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Hardie I, Murray A, King J, Hall HA, Okelo K, Luedecke E, Marryat L, Thompson L, Minnis H, Lombardo M, Wilson P, Auyeung B. Investigating low birth weight and preterm birth as potential mediators in the relationship between prenatal infections and early child development: a linked administrative health data analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 2024:jech-2023-221826. [PMID: 38834230 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2023-221826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal infections are associated with childhood developmental outcomes such as reduced cognitive abilities, emotional problems and other developmental vulnerabilities. However, there is currently a lack of research examining whether this arises due to potential intermediary variables like low birth weight or preterm birth, or due to some other mechanisms of maternal immune activation arising from prenatal infections. METHODS Administrative data from the National Health Service health board of Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Scotland, were used, linking birth records to hospital records and universal child health review records for 55 534 children born from 2011 to 2015, and their mothers. Causal mediation analysis was conducted to examine the extent to which low birth weight and preterm birth mediate the relationship between hospital-diagnosed prenatal infections and having developmental concern(s) identified by a health visitor during 6-8 weeks or 27-30 months child health reviews. RESULTS Model estimates suggest that 5.18% (95% CI 3.77% to 7.65%) of the positive association observed between hospital-diagnosed prenatal infections and developmental concern(s) was mediated by low birth weight, while 7.37% (95% CI 5.36 to 10.88%) was mediated by preterm birth. CONCLUSION Low birth weight and preterm birth appear to mediate the relationship between prenatal infections and childhood development, but only to a small extent. Maternal immune activation mechanisms unrelated to low birth weight and preterm birth remain the most likely explanation for associations observed between prenatal infections and child developmental outcomes, although other factors (for example, genetic factors) may also be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Hardie
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aja Murray
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Josiah King
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hildigunnar Anna Hall
- Centre for Health Security and Communicable Disease Control, Directorate of Health, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kenneth Okelo
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emily Luedecke
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Louise Marryat
- School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lucy Thompson
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Aberdeen, Inverness, UK
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gotherburg, Sweden
| | - Helen Minnis
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael Lombardo
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Philip Wilson
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Aberdeen, Inverness, UK
- Centre for Research and Education in General Practice, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Santimano AJ, Al-Zoubi RM, Al-Qudimat AR, Al Darwish MB, Ojha LK, Rejeb MA, Hamad Y, Elrashid MA, Ruxshan NM, El Omri A, Bawadi H, Al-Asmakh MA, Yassin A, Aboumarzouk OM, Zarour A, Al-Ansari AA. Efficacy and Clinical Outcomes of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Intervirology 2024; 67:40-54. [PMID: 38432215 PMCID: PMC11006275 DOI: 10.1159/000538135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The world has witnessed one of the largest pandemics, dubbed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of December 2020, the USA alone reported 98,948 cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection during pregnancy, with 109 related maternal deaths. Current evidence suggests that unvaccinated pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 are at a higher risk of experiencing complications related to COVID-19 compared to nonpregnant women. This review aimed to provide healthcare workers and non-healthcare workers with a comprehensive overview of the available information regarding the efficacy of vaccines in pregnant women. SUMMARY We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines. The search through the database for articles published between December 2019 and October 2021 was performed. A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases for research publications published between December 2019 and October 2021. We focused on original research, case reports, case series, and vaccination side effect by authoritative health institutions. Phrases used for the Medical Subject Heading [MeSH] search included ("COVID-19" [MeSH]) or ("Vaccine" [MeSH]) and ("mRNA" [MeSH]) and ("Pregnant" [MeSH]). Eleven studies were selected and included, with a total of 46,264 pregnancies that were vaccinated with mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticle vaccine from Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna during pregnancy. There were no randomized trials, and all studies were observational (prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional). The mean maternal age was 32.2 years, and 98.7% of pregnant women received the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccination. The local and systemic adverse effects of the vaccination in pregnant women were analyzed and reported. The local adverse effects of the vaccination (at least 1 dose) such as local pain, swelling, and redness were reported in 32%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. The systemic adverse effects such as fatigue, headaches, new onset or worsening of muscle pain, chills, fever, and joint pains were also reported in 25%, 19%, 18%, 12%, 11%, and 8%, respectively. The average birthweight was 3,452 g. Among these pregnancies, 0.03% were stillbirth and 3.68% preterm (<37 weeks) births. KEY MESSAGES The systemic side effect profile after administering the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine to pregnant women was similar to that in nonpregnant women. Maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality were lowered with the administration of either one or both the doses of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Santimano
