in IGM. Furthermore, IGM should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of mastitis among breast masses.

Risk Factors for Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis Recurrence after Patient-Tailored Treatment: Do We Need an Escalating Treatment Algorithm?

<b><i>Objective:</i></b> Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare, relapsing, benign inflammatory breast disease. Due to the conflicting etiology and differential diagnosis, the effect of varied treatment regimens on high recurrence is controversial. Therefore, we aimed to report our clinical experience in determining risk factors for recurrence after patient-tailored treatment. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This study evaluated 122 patients diagnosed with IGM according to sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive history, clinical presentation, time of diagnosis and radiological examinations, treatment management, and outcomes. The patients were classified into three groups based on curative treatment settings: medical therapy alone, surgery alone, and combined therapy. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The rates of patients receiving medical therapy alone, surgical therapy alone, and combined therapy were 23, 15.6, and 62.4%, respectively. Low vitamin B₁₂ levels, accompanying rheumatological disease, complaints-fistulae, number of complaints ≥3, presence of erythema nodosum, multicentricity, and treatment modality had a significant effect on disease recurrence (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). The effect on IGM recurrence was 2.8 times greater for the patients with lower vitamin B₁₂ levels, 4.5 times greater for those with rheumatological disease, 3.3 times greater for those with fistulae, 2.4 times greater for those presenting with ≥3 complaints, 2 times greater for the presence of multicentricity, 2.3 times greater for the presence of erythema nodosum, and 4.5 times greater for the patients receiving medical therapy alone. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Describing a low-risk patient profile can be an alternative while choosing monotherapy methods. For IGM patients at high risk of recurrence, an escalating treatment system may be effective in preventing relapses.

The therapeutic dilemma of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis

INTRODUCTION

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare, benign, chronic breast condition that can cause repeated abscesses or mass formation in bilateral breasts. The condition can severely impact the quality of life of affected women. This study aims to evaluate effective treatment modalities, as well as understand the demographics and clinical presentation of patients with IGM.

METHODS

An 11-year retrospective review was performed of patients diagnosed with IGM from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2018 at a tertiary breast unit.

RESULTS

A total of 77 patients were included in the study. The median age at presentation was 36 years old. IGM presented most commonly as a breast lump (98.1%). The median number of flares was 2 (1-12). Of the 77 patients, 68.8% (53) were treated with antibiotics, 50.6% (39) with steroids, and 44.2% (34) underwent surgery, in the course of their IGM treatment. Forty-five (59.2%) of the 76 patients with IGM required a multimodal treatment approach to achieve remission. There was no significant difference in the number of flares no matter the initial treatment (P=0.411), or subsequent treatment modality (P=0.343). Smokers had 10 times greater odds of having a "high flare" of IGM compared to those who did not smoke (P=0.031, odds ratio 10.444, 95% confidence interval 1.092-99.859).

CONCLUSION

IGM is a clinical diagnosis. It is a rare, relapsing breast inflammatory condition that affects young females with no superior treatment modality. Smoking is associated with higher number of flares of IGM and should be discouraged in IGM patients.

Oncoplastic Breast Surgery Techniques When Surgery is Essential for the Management of the Idiopatic Granulomatous Mastitis

BACKGROUND

Immunosuppressive agents are the main treatment options for idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM). However, in some patients, the remaining large pouch and seroma may cause recurrence and severe deformity. Oncoplastic breast surgery (OBS) techniques can be used when surgery is required.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this study, surgical results of the patients histopathologically diagnosed with IGM who underwent any of the OBS techniques between 2016 and 2020 were evaluated. Patient characteristics, surgical indications, and technical details of the surgery were recorded.

RESULTS

Eighteen patients who underwent wide excision combined with the OBS technique were included in the study. Surgery was performed owning to persistent disease (n = 12), recurrence (n = 3), and patient preference (n = 3). No major complications occurred after the OBS technique. None of the patients had recurrence at the surgical site.

CONCLUSIONS

When surgery is indicated in patients with IGM, successful results can be obtained with acceptable complication rates by using the simplest and easiest applicable OBS techniques, including volume displacement technique.

