1
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Miao A, Li Q, Tang G, Lu Q. Alginate-containing 3D-printed hydrogel scaffolds incorporated with strontium promotes vascularization and bone regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133038. [PMID: 38857724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Bone defects persist as a significant challenge in the field of clinical orthopedics. This study focuses on the fabrication and characterization of 3D-printed composite hydrogel scaffolds composed of sodium alginate, gelatin, and α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) with varying ratios of Strontium ions (Sr2+). These scaffolds aim to address the clinical challenges associated with bone defect repair by providing mechanical support and promoting bone formation and vascularization. The degradation, swelling, mechanical properties, and release profiles of Sr2+ from the hydrogel scaffolds were comprehensively characterized. In vitro tests were conducted to assess cell viability and proliferation, as well as osteogenic and angiogenic gene expression, to investigate the osteogenic and pro-angiogenic potential of the composite hydrogel scaffolds. Furthermore, skull defect simulations were performed, and composite scaffolds with varying Sr2+ ratios were implanted to evaluate their effectiveness in bone repair. This research establishes a foundation for advancing bone tissue engineering through composite scaffolds containing biological macromolecules and strontium, with alginate serving as a key element in enhancing performance and expanding clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afeng Miao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China; Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingsong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China; Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Genling Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China; Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qifeng Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China; Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Zhu C, Jia Y, Tang Y, Guo C, Xi J, Sun C, Li H, Wang W, Zhai Y, Zhu Y, Liu Y. Functionalized chitosan hydrogel promotes osseointegration at the interface of3D printed titanium alloy scaffolds. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131169. [PMID: 38554899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Autogenous bone transplantation is a prevalent clinical method for addressing bone defects. However, the limited availability of donor bone and the morbidity associated with bone harvesting have propelled the search for suitable bone substitutes. Bio-inspired scaffolds, particularly those fabricated using electron beam melting (EBM) deposition technology, have emerged as a significant advancement in this field. These 3D-printed titanium alloy scaffolds are celebrated for their outstanding biocompatibility and favorable elastic modulus. Thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel, which transitions from liquid to solid at body temperature, serves as a popular carrier in bone tissue engineering. Icariin (ICA), known for its efficacy in promoting osteoblast differentiation from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), plays a crucial role in this context. We developed a system combining a 3D-printed titanium alloy with a thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel, capable of local bone regeneration and integration through ICA delivery. Our in vitro findings reveal that this system can gradually release ICA, demonstrating excellent biocompatibility while fostering BMSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Immunohistochemistry and Micro-CT analyses further confirm the effectiveness of the system in accelerating in vivo bone regeneration and enhancing osseointegration. This composite system lays a significant theoretical foundation for advancing local bone regeneration and integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Zhu
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Yudong Jia
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Tang
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Chaowei Guo
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Jianing Xi
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Chaojun Sun
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Luoyang 471000, PR China
| | - Yuankun Zhai
- School of stomatology HENU, Kaifeng 475000, PR China
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Luoyang 471000, PR China.
| | - Youwen Liu
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Luoyang 471000, PR China.
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Li S, Cui Y, Liu H, Tian Y, Fan Y, Wang G, Wang J, Wu D, Wang Y. Dual-functional 3D-printed porous bioactive scaffold enhanced bone repair by promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100943. [PMID: 38269054 PMCID: PMC10806334 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The treatment of bone defects is a difficult problem in orthopedics. The excessive destruction of local bone tissue at defect sites destroys blood supply and renders bone regeneration insufficient, which further leads to delayed union or even nonunion. To solve this problem, in this study, we incorporated icariin into alginate/mineralized collagen (AMC) hydrogel and then placed the drug-loaded hydrogel into the pores of a 3D-printed porous titanium alloy (AMCI/PTi) scaffold to prepare a bioactive scaffold with the dual functions of promoting angiogenesis and bone regeneration. The experimental results showed that the ACMI/PTi scaffold had suitable mechanical properties, sustained drug release function, and excellent biocompatibility. The released icariin and mineralized collagen (MC) synergistically promoted angiogenesis and osteogenic differentiation in vitro. After implantation into a rabbit radius defect, the composite scaffold showed a satisfactory effect in promoting bone repair. Therefore, this composite dual-functional scaffold could meet the requirements of bone defect treatment and provide a promising strategy for the repair of large segmental bone defects in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - He Liu
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Yuhang Tian
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Gan Wang
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Jingwei Wang
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Dankai Wu