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Raed M. Al-Zoubi
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ahmad R. Al-Qudimat
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed B. Al Darwish
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laxmi Kumari Ojha
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Amine Rejeb
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yasser Hamad
- Department of Quality and Patients Safety, Rehabilitation Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Malaz A. Elrashid
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Noorah M. Ruxshan
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdelfatteh El Omri
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hiba Bawadi
- Department of Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maha A. Al-Asmakh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aksam Yassin
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Center of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dresden International University, Dresden, Germany
| | - Omar M. Aboumarzouk
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ahmad Zarour
- Acute Care Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdulla A. Al-Ansari
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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3
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Celik IH, Tanacan A, Canpolat FE. Neonatal outcomes of maternal prenatal coronavirus infection. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:445-455. [PMID: 38057579 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02950-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to significant changes in life and healthcare all over the world. Pregnant women and their newborns require extra attention due to the increased risk of adverse outcomes. Adverse pregnancy outcomes include intensive care unit (ICU) admission, pulmonary, cardiac, and renal impairment leading to mortality. Immaturity and variations of the neonatal immune system may be advantageous in responding to the virus. Neonates are at risk of vertical transmission and in-utero infection. Impaired intrauterine growth, prematurity, vertical transmission, and neonatal ICU admission are the most concerning issues. Data on maternal and neonatal outcomes should be interpreted cautiously due to study designs, patient characteristics, clinical variables, the effects of variants, and vaccination beyond the pandemic. Cesarean section, immediate separation of mother-infant dyads, isolation of neonates, and avoidance of breast milk were performed to reduce transmission risk at the beginning of the pandemic in the era of insufficient knowledge. Vertical transmission was found to be low with favorable short-term outcomes. Serious fetal and neonatal outcomes are not expected, according to growing evidence. Long-term effects may be associated with fetal programming. Knowledge and lessons from COVID-19 will be helpful for the next pandemic if it occurs. IMPACT: Prenatal infection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Our review includes the effects of COVID-19 on the fetus and neonates, transmission routes, placental effects, fetal and neonatal outcomes, and long-term effects on neonates. There is a growing body of data and evidence about the COVID-19 pandemic. Knowledge and lessons from the pandemic will be helpful for the next pandemic if it happens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istemi Han Celik
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Health Sciences Türkiye; Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Teaching and Research Hospital, 06010, Ankara, Türkiye.
| | - Atakan Tanacan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatology Clinic, University of Health Sciences Turkiye, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, 06800, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Fuat Emre Canpolat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Health Sciences Türkiye, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, 06800, Ankara, Türkiye
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4
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Abulseoud OA, Chan B, Rivera-Chiauzzi EY, Egol CJ, Nettey VN, Van Ligten MJ, Griffin TN, Aly M, Sinha S, Schneekloth TD. Psychiatric disorders during pregnancy in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 positive women: Prevalence and effect on outcome. Psychiatry Res 2023; 326:115313. [PMID: 37336168 PMCID: PMC10273774 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The effect of psychiatric comorbidity on pregnancy outcome among SARS-CoV-2 positive women with asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic infections remains largely unknown. We reviewed the electronic medical records of all pregnant women who received care at Mayo Health System and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (RT-PCR) from March 2020 through October 2021. Among 789 patients, 34.2% (n = 270) had psychiatric comorbidity. Of those with psychiatric comrobidity, 62.2% (n = 168) had depression prior to pregnancy, and 5.2% (n = 14) reported new-onset depression during pregnancy. Before pregnancy, 65.6% (n = 177) had anxiety, and 4.4% (n = 12) developed anxiety during pregnancy Thirteen percent of SARS-CoV-2 positive pregnant women (n = 108) received psychotropic medication during pregnancy. In addition, 6.7% (n = 18) and 10.7% (n = 29) of pregnant women with psychiatric comorbidity had documented nicotine, cannabis and/ or illicit substance use during and prior to pregnancy, respectively. We depicted a significantly higher risk for cesarean delivery [35.6% vs. 24.9%) in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 positive pregnant women with psychiatric comorbidity. In conclusion, the prevalence rates of depression, anxiety, and prescribed antidepressant medications during pregnancy among asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected women were substantially higher than average, which negatively impacted pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama A Abulseoud
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 58054; Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona 58054.