Local Steroid Treatment: An Effective Procedure for Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis, Including Complicated Cases

PURPOSE

To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment with topical and intralesional steroids for idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) and to compare with surgical methods.

METHODS

Data were retrospectively collected from records. Intralesional steroid injection and topical steroid administration, hereafter referred to as local steroid treatment (LST) were applied in Group 1. Surgery (local excision, wide excision, and mastectomy) was performed in Group 2. In Group 1, changes in lesion sizes were recorded and factors complicating treatment were identified. The Numeric Pain Rating Scale was used to determine subjective pain. LST and surgery were compared with regard to: pain before and after the treatment; complication rate; recurrence rate; and treatment cost.

RESULTS

There were 38 and 48 patients in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. In the LST group, 72 lesions were present and 70 of 72 (97%) responded completely to treatment. Pretreatment median maximum diameter was 23.50 (15.25-35.25) mm, which regressed to 16 (12-25) mm after the first session. While the pretreatment pain scores of Group 1 and Group 2 were similar (p = 0.756), there was a significant difference in the post-treatment pain scores (p < 0.001). No recurrence occurred in any patients in Group 1, while recurrence developed in 15 (31.2%) patients in Group 2 (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

LST is a treatment for IGM that is cheap, with high efficiency, negligible recurrence, and has good esthetic outcome. Our results suggest that LST should be the first-line treatment option for all IGM patients, including complicated cases.

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: challenges of treatment in iranian women

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

As a chronic inflammatory disease of an unknown origin, the treatment of granulomatous mastitis has always been controversial. According to some researchers, surgical treatment and certain medications, especially steroids, are more effective in treating the disease. This study aimed at evaluating the results of treatment in a group of patients with granulomatous mastitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This longitudinal cohort study evaluated the treatment outcomes of 87 patients with pathology-confirmed granulomatous mastitis referred to the surgical clinic of Central Hospital in Sari, Iran. Demographic, clinical, and pathological information, treatment methods and results, and the recurrence rate were analyzed.

FINDINGS

A total of 87 female patients with granulomatous mastitis aged 22-52 years with a mean age of 34 years were evaluated. All patients had palpable masses; the breast masses were painful in 48.3% of patients, and 55.2% of patients suffered from erythema and inflammation, and8% had fistulas and ulcers at the inflammation site. The patients were followed-up for an average duration of 26 months (8-48 months) after treatment and recovery. The overall recurrence rate was 24.1%, and the recurrence rate was 29.4% in patients underwent surgery, 34.8% in patients received high-dose prednisolone, and 17% in those received low-dose prednisolone together with drainage (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

According to the results, the low-dose prednisolone plus drainage was more effective with a lower recurrence rate than only surgical excision or high-dose prednisolone. In fact, the use of minimally invasive methods such as drainage plus low-dose steroids is a more effective method with fewer side effects than the other two methods.

The effect of methotrexate monotherapy on treatment-resistant idiopathic granulomatous mastitis patients

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a disease of unknown etiology, involving a chronic inflammatory process, characterized by noncaseating granuloma formation. IGM can mimic a tumor clinically and radiologically. Since we are a tertiary referral center, most of our patients (n = 56, 87.5%) are secondary admissions who have previously had antibiotics and steroid treatments; therefore, we accept these patients as resistant cases. Here, we aim to present our single-center series of 64 patients with resistant IGM who underwent methotrexate monotherapy. To the best of our knowledge, our study includes the highest number of patients described in the literature with IGM who have undergone this treatment.

METHODS

This study included 64 patients, 56 of which were resistant cases, diagnosed with IGM between January 2013 and January 2020 at Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, General Surgery Breast Outpatient Clinic that were followed-up at least once. These patients were administered oral methotrexate monotherapy 15 mg/week for 24 weeks, and in relapsed cases, the treatment was up to 20 mg/week for 1 year. Folic acid 10 mg/week was given as a supplement to all patients.

RESULTS

Complete recovery was observed in 52 (81.25%) of the 64 patients. Follow-up was discontinued by 4 patients. The dose was increased and the duration of treatment was extended up to 1 year when relapse was observed in 8 patients and complete response was then obtained in these cases. Only 3 patients (4.69%) experienced side effects and were switched to subcutaneous treatment due to nausea.