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Yanbing Wang
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
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Şeker Ş, Aral D, Elçin AE, Yaşar Murat E. Biomimetic mineralization of platelet lysate/oxidized dextran cryogel as a macroporous 3D composite scaffold for bone repair. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:025006. [PMID: 38194711 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad1c9a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Scaffold development approaches using autologous sources for tissue repair are of great importance in obtaining bio-active/-compatible constructs. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) containing various growth factors and platelet lysate (PL) derived from PRP are autologous products that have the potential to accelerate the tissue repair response by inducing a transient inflammatory event. Considering the regenerative capacity of PRP and PL, PRP/PL-based scaffolds are thought to hold great promise for tissue engineering as a natural source of autologous growth factors and a provider of mechanical support for cells. Here, a bio-mineralized PRP-based scaffold was developed using oxidized dextran (OD) and evaluated for future application in bone tissue engineering. Prepared PL/OD scaffolds were incubated in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7, 14 and 21 d periods. Mineralized PL/OD scaffolds were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis, porosity and compression tests. SEM and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analyses revealed mineral accumulation on the PL/OD scaffold as a result of SBF incubation.In vitrocytotoxicity andin vitrohemolysis tests revealed that the scaffolds were non-toxic and hemocompatible. Additionally, human osteoblasts (hOBs) exhibited good attachment and spreading behavior on the scaffolds and maintained their viability throughout the culture period. The alkaline phosphatase activity assay and calcium release results revealed that PL/OD scaffolds preserved the osteogenic properties of hOBs. Overall, findings suggest that mineralized PL/OD scaffold may be a promising scaffold for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şükran Şeker
- Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Ankara University Faculty of Science, and Ankara University Stem Cell Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilara Aral
- Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Ankara University Faculty of Science, and Ankara University Stem Cell Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Eser Elçin
- Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Ankara University Faculty of Science, and Ankara University Stem Cell Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elçin Yaşar Murat
- Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Ankara University Faculty of Science, and Ankara University Stem Cell Institute, Ankara, Turkey
- Biovalda Health Technologies, Inc., Ankara, Turkey
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Meftahpour V, Ghorbani F, Ahmadi M, Aghebati-Maleki A, Abbaspour-Aghdam S, Fotouhi A, Zamani M, Maleki A, Khakpour M, Aghebati-Maleki L. Evaluating the effects of autologous platelet lysate on gene expression of bone growth factors and related cytokines secretion in rabbits with bone fracture. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Guo X, Lu H, Liu C, Zhang Y, Bi L. Effects of Super-Activated Platelet Lysate on Early Healing of Tooth Extraction Sockets in Rats. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:2213-2227. [PMID: 35860524 PMCID: PMC9289175 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s363766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the effect of super-activated platelet lysate (sPL) on wound healing of tooth extraction sockets in rats. Methods Rat models of the tooth extraction socket were established. Thirty-six rats were divided into control and sPL groups and sacrificed on days 7, 14, and 28 after tooth extraction. Bone formation in tooth extraction sockets were observed by microscopic computed tomography (micro-CT) and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining; osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL), interleukin 6(IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry; and chemokine and osteogenic gene expressions were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results sPL accelerated soft tissue wound healing in the extraction socket of rats. Micro-CT showed that the amount of bone formation and bone volume fraction were higher in the sPL group than the control 14 days after extraction. HE staining showed promotion of the formation of bony trabeculae by sPL in the apical third of the extraction socket 7 days after extraction and more mature and organized bony trabeculae in the sPL group than the control 14 days after extraction; mature bony trabeculae filling most of the fossa with lesser bone porosity in the socket in the sPL group than the control 28 days after extraction. Immunohistochemistry showed that sPL induced OPG expressions 7 and 14 days after tooth extraction but did not affect the RANKL expression while transiently promoting the IL-6 expression 7 days after extraction. PCR showed that sPL promoted chemokine expressions 7 and 14 days after extraction. The expressions of osteogenesis-related factors were higher in the sPL group than the control 7 and 28 days after extraction, while the opposite trend was observed 14 days after extraction. Conclusion sPL has a transient pro-inflammatory effect and promotes soft tissue healing and bone formation during early wound healing of extraction sockets in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Guo
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiying Lu
- National and Local Joint Stem Cell Research & Engineering Center for Aging Diseases, Tian Qing Stem Cell Co., Ltd, Harbin, 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiang Liu
- National and Local Joint Stem Cell Research & Engineering Center for Aging Diseases, Tian Qing Stem Cell Co., Ltd, Harbin, 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National and Local Joint Stem Cell Research & Engineering Center for Aging Diseases, Tian Qing Stem Cell Co., Ltd, Harbin, 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangjia Bi
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