| | - Belinda Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
| | | | - Claudine J Egol
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 58054
| | - Victor N Nettey
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 58054
| | | | | | - Mohamed Aly
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85054
| | - Shirshendu Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 58054
| | - Terry D Schneekloth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 58054
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Szyszka M, Rzońca E, Rychlewicz S, Bączek G, Ślęzak D, Rzońca P. Association between Parity and Preterm Birth-Retrospective Analysis from a Single Center in Poland. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1763. [PMID: 37372882 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11121763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm births and parity are two medical areas that seem to be entirely different from each other. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between parity and maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with preterm birth. This study involved a retrospective analysis of electronic medical records from St. Sophia Hospital in Warsaw (Poland). This study was conducted among women who gave birth to preterm infants between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2021. A total of 2043 cases of preterm births were included in the final analysis. A higher odds ratio of preterm birth in primiparas was found in women living in a city/town (OR = 1.56) and having secondary (OR = 1.46) and higher education (OR = 1.82). Multiparas who gave birth to preterm infants were more frequently diagnosed with gestational diabetes (19.69%) than primiparas. Multiparas were more likely to give birth to preterm infants who received an Apgar score of ≤7 both at 1 and 5 min after birth (25.80% and 15.34%). The results of our study emphasize the differences between primiparas and multiparas who give birth to preterm infants. Knowledge of these differences is essential to improve the perinatal care provided to mothers and their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szyszka
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Rzońca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Didactics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Rychlewicz
- St. Sophia's Specialist Hospital, Żelazna Medical Center, 01-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Bączek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Didactics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Ślęzak
- Department of Medical Rescue, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Patryk Rzońca
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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Boychuk AV, Yakymchuk YB, Shevchuk OО, Vari SG, Nikitina IM. PREGNANT WOMEN WITH COVID-19 AND PLACENTA ANGIOGENESIS. POLSKI MERKURIUSZ LEKARSKI : ORGAN POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA LEKARSKIEGO 2023; 51:441-447. [PMID: 38069843 DOI: 10.36740/merkur202305101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aim of our research was to conduct a clinical and laboratory analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy and the condition of the fetus. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and Methods: At the first stage, we conducted a retrospective examination of 50 pregnant women treated at Ternopil Municipal Hospital No.2 (Ukraine) between November 2020 and January 2022 with the history of COVID-19, confirmed by PCR test, and 25 pregnant COVID-19 negative pregnant women (control group). At the second stage, we performed prospective cohort study and involved 40 pregnant women treated with the history of COVID-19, confirmed by PCR, and 10 pregnant COVID-19 negative women with a physiological course of pregnancy as a control group.Women were divided into the following groups: group I -10 women diagnosed with COVID-19 during the first trimester of pregnancy: group II-15 women diagnosed during the second trimester; group III-15 women diagnosed during the third trimester. Ultrasound examination and cardiotocograms were performed to assess fetus status. Blood samples were collected at delivery. To determine whether COVID-19 could alter placental angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), PlGF and interleuin-32-α were assessed. RESULTS Results: We identified that concentration of VEGFA was 95.30±5.65 pg/ml in control group. In women who had COVID-19 in first trimester, this index was 1.3 times higher, in second trimester 1.63 times higher and in third trimester by 2 times compared to control group. PlGF concentration was only 27,4 percent in group I, 16 percent in group II and 30 percent in group III,compared to control group. Concentration of interleuin-32-α was 67.27±5.63 pg/ml in control group and increased to 167 percent in group I, by 2.8 times in group II and by 6.3 times in group III compared to control group. CONCLUSION Conclusions: COVID-19 has a negative impact on placental angiogenesis, including VEGFA and PlGF. Fetal post-COVID-19 syndrome requires timely diagnosis of disorders and further study. Post-COVID-19 syndrome is an immune-dependent pathology in which the processes of protracted cytokine activation occur in the body of a pregnant woman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla V Boychuk
- I. HORBACHEVSKY TERNOPIL NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, TERNOPIL, UKRAINE
| | | | - Oksana О Shevchuk
- I. HORBACHEVSKY TERNOPIL NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, TERNOPIL, UKRAINE
| | - Sandor G Vari
- INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN MEDICINE PROGRAM, CEDARS-SINAI MEDICAL CENTER, LOS ANGELES, CA, USA
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7
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Darling AM, Shephard H, Nestoridi E, Manning SE, Yazdy MM. SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and preterm birth in Massachusetts from March 2020 through March 2021. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2022; 37:93-103. [PMID: 36512318 PMCID: PMC9877646 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy has been linked to preterm birth, but this association is not well understood. OBJECTIVES To examine the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and spontaneous and provider-initiated preterm birth (PTB), and how timing of infection, and race/ethnicity as a marker of structural inequality, may modify this association. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study among pregnant people who delivered singleton, liveborn infants (22-44 weeks gestation) from 1 March 2020 to 31 March 2021 (n = 68,288). We used Cox proportional hazards models to compare the hazard of PTB between pregnant people with and without laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. We evaluated this association according to the trimester of infection, timing from infection to birth, and timing of PTB. We also examined the joint associations of SARS-CoV-2 infection and race/ethnicity with PTB using the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). RESULTS Positive SARS-CoV-2 tests were identified for 2195 pregnant people (3.2%). The prevalence of PTB was 7.2% (3.8% spontaneous, 3.6% provider-initiated). SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of PTB overall (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34, 1.74), and provider-initiated PTB (HR 1.79, 95% CI 1.50, 2.12) but not spontaneous PTB (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.89, 1.36). Second trimester infections were associated with an increased risk of provider-initiated PTB, and third trimester infections were associated with an increased risk of both PTB subtypes. A joint inverse association between White non-Hispanic race/ethnicity and SARS-CoV-2 infection and spontaneous PTB (HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.34, 0.94; RERI -0.6, 95% CI -1.0, -0.2) was also observed. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 infections were primarily associated with an increased risk for provider-initiated PTB in this study. These findings highlight the importance of promoting infection-prevention strategies among pregnant people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Darling