CONCLUSION

Considering the high patient compliance, low recurrence, minimal side effects, and overall success of the treatment, we believe that methotrexate monotherapy may be used in treatment-resistant IGM patients and may also be the first choice for first-line treatment in the future.

Xantho-granulomatous mastitis preceded by cysts on ultrasound: Two cases with review of literature

Xantho-granulomatous mastitis (XGM) is a rare entity, only recently described in 2005. These lesions are often biopsied due to their clinical and radiological resemblance to breast cancer. With limited clinical experience, the etiopathogenesis and natural history of XGM remains unknown. We present two cases of pathologically proven XGM that were imaged at two time-points, with the findings alluding to the possibility of a precursor stage of cyst formation. In addition, we present a thorough review of all cases published to date and discuss the differential considerations and management implications of XGM.

What are the new findings with regard to the mysterious disease idiopathic granulomatous mastitis?

PURPOSE

To review the demographic and clinical features and the success rates of treatment approaches for idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM).

METHODS

A total of 134 patients diagnosed with IGM pathologically and treated by a single breast surgeon were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS

The time between the occurrence of symptoms and the last delivery was < 24 months in 25 (23.1%), 24-48 months in 51 (38.1%), and > 48 months in 52 (38.8%). The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.002). Although there was no significant difference, seasonal fluctuations were noticed, with the incidence being slightly higher during late spring and summer. Bilateral disease was present in 10 (7.5%) patients. Seven patients (5.2%) had erythema nodosum. The treatment approaches were conservative in 42, surgical procedures in 48, steroid treatment in 18, and surgical procedure + steroid treatment in 24. The median recovery time with conservative approaches was lower than that with surgical procedure + steroid treatment (p < 0.0001). Recurrence developed in 10 patients (7.7%).

CONCLUSION

Clinical differences were detected among the patients with IGM, and classification of patients by severity is needed to plan the optimal treatment approach. Seasonal fluctuations suggest the possibility of an immunological disease rather than a surgical disease.

Is There any Relationship Between Granulomatous Mastitis and Seasons? An Analysis of Seasonal Frequency, Clinical, and Radiologic Findings

Objective

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare, resistant, and recurrent benign disease of the breast. IGM can be clinically and radiologically confused with breast carcinoma, and core needle biopsy is needed to diagnose. The etiology and pathogenesis of IGM have not been fully explained. This premenopausal disease may be associated with pregnancy, breastfeeding, autoimmune processes, inflammation, and oral contraceptives. However, there is no study on whether there is a seasonal relationship.

Materials and Methods

From January 2015 to January 2020, the seasonal relationship of IGM was evaluated in 37 females aged between 25-49.

Results

Although all cases were distributed between September and May, there was no statistically significant result in the relationship with the season. US is the main modality in the diagnosis of this condition which only provides an accurate pre-diagnosis approach with the typical USG appearance features. Some MRI features may help us to distinguish IGM from breast malignities.

Conclusion

IGM is a rare chronic non-specific inflammatory lesion of the breast, which can be confused with benign and malignant breast diseases in both clinical and radiologic aspects. To understand the etiology of this condition better, the seasonal connection needs to be evaluated in larger patient groups.

Treatment of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis and factors related with disease recurrence

Background/aim

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is a rare, benign inflammatory disease of breast. There is no general agreement on the appropriate treatment choice. The aim of the study was to investigate the immunosuppressive administer for idiopathic granulomatous mastitis and risk factors related with disease recurrence.

Materials and methods

The data of 53 patients with idiopathic granulomatous mastitis were evaluated for this cross-sectional retrospective study. Demographic features and clinical characteristics and course of the patients were obtained from file records.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 37.2 ± 6.6 years. Fifty-one of 53 patients received immunosuppressive treatment with or without surgery. Forty-seven (88.6%) of the patients received only immunosuppressive treatment without surgery, while 4 (7.54%) patients received immunosuppressive treatment after surgery. Forty-one (77.3%) of 47 patients who had no surgical resection received methotrexate as immunosuppressive treatment. The other 6 (11.3%) patients received azathioprine or corticosteroid treatment. Complete or partial remission was observed in 50 (98%) of 51 patients who received immunosuppressive treatment, while only 1 (2%) patient did not reach remission. No factors were found related with recurrence of disease.

