Short-term outcomes of endometriosis surgery in Ontario: A population-based cohort study

Endometriosis and mental health: a population-based cohort study

BACKGROUND

Endometriosis is a chronic gynecologic disorder that leads to considerable pain and a reduced quality of life. Although its physiological manifestations have been explored, its impact on mental health is less well defined. Existing studies of endometriosis and mental health were conducted within diverse healthcare landscapes with varying access to care and with a primary focus on surgically diagnosed endometriosis. A single-payer healthcare system offers a unique environment to investigate this association with fewer barriers to access care while considering the mode of endometriosis diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE

Our objective was to assess the association between endometriosis and the risk for mental health conditions and to evaluate differences between patients diagnosed medically and those diagnosed surgically.

STUDY DESIGN

A matched, population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted in Ontario and included patients aged 18 to 50 years with a first-time endometriosis diagnosis between January 1, 2010, and July 1, 2020. Endometriosis exposure was determined through either medical or surgical diagnostic criteria. A medical diagnosis was defined by the use of the corresponding International Classification of Disease diagnostic codes from outpatient and in-hospital visits, whereas a surgical diagnosis was identified through inpatient or same-day surgeries. Individuals with endometriosis were matched 1:2 on age, sex, and geography to unexposed individuals without a history of endometriosis. The primary outcome was the first occurrence of any mental health condition after an endometriosis diagnosis. Individuals with a mental health diagnosis in the 2 years before study entry were excluded. Cox regression models were used to generate hazard ratios with adjustment for hysterectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, infertility, pregnancy history, qualifying surgery for study inclusion, immigration status, history of asthma, abnormal uterine bleeding, diabetes, fibroids, hypertension, irritable bowel disorder, migraines, and nulliparity.

RESULTS

A total of 107,832 individuals were included, 35,944 with a diagnosis of endometriosis (29.5% medically diagnosed, 60.5% surgically diagnosed, and 10.0% medically diagnosed with surgical confirmation) and 71,888 unexposed individuals. Over the study period, the incidence rate was 105.3 mental health events per 1000 person-years in the endometriosis group and 66.5 mental health events per 1000 person-year among unexposed individuals. Relative to the unexposed individuals, the adjusted hazard ratio for a mental health diagnosis was 1.28 (95% confidence interval, 1.24-1.33) among patients with medically diagnosed endometriosis, 1.33 (95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.52) among surgically diagnosed patients, and 1.36 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-1.6) among those diagnosed medically with subsequent surgical confirmation. The risk for receiving a mental health diagnosis was highest in the first year after an endometriosis diagnosis and declined in subsequent years. The cumulative incidence of a severe mental health condition requiring hospital visits was 7.0% among patients with endometriosis and 4.6% among unexposed individuals (hazard ratio, 1.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.53-1.59).

CONCLUSION

Endometriosis, regardless of mode of diagnosis, is associated with a marginally increased risk for mental health conditions. The elevated risk, particularly evident in the years immediately following the diagnosis, underscores the need for proactive mental health screening among those newly diagnosed with endometriosis. Future research should investigate the potential benefits of mental health interventions for people with endometriosis with the aim of enhancing their overall quality of life.

Day surgery for endometriosis in Canada: A retrospective cohort of trend and regional variation in types of surgeries and their complications

BACKGROUND

A significant proportion of patients with endometriosis require surgery for management of the disease.

AIMS

We aimed to assess the trend and regional variation in day surgeries for endometriosis across Canada and to identify perioperative complications associated with types of surgeries and their temporal trend and regional variation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women undergoing day surgeries for endometriosis between 2015 and 2019 using Canadian administrative data from the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System, which includes data from four provinces (Ontario (ON), Alberta (AB), Nova Scotia (NS) and Prince Edward Island (PEI)). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to compare perioperative complication rates, while adjusting for site(s) of endometriosis lesion, age, type of surgical intervention, and comorbidities.

RESULTS

During the study period, the rate of day surgeries for endometriosis remained nearly constant at 80-90 cases per 100 000 women of reproductive age (P = 0.12). The rate of day surgeries was significantly different between provinces (AB = 94, NS = 93 vs ON = 85 per 100 000 women of reproductive age: P < 0.02). The odds of complications decreased with time (2019 vs 2015; adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.84; 95% CI: 0.73-0.98). There was a significant regional variation in the frequency of perioperative complications (PEI vs ON aOR: 4.13, 95% CI: 2.58-6.62; and NS vs ON aOR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.11-1.95).