- Massachusetts Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention, Bureau of Family Health and NutritionMassachusetts Department of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Hanna Shephard
- Massachusetts Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention, Bureau of Family Health and NutritionMassachusetts Department of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA,Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists Applied Epidemiology FellowshipAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Eirini Nestoridi
- Massachusetts Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention, Bureau of Family Health and NutritionMassachusetts Department of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Susan E. Manning
- Bureau of Family Health and NutritionMassachusetts Department of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA,COVID‐19 ResponseCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Mahsa M. Yazdy
- Massachusetts Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention, Bureau of Family Health and NutritionMassachusetts Department of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
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8
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Lim SB, See KC, Law KB, Kamarudin NIM. Characteristics and Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Positivity in Neonates Born to Mothers with COVID-19 in Klang Valley, Malaysia: A Retrospective Observational Study. IJID REGIONS (ONLINE) 2022; 5:146-153. [PMID: 36245891 PMCID: PMC9540684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There is a proven risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) positivity in neonates born to mothers with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). An increased incidence of prematurity was observed in neonates of mothers with COVID-19. Exposure to a mother with COVID-19 post-delivery increases the vertical transmission risk.
Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of neonates born to mothers with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), along with the incidence and outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) positivity in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Methods The clinical records of all neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 who were admitted to Sungai Buloh Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia from October 1, 2020 to September 30, 2021 were reviewed retrospectively. Data collected included demographic details and the incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of neonates with SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Results A total of 766 neonates from 753 mothers with COVID-19 were included. Overall, 23 (3%) neonates tested positive by nasopharyngeal swab SARS-CoV-2 PCR taken within the first 8 days of life. There were three (0.4%) confirmed and four (0.5%) probable neonatal infections acquired intrapartum, seven (0.9%) confirmed neonatal infections acquired postpartum, and nine (1.2%) cases that did not fit within the classification. The rate of preterm delivery was 25% among all neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 and 39.1% among SARS-CoV-2-positive neonates. Of the SARS-CoV-2-positive neonates, 43.5% required ventilatory support. Factors identified to have a significant association with neonate SARS-CoV-2 positivity included maternal antepartum hemorrhage (odds ratio (OR) 7.33, P = 0.014), place of delivery in a non-designated COVID-19 center (OR 7.64, P < 0.001), exposure to the mother post-delivery (OR 4.13, P = 0.014), and a higher 5-minute Apgar score (score 6–10; OR 0.20, P = 0.0037). Conclusions This study identified a risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from mothers with COVID-19 to their offspring, with infection acquired predominantly postpartum. A higher incidence of preterm delivery and ventilatory support were observed among SARS-CoV-2-positive neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok Bee Lim
- Pediatric Department, Sungai Buloh Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia,Pediatric Department, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Jalan Hospital, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kwee Ching See
- Pediatric Department, Sungai Buloh Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kian Boon Law
- Digital Health Research and Innovation Unit, Institute for Clinical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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The impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination on maternal-fetal outcomes. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 114:33-43. [PMID: 36283657 PMCID: PMC9595355 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly evolving COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in an upsurge of scientific productivity to help address the global health crisis. One area of active research is the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy. Here, we provide an epidemiological overview about what is known about the effects of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination on maternal-fetal outcomes, and identify gaps in knowledge. Pregnant people are at increased risk for severe COVID-19, and maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection increases the risk of negative maternal-fetal outcomes. Despite this elevated risk, there have been high rates of vaccine hesitancy, heightened by the initial lack of safety and efficacy data for COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy. In response, retrospective cohort studies were performed to examine the impact of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. Here, we report the vaccine's efficacy during pregnancy and its impact on maternal-fetal outcomes, as well as an overview of initial studies on booster shots in pregnancy. We found that pregnant people are at risk for more severe COVID-19 outcomes, maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with worse birth outcomes, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy remains prevalent in the pregnant population, and COVID-19 vaccination and boosters promote better maternal-fetal outcomes. The results should help reduce vaccine hesitancy by alleviating concerns about the safety and efficacy of administering the COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy. Overall, this review provides an introduction to COVID-19 during pregnancy. It is expected to help consolidate current knowledge, accelerate research of COVID-19 during pregnancy and inform clinical, policy, and research decisions regarding COVID-19 vaccination in pregnant people.