Conclusion

Methotrexate seems to be efficient in the treatment of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis and provides drug-free remission.

A Novel First-Line Treatment Alternative for Noncomplicated Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: Combined İntralesional Steroid İnjection with Topical Steroid Administration

Background

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare form of nonlactational mastitis. Due to the small number of case series and consequently inadequate prospective studies, there is still no consensus on the optimal treatment of IGM. In this study, we aimed to compare the efficacy of intralesional steroid injection with concomitant topical steroids to systemic steroid therapy only in the treatment of noncomplicated IGM.

Methods

Between June 2015 and April 2018, the patients' data was prospectively collected and analyzed retrospectively. The study included a total of 78 female patients diagnosed with IGM. Patients were divided into 2 groups: the local steroid treatment group (intralesional steroid injection with topical steroid administration; group 1, n = 46) and the peroral systemic steroid treatment group (group 2, n = 32). Response to the therapy, side effects, recurrence, the need for surgical treatment, and complication rates were compared.

Results

Forty-three patients (93.5%) in group 1 achieved a partial or complete response compared to 23 patients (71.9%) in group 2 after 3 months; this difference was significant (p = 0.012). The recurrence rates were significantly lower in group 1 (8.7%) compared to group 2 (46.9%; p = 0.001), and the need for surgical treatment was significantly less in group 1 (2.2%) than in group 2 (9.4%; p = 0.001). While the complication rates were similar between groups, a higher rate of systemic side effects was observed in group 2.

Conclusion

Based on the results of our study, combined steroid injection and topical steroid treatment in IGM is as effective as systemic steroid treatment. We suggest that this combination therapy of topical steroids and local steroid injection should be used as first-line therapy in patients with noncomplicated IGM.

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: Management and predictors of recurrence in 474 patients

Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis (IGM) is an uncommon inflammatory disease of the breast, with similar presentations as breast cancer and a relatively high recurrence rate. We reviewed the demographics, clinical presentations, and treatment modalities of a large cohort of patients in Iran. Most of the patients had history of pregnancy and breastfeeding. The most common clinical finding was pain and a palpable mass, respectively. Most of the patients received medical treatment, and about half of the patients had surgery. The recurrence rate was 24.8%, and breast skin lesions were associated with a significantly higher odds of recurrence.

Comparison of the Outcome of Low Dose and High-Dose Corticosteroid in the Treatment of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare chronic inflammatory breast condition with unknown etiology. Different treatments including corticosteroids have been recommended with no universal consensus. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of low dose vs. high dose prednisolone in treatment of IGM.

METHODS

In this randomized clinical trial, 30 female patients with IGM were randomly allocated to receive low dose or high dose prednisolone. First group received 5 mg daily prednisolone, while the second group received 50 mg for three days, 25 mg for the next three days and then 12.5 mg for further three days and 5 mg daily afterwards, both for two months. Patients were evaluated 2, 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment. The success and recurrence rate was compared between groups.

RESULTS

High dose group had significantly higher rate of remission compared to low dose group (93.3% vs. 53.3%, p=0.03). One patient in high dose group and 5 patients in low dose group underwent lumpectomy due to persistent symptoms. Two other patients in low dose group received high dose treatment after three months due to no change in symptoms. Among patients with remission, recurrence was also significantly lower in high dose compared to low dose prednisolone (0% vs. 37.5%, p=0.04).

CONCLUSION

High dose prednisolone has high success rate with lower recurrence in the treatment of IGM and could reduce the need for surgery. However, further studies are necessary to confirm these findings.

A systematic surgical approach for the treatment of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: a case series

Background

Surgical resection can be performed for idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM), but recurrence and tissue defects remain issues. Here we report our 6-year experience with a four-pattern surgical approach for IGM that involves the use of a random breast dermo-glandular flap (BDGF).