CONCLUSION

The rates of day surgery for endometriosis remained stable and the risks of perioperative complications decreased during the five-year study period. However, there were significant regional variations in the risk of perioperative complications.

Risk Factors for Major Complications Following Minimally Invasive Surgeries for Endometriosis in the United States

STUDY OBJECTIVE

To study the rate and risk factors for short-term postoperative complications of patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for endometriosis in the United States.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING

American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2012 to 2020.

PATIENTS

Patients with endometriosis diagnosis.

INTERVENTIONS

Laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

We compared women with and without 30-day postoperative major complications, defined according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. A total of 28 697 women underwent MIS during the study period, of which 2.6% had major postoperative complications. Organ space surgical site infection and reoperation were the most common complications (47.0% and 39.8%, respectively). In multivariable regression analysis, African American race (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.61 [1.29-2.01], p <.001), hypertension (aOR 95% CI 1.23 [1.01-1.50], p = .036), bleeding disorders (aOR 95% CI 1.96 [1.03-3.74], p = .041), bowel procedures (aOR 95% CI 1.93 [1.37-2.72], p <.001) and hysterectomy (aOR 95% CI 2.09 [1.67-2.63], p <.001) were independently associated with increased risk of major complications. In multivariable regression analysis of laparoscopies without bowel procedures, African American race, bleeding disorders, and hysterectomy were independently associated with increased major complication risk. Among cases with bowel procedures, African American race and colectomy were independently associated with increased major complication risk. In multivariable regression analysis of women who underwent hysterectomy, African American race, bleeding disorders, and lysis of adhesions were independently associated with increased major complications risk. Among women who underwent uterine-sparing surgery, African American race, hypertension, preoperative blood transfusion, and bowel procedures were independently associated with increased major complications risk.

CONCLUSION

Among women undergoing MIS for endometriosis, African American race, hypertension, bleeding disorders, and bowel surgery or hysterectomy are risk factors for major complications. African American race is a risk factor for major complications among women undergoing surgeries with and without bowel procedures or hysterectomy.

Excisional endometriosis surgery with hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy versus excisional endometriosis surgery alone for pelvic pain associated with deep endometriosis

Background: There is no agreed consensus on the optimal surgical treatment for pain associated with endometriosis. Objectives: To compare improvement in symptoms and quality-of-life in patients undergoing excisional endometriosis surgery (EES) versus EES with hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (EES-HBSO). Methods: This study evaluated patients undergoing EES and EES-HBSO at a single endometriosis centre between 2009 and 2019. Data was obtained from the British Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy database. Adenomyosis was assessed by blinded re-analysis of imaging and/or histology data. Main outcome measures: Pain scores (numeric rating scale 0-10) and quality-of-life scores (EQ-VAS) before and after EES and EES-HBSO. Results: We included 120 patients undergoing EES and 100 patients undergoing EES-HBSO. After controlling for baseline characteristics and the presence of adenomyosis, there was greater post-op improvement in non-cyclical pelvic pain amongst patients undergoing EES-HBSO compared to EES alone.The baseline pain scores had improved in the EES-HBSO cohort by 2.106/10 at 6 months (95%CI 0.469-3.742, p=0.012), 2.642/10 at 12 months (95%CI 0.871-4.413, p=0.004), and 2.548/10 at 24 months (95%CI 0.681-4.414, p=0.008), when compared to the EES group. Greater improvement amongst EES-HBSO patients was also seen for dyspareunia, non-cyclical dyschaezia and bladder pain. Patients undergoing EES-HBSO had greater improvement in EQ-VAS, although this was no longer statistically significant after controlling for adenomyosis. Conclusion: EES-HBSO appears to provide greater benefit than EES alone for symptoms including non-cyclical pelvic pain as well as for quality-of-life. Further research is required to determine which patients benefit the most from EES-HBSO, and whether removal of the ovaries, uterus or both is the key to this additional benefit in symptom control.