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The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Maternal and Fetal Wellbeing in New Mexico. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12112856. [PMID: 36428914 PMCID: PMC9689040 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been shown to affect the vasculature, including placental changes. Insults to the placenta, especially in the first and second trimester, can affect placental functionality with a resultant impact on fetal growth and wellbeing. Thus, we explored the relationship between antenatally acquired maternal COVID-19 infection and neonatal birth characteristics. A retrospective chart review was completed using the University of New Mexico electronic medical record system. ICD-10 codes were used to identify individuals that had a positive pregnancy test and positive COVID-19 screening test between 1 March 2020 to 24 March 2021. Chi-square and nonparametric Wilcoxon analyses were used, with p < 0.05 considered significant. A total of 487 dyad charts was analyzed, with 76 (16%) individuals identified as being COVID-19-positive (CovPos) during pregnancy. CovPos mothers were significantly more likely to deliver via a cesarean section compared to CovNeg mothers (33% vs. 20%, p < 0.01). There was a significant difference in gestational age at delivery, with infants born to CovPos individuals born at an earlier gestational age than those born to CovNeg individuals (37.6 vs. 38.5 weeks; p < 0.01). Our findings showed differences in maternal and infant characteristics following COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. Additional investigations are required to further delineate these relationships with a focus on potential long-term impacts on the neonate.
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Gulersen M, Alvarez A, Rochelson B, Blitz MJ. Preterm birth and severe maternal morbidity associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the Omicron wave. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2022; 4:100712. [PMID: 35970495 PMCID: PMC9374499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moti Gulersen
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Shore University Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 300 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY 11030.
| | - Alejandro Alvarez
- Biostatistics Unit, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Researchm Manhasset, NY
| | - Burton Rochelson
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Shore University Hospital Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY
| | - Matthew J Blitz
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, South Shore University Hospital Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Bay Shore, NY
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Imbalanced Angiogenesis in Pregnancies Complicated by SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102207. [PMID: 36298762 PMCID: PMC9610426 DOI: 10.3390/v14102207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 and preeclampsia (preE) share the ANG-II mediated endothelial dysfunction, resulting from a significant dysregulation of RAS and an imbalanced proportion of anti-angiogenic and pro-angiogenic soluble plasmatic factors. Of note, an increased incidence of preE has been reported among COVID-19-infected mothers compared to the general pregnant population. The two most promising angiogenic markers are the soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor-1 (sFlt-1), the major antiangiogenic factor, and the placental growth factor (PlGF), a powerful angiogenic factor. Since these markers have proven useful in the prediction, diagnosis, and severity of preE, this study aimed to evaluate their maternal serum levels in pregnancies complicated by SARS-CoV-2 infection and to assess their potential use to guide the management of these women. A retrospective analysis of SARS-CoV-2-positive pregnant women was performed. The serum levels of sFlt-1 and PlGF were collected at the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection at the hospital, before the beginning of steroid/hydroxychloroquine and/or antithrombotic therapy. The sFlt-1/PlGF ratio was stratified using cut-off values clinically utilized in the diagnosis and prediction of preE (low < 38, intermediate 38−85/110* and high >85/110*, * if before or after the 34th week of gestation). A total of 57 women were included, of whom 20 (35%) had signs and symptoms of COVID-19 at hospital presentation and 37 (65%) were asymptomatic. None were vaccinated. The mean gestational age at diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 32 weeks in symptomatic patients and 37 weeks and 5 days in asymptomatic ones (p = 0.089). sFlt-1 serum levels were higher in SARS-CoV-2 positive asymptomatic patients compared to women with COVID-19 related symptoms (4899 ± 4357 pg/mL vs. 3187 ± 2426 pg/mL, p = 0.005). sFlt-1/PlGF at admission was <38 in 18 of the 20 symptomatic women (90%) compared to 22 (59%) of the asymptomatic patients (p = 0.018). Of note, two of the three women admitted to the intensive care unit had a very low ratio (<2). In turn, rates of patients with sFlt-1/PlGF at admission > 85/110 were not significantly different between the two groups: 11% in asymptomatic patients (4/37) vs. none of the symptomatic patients (p = 0.286), and all of them presented a placental dysfunction, like preE (n = 1) and FGR (n = 3). Of note, there were no stillbirths or maternal or neonatal deaths among symptomatic patients; also, no cases of preE, FGR, or small for gestational age neonates were diagnosed. In conclusion, our data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy could influence the angiogenic balance. A significant pathological alteration of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio cannot be identified during the symptomatic phase; however, if left untreated, SARS-CoV-2 infection could potentially trigger placental dysfunction.