Methods

Sixty-eight consecutive patients with IGM were prospectively enrolled from 01/2012 and 03/2017. Based on the extent, shape, and location of the lesions, four different patterns of surgery based on BDGF were used to remove the lesion and repair the defect. Operative data (time, blood loss, and intraoperative complications), primary healing time, recurrence, and patient-reported outcomes (cosmetic outcome, and improvement in dressing change and bathing) at 2 years were evaluated.

Results

Patients' median age was 35 (range, 22-55) years. Duration of IGM was 3-22 months, with a median lesion size of 3.5 (range, 0.9-9.1) cm. The operative time was significantly longer, and blood loss was more important with the increasing lesion size (both P<0.05). No significant intraoperative complications occurred. All wounds healed by primary intention. IGM relapsed in three patients (3/68, 4.4%); they were treated successfully with a second operation. The self-evaluated cosmetic outcome was "much better" in 45 patients (66.2%), "a little better" in 18 (26.5%), and "same or worse" in five (7.3%). The self-evaluated improvement in dressing change and bathing was "improved a lot" in 51 patients (75.0%), "improved a little" in 11 (16.2%), and "not improved or getting worse" in six (8.8%).

Conclusions

The BDGF-based systematic four-pattern surgical approach is effective in the treatment of IGM. Recurrence rate is low, there are no complications, and the cosmetic results and improvement in dressing change and bathing are generally favourable.

Different Treatments for Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE

Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) is infrequently diagnosed. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of managements for GLM in the nonlactation period.

METHODS

Publications were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library on September 10, 2018. We pooled and compared the outcome parameters and complete remission (CR) rates between different treatments using a meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Twenty-one publications including 970 patients treated with surgical excision, steroids, abscess drainage, antibiotics, and observation were included. Surgery significantly improved CR rate compared with steroids (p = 0.0003). There was no difference in the CR rate in patients treated with surgery alone or combined with steroids (p = 0.28). Surgery showed borderline significant efficacy in the CR rate compared with antibiotics (p = 0.06) and abscess drainage (p = 0.06). No difference was observed in effectiveness between observation and surgical management in patients diagnosed with early GLM and mild symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

Although surgery was the ideal management for GLM, steroids and antibiotics might be ideal managements for GLM patients who are worried about surgical scars. Observation was an impressive alternative for patients with early GLM.

The Role of Establishing a Multidisciplinary Team for Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis in Improving Patient Outcomes and Spreading Awareness about Recent Disease Trends

Background

Iidiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is stereotypically described as a mysterious entity that mimics breast carcinoma imposing management challenges. In 2002, we established a multidisciplinary team to treat patients with IGM. This study aimed to evaluate the role of this team in improving patient outcomes. Also, a review of literature is provided to highlight recent disease trends. Patients and Methods. Pertinent data for 44 patients treated for IGM from 2002 to 2018 were analyzed and compared to data prior to 2002.

Results

Mean age at diagnosis was 37.9 years ± 6.4. The diagnosis of IGM was confirmed by True-cut biopsy (TCB), Frozen section (FS), and surgical biopsy in 70.5%, 25%, and 4.5% of patients, respectively. FS was used to assess the resection margins in three patients. Suspicion for malignancy was raised in one out of 39 ultrasound reports, and one out of 20 mammography reports. Wide local excision was the main treatment modality (95.5%). 19 patients (43.2%) received corticosteroids. Prior to 2002, IGM was only recognized after surgical resection with a 71% initial false impression of carcinoma. After 2002, the initial false clinical impression of carcinoma dropped to 29.5%. Recurrence rate was 31.82%. Younger age at diagnosis was significantly associated with recurrence (χ ² = 5.598; p = 0.018). Chi-square analysis showed no significant association between BMI and recurrence (χ ² = 0.776; p = 0.678).

Conclusion

The establishment of a multidisciplinary team for IGM was associated with a reduced erroneous impression of breast cancer, and a reduced false positive radiological diagnosis of breast carcinoma. FS was a useful confirmatory procedure. Our series included the first case of a diffuse papular rash as a systemic manifestation of IGM. Recent literature indicates that IGM is changing its face. IGM is being reported in all age groups, and even in males. The clinical manifestations have markedly expanded. Diagnosis by TCB has replaced blind surgical excision. More data regarding predictors of recurrence is accumulating.