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Regan AK, Kaur R, Nosek M, Swathi PA, Gu NY. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and coverage among pregnant persons in the United States. Prev Med Rep 2022; 29:101977. [PMID: 36090471 PMCID: PMC9450469 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnant persons are at higher risk of severe COVID-19. Although vaccination is recommended, COVID-19 vaccination rates are lower among pregnant persons compared to the non-pregnant population. We aimed to evaluate acceptance of any dose of COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy. A national online cross-sectional survey of US adults who were pregnant between December 2020 and July 2021 was used to measure COVID-19 vaccine behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs. Post-stratification weighting was used to ensure representativeness to the US population. Marginal log-binomial models were used to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, accounting for sociodemographic factors. Of 5,660 who responded to survey advertisements, 2,213 met eligibility criteria and completed the survey; 55.4% of respondents received or planned to receive COVID-19 vaccine prior to or during pregnancy, 27.0% planned to vaccinate after pregnancy, 8.8% were unsure and 8.7% had no plans to vaccinate. Individuals were more likely to receive or plan to receive COVID-19 vaccine if they had group prenatal care (aPR 1.57; 95% CI 1.40, 1.75), were employed in a workplace with a policy recommending vaccination (aPR 1.15; 95% CI 1.06, 1.26), and believed COVID-19 vaccines are safe (aPR 2.86; 95% CI 2.49, 3.29). Pregnant persons who were recommended COVID-19 vaccination by their healthcare provider less commonly reported concerns about vaccine safety (35.5% vs 55.9%) and were more likely to accept COVID-19 vaccines (aPR 1.52; 95% CI 1.31, 1.76). COVID-19 vaccine acceptance during pregnancy is not universal and public health intervention will be needed to continue to increase vaccine coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette K Regan
- School of Nursing and Health Professions, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, CA, USA
| | - Ravneet Kaur
- Missouri Institute of Mental Health, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marcianna Nosek
- School of Nursing and Health Professions, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pallavi A Swathi
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ning Y Gu
- School of Nursing and Health Professions, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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14
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Gulersen M, Rochelson B, Shan W, Wetcher CS, Nimaroff M, Blitz MJ. Severe maternal morbidity in pregnant patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2022; 4:100636. [PMID: 35398348 PMCID: PMC8985427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the increased risk for severe illness and adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy is well described, the association of infection with severe maternal morbidity has not been well characterized. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the risk for severe maternal morbidity associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study of all pregnant patients who had a SARS-CoV-2 test done and who delivered in a New York health system between March 1, 2020 and March 1, 2021. Patients with missing test results were excluded. The primary outcome of severe maternal morbidity, derived from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine example list of diagnoses and complications, was compared between the following 2 groups: patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy and patients who tested negative. Secondary outcomes included subgroups of severe maternal morbidity. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounders such as maternal demographics, neighborhood socioeconomic status, hospital location, and pregnancy-related complications. A subanalysis was performed to determine if the risk for severe obstetrical hemorrhage and hypertension-associated or neurologic morbidity differed based on the timing of SARS-CoV-2 infection between those who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 at their delivery hospitalization (ie, active infection) and those who tested positive during pregnancy but negative at their delivery hospitalization (ie, resolved infection). RESULTS Of the 22,483 patients included, 1653 (7.4%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection were more commonly Black, multiracial, Hispanic, non-English speaking, used Medicaid insurance, were multiparous, and from neighborhoods with a lower socioeconomic status. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection were at an increased risk for severe maternal morbidity when compared with those without infection (9.3 vs 6.5%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.21–1.88). Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection were also at an increased risk for severe obstetrical hemorrhage (1.1% vs 0.5%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–2.88), pulmonary morbidity (2.0% vs 0.5%; adjusted odds ratio, 3.90; 95% confidence interval, 2.52–5.89), and intensive care unit admission (1.8% vs 0.5%; adjusted odds ratio, 3.29; 95% confidence interval, 2.09–5.04) when compared with those without infection. The risk for hypertension-associated or neurologic morbidity was similar between the 2 groups. The timing of SARS-CoV-2 infection (whether active or resolved at time of delivery) was not associated with the risk for severe obstetrical hemorrhage or hypertension-associated or neurologic morbidity when compared with those without infection. CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk for severe maternal morbidity, severe obstetrical hemorrhage, pulmonary morbidity, and intensive care unit admission. These data highlight the need for obstetrical unit preparedness in caring for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, continued public health efforts aimed at minimizing the risk for infection, and support in including this select population in investigational therapy and vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moti Gulersen
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Shore University Hospital-Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY (Drs Gulersen, Rochelson, Wetcher, and Nimaroff).
| | - Burton Rochelson
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Shore University Hospital-Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY (Drs Gulersen, Rochelson, Wetcher, and Nimaroff)
| | - Weiwei Shan
- Biostatistics Unit, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY (Dr Shan)
| | - Cara S Wetcher
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Shore University Hospital-Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY (Drs Gulersen, Rochelson, Wetcher, and Nimaroff)
| | - Michael Nimaroff
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Shore University Hospital-Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY (Drs Gulersen, Rochelson, Wetcher, and Nimaroff)
| | - Matthew J Blitz
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, South Shore University Hospital-Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Bay Shore, NY (Dr Blitz)
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15
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Resta L, Vimercati A, Cazzato G, Fanelli M, Scarcella SV, Ingravallo G, Colagrande A, Sablone S, Stolfa M, Arezzo F, Lettini T, Rossi R. SARS-CoV-2, Placental Histopathology, Gravity of Infection and Immunopathology: Is There an Association? Viruses 2022; 14:v14061330. [PMID: 35746801 PMCID: PMC9227044 DOI: 10.3390/v14061330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: As the pandemic months progress, more and more evidence shows that the placenta acts as a “barrier” to SARS-CoV-2, although rare cases of vertical transmission have been described. (2) Methods: In an attempt to investigate whether the symptoms’ severity was related to different placental histological characteristics and the immune microenvironment, we subdivided 29 placentas from 29 mothers positive for SARS-CoV-2 into two groups, depending on the symptomatology (moderate/severe vs. asymptomatic/mild), performing immunohistochemical investigations for CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes, as well as for CD68 + macrophage. We also evaluated the immuno-expression of the ACE2 receptor at the placental level. These two groups were compared to a control group of 28 placentas from 28 SARS-CoV-2-negative healthy mothers. (3) Results: The symptoms (likely to be related to viremia) were statistically significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with histopathological changes, such as maternal malperfusion, decidual arteriopathy, blood vessel thrombus of fetal relevance. Furthermore, the immuno-expression of ACE2 was significantly lower in SARS-CoV-2-positive groups vs. control group (p = 0.001). (4) Conclusions: There is still much to study and discover regarding the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and histological changes in placentas and how the latter might contribute to various neonatal clinical outcomes, such as prematurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Resta
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.R.); (M.F.); (S.V.S.); (G.I.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (T.L.); (R.R.)
| | - Antonella Vimercati
- Section of Ginecology and Obstetrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.V.); (F.A.)
| | - Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.R.); (M.F.); (S.V.S.); (G.I.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (T.L.); (R.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-34-0520-3641
| | - Margherita Fanelli
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.R.); (M.F.); (S.V.S.); (G.I.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (T.L.); (R.R.)
| | - Sara Vincenza Scarcella
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.R.); (M.F.); (S.V.S.); (G.I.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (T.L.); (R.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.R.); (M.F.); (S.V.S.); (G.I.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (T.L.); (R.R.)
| | - Anna Colagrande
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.R.); (M.F.); (S.V.S.); (G.I.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (T.L.); (R.R.)
| | - Sara Sablone
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Bari Policlinico Hospital, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Mary Stolfa
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.R.); (M.F.); (S.V.S.); (G.I.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (T.L.); (R.R.)
| | - Francesca Arezzo
- Section of Ginecology and Obstetrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.V.); (F.A.)
| | - Teresa Lettini
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.R.); (M.F.); (S.V.S.); (G.I.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (T.L.); (R.R.)
| | - Roberta Rossi
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.R.); (M.F.); (S.V.S.); (G.I.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (T.L.); (R.R.)