The Predictive Value of the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients with Recurrent Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the inflammatory parameters including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and the prognosis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM).

Materials and methods

In this retrospective study, a total of 41 patients with IGM who had no malignant disease or inflammatory pathologies were included between January 2010 and December 2017. The patients were divided into two groups according to presence or absence of recurrence. Subsequently, the relationship between patient characteristics, pre- and postoperative NLR and PLR levels and disease recurrence were evaluated.

Results

With a mean follow-up period of 28.4 months, 19.5% of patients were found to have recurrent IGM. Age, body mass index, patient characteristics such as oral contraceptive use, smoking status, and family history, surgical treatment and postoperative NLR, preoperative PLR, and postoperative PLR were not statistically significant between groups. However, only preoperative NLR was significantly associated with a recurrent IGM (p=0.024). Preoperative NLR predicted recurrence with a sensitivity of 62.5% and specificity of 84.8%.

Conclusion

These results demonstrated that a high level of NLR was predictive of poor outcome in patients with IGM.

Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis with Skin Rupture: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 200 Patients Who Underwent Surgical and Nonsurgical Treatment

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) can clinically and radiographically mimic an abscess or breast cancer. Although IGM is benign, it can cause the breast skin to appear "riddled with holes" and can even result in the loss of the breast. The optimal treatment has not been established.

METHODS

We retrospectively studied the medical records of 200 patients with IGM who were treated for skin rupture from June 2015 to June 2017 in our institute. The patients' treatment modalities (including surgery after steroid therapy and steroid therapy alone), outcomes, and scores of satisfaction questionnaires were analyzed. The time to healing and recurrence rate were compared with a focus on the treatment modalities to identify the most effective treatments for IGM.

RESULTS

The median follow-up time was 15.64 months (range, 12-36 months). In total, 156 patients were treated with surgery after steroid therapy and 44 were treated with steroid therapy alone. The median times to healing in the surgical and nonsurgical groups were 25 and 258 days, respectively (p = 0.003). Four of 156 (2.56%) patients developed post-excision wound complications. Eight of 156 patients (5.1%) in the surgical group and 10 of 44 (22.7%) patients in the nonsurgical group developed recurrence (p < 0.01). The scores of the satisfaction questionnaire were 36 ± 4.28 in the surgical group and 24 ± 8.62 in the nonsurgical group (p = 0.017).

CONCLUSION

IGM is a benign disease but can have serious consequences. Surgery after steroid therapy is an effective and more satisfactory treatment than steroid therapy alone.

Granulomatous Mastitis and Factors Associated with Recurrence: An 11-Year Single-Centre Study of 113 Patients in Singapore

BACKGROUND

Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is an inflammatory breast disease of unknown aetiology. It poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges with myriad forms of clinical presentation, varying results to treatments and propensity to recur. This study aims to look at clinical and treatment factors that predispose to recurrence of GM.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective review of 113 patients in our unit with histologically proven GM from 2006 to 2016. Demographic, clinical, treatment and outcomes data were collected and analysed.

RESULTS

Eighty-nine patients were treated with antibiotics (78.8%), 79 (69.9%) with steroids and 23 (20.4%) patients underwent surgery. Twenty (17.7%) patients had recurrence. Patients who presented with inflammatory signs and symptoms had increased odds of having subsequent recurrence: skin changes (1.50), pain (2.00), fistula (4.39) and antibiotic treatment (6.65). Four patients (20%) with recurrence had positive bacterial cultures. All 4 grew Corynebacterium. Patients with Corynebacterium infection had a 2.64 times higher risk of recurrence. Surgery did not preclude recurrence. There was a 70% (7/10) penicillin resistance rate in our patients with positive cultures for Corynebacterium.

CONCLUSION

Initial presentation with inflammatory signs and symptoms may confer increased risk of recurrence, warranting closer monitoring. Corynebacterium infection may play a part as a causative factor and risk factor for recurrence. Non-penicillin antibiotics should be considered as first-line antibiotics for patients presenting with inflammatory changes. Further prospective studies with larger patient populations might reveal information on the aetiology of GM and result in the development of a more standardized and effective treatment regimen.