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16
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Rosa-Mangeret F, Benski AC, Golaz A, Zala PZ, Kyokan M, Wagner N, Muhe LM, Pfister RE. 2.5 Million Annual Deaths-Are Neonates in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Too Small to Be Seen? A Bottom-Up Overview on Neonatal Morbi-Mortality. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:64. [PMID: 35622691 PMCID: PMC9148074 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7050064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Every year, 2.5 million neonates die, mostly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), in total disregard of their fundamental human rights. Many of these deaths are preventable. For decades, the leading causes of neonatal mortality (prematurity, perinatal hypoxia, and infection) have been known, so why does neonatal mortality fail to diminish effectively? A bottom-up understanding of neonatal morbi-mortality and neonatal rights is essential to achieve adequate progress, and so is increased visibility. (2) Methods: We performed an overview on the leading causes of neonatal morbi-mortality and analyzed the key interventions to reduce it with a bottom-up approach: from the clinician in the field to the policy maker. (3) Results and Conclusions: Overall, more than half of neonatal deaths in LMIC are avoidable through established and well-known cost-effective interventions, good quality antenatal and intrapartum care, neonatal resuscitation, thermal care, nasal CPAP, infection control and prevention, and antibiotic stewardship. Implementing these requires education and training, particularly at the bottom of the healthcare pyramid, and advocacy at the highest levels of government for health policies supporting better newborn care. Moreover, to plan and follow interventions, better-quality data are paramount. For healthcare developments and improvement, neonates must be acknowledged as humans entitled to rights and freedoms, as stipulated by international law. Most importantly, they deserve more respectful care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Rosa-Mangeret
- Neonatal Division, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (P.Z.Z.); (R.E.P.)
- Global Health Institute, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Caroline Benski
- Obstetrics Division, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne Golaz
- Center for Education and Research in Humanitarian Action, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Persis Z. Zala
- Neonatal Division, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (P.Z.Z.); (R.E.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Centre Medico-Chirurgical-Pédiatrique Persis, Ouahigouya BP267, Burkina Faso
| | - Michiko Kyokan
- Global Health Institute, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Noémie Wagner
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Division, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Lulu M. Muhe
- College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia;
| | - Riccardo E. Pfister
- Neonatal Division, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (P.Z.Z.); (R.E.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Abu-Raya B, Madhi SA, Omer SB, Amirthalingam G, Giles ML, Flanagan KL, Zimmermann P, O’Ryan M, Safadi MA, Papaevangelou V, Maertens K, Wanlapakorn N, Diaz-Brito V, Tommelein E, Esposito S. Global Perspectives on Immunization Against SARS-CoV-2 During Pregnancy and Priorities for Future Research: An International Consensus Paper From the World Association of Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders. Front Immunol 2021; 12:808064. [PMID: 35003137 PMCID: PMC8733958 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.808064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in pregnancy is associated with a higher risk for severe morbidity and mortality when compared with infection in non-pregnant women of childbearing age. An increasing number of countries recommend immunization against SARS-CoV-2 in pregnant women. Recent studies provide preliminary and supportive evidence on safety, immunogenicity and effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in pregnant women; however, important knowledge gaps remain which warrant further studies. This collaborative consensus paper provides a review of the current literature on COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant women, identifies knowledge gaps and outlines priorities for future research to optimize protection against SARS-CoV-2 in the pregnant women and their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa Abu-Raya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shabir A. Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Saad B. Omer
- Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Gayatri Amirthalingam
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle L. Giles
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katie L. Flanagan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Petra Zimmermann
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Paediatrics, Fribourg Hospital HFR, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Miguel O’Ryan
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Marco A. Safadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vassiliki Papaevangelou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Third Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Attikon, Athens, Greece
| | - Kirsten Maertens
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine & Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nasamon Wanlapakorn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vicens Diaz-Brito
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu,, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eline Tommelein
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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