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Suo L, Xue Z, Wang P, Wu H, Chen Y, Shen J. Improvement of osteogenic properties using a 3D-printed graphene oxide/hyaluronic acid/chitosan composite scaffold. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08839115221104072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Oral and maxillofacial tumors, trauma and infections are the main causes of jaw defects, whose clinical treatment is very complicated. With the development of biological tissue engineering, many biological materials have been widely used in various fields of stomatology, and they play a very important role in the repair and replacement of maxillofacial bone defects. In this study, we intended to prepare a graphene oxide/hyaluronic acid/chitosan (GO/HA/CS) composite hydrogel with different mass ratios of GO: 0.1% (0.1% GO/HA/CS), 0.25% (0.25% GO/HA/CS), 0.5% (0.5% GO/HA/CS), and 1% (1% GO/HA/CS), prepare it into a multilayered and stable composite scaffold through 3D-printing technology, observe the surface morphology of the composite scaffold through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and then test its physical and chemical properties, mechanical properties, water swelling rate, in vitro degradation and other material properties. Moreover, the biological performance of the GO/HA/CS composite scaffold was studied through experiments, such as cell morphology observation, cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and live-dead cell staining. The results showed that through chemical cross-linking and 3D-printing technology, a porous (pore size: 450–580 μm) and multilayered GO/HA/CS biological scaffold could be successfully constructed, and its surface was an interconnected microporous structure, and the porosity decreased (94%−40%) gradually with the increase of GO. Meanwhile, with the change in GO concentration, some mechanical properties of the scaffold could be improved, such as water swelling rate, degradation rate, and elastic modulus. In addition, the composite scaffold with the appropriate amount of GO had almost no cytotoxicity and could promote cell growth and proliferation, especially 0.25% GO/HA/CS composite scaffold. Consequently, the 0.25% GO/HA/CS composite scaffold had excellent biological material properties and good biocompatibility with osteoblasts, which may provide a new idea for the repair of jaw defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Suo
- Department of International VIP Dental Clinic, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhijun Xue
- Department II of Endodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Puyu Wang
- Department II of Endodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongshan Wu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department II of Endodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of International VIP Dental Clinic, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Liu C, Peng Z, Xu H, gao H, Li J, jin Y, wang Y, Wang C, liu Y, hu Y, jiang C, Guo J, Zhu L. 3D print Platelet-rich plasma loaded scaffold with sustained cytokine release for bone defect repair. Tissue Eng Part A 2022; 28:700-711. [PMID: 35152730 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Ziyue Peng
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Haixia Xu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Huiling gao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - yanglei jin
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 593059, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China,
| | - yihan wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China, guangzhou, China,
| | - Chengqiang Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China, No. 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, China, 510280,
| | - yang liu
- Xiang Yang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Art and Science, xiangyang, China,
| | - yunteng hu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China, guangzhou, China,
| | - cong jiang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China, guangzhou, China,
| | - Jiasong Guo
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Construction and Detection of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Bone Biology, Academy of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Lixin Zhu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Middle Gongye Avenue, Guangzhou, China, 510280,
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Tan Y, Zhang L, Rajoka MSR, Mai Z, Bahadur A, Mehwish HM, Umair M, Zhao L, Wu Y, Song X. Jawbones Scaffold Constructed by TGF-β1 and BMP-2 Loaded Chitosan Microsphere Combining with Alg/HA/ICol for Osteogenic-Induced Differentiation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3079. [PMID: 34577981 PMCID: PMC8466595 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone scaffolds based on multi-components are the leading trend to address the multifaceted prerequisites to repair various bone defects. Chitosan is the most useable biopolymer, having excellent biological applications. Therefore, in the present study, the chitosan microsphere was prepared by the ion-gel method; transforming growth factor β (TGF-β1) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) were loaded onto it and then combined with alginate/hyaluronic acid/collagen (Alg/HA/ICol) to construct a jawbones scaffold. The Alg/HA/ICol scaffolds were characterized by FTIR and SEM, and the water content, porosity, tensile properties, biocompatibility, and osteogenic-induced differentiation ability of the Alg/HA/ICol jawbones scaffolds were studied. The results indicate that a three-dimensional porous jawbone scaffold was successfully constructed having 100-250 μm of pore size and >90% of porosity without cytotoxicity against adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). Its ALP quantification, osteocalcin expression, and Von Kossamineralized nodule staining was higher than the control group. The jawbones scaffold constructed by TGF-β1 and BMP-2 loaded chitosan microsphere combining with Alg/HA/ICol has potential biomedical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Tan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Y.T.); (M.S.R.R.); (Z.M.); (M.U.)
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Union Medical Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University), Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Muhammad Shahid Riaz Rajoka
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Y.T.); (M.S.R.R.); (Z.M.); (M.U.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Zhanhua Mai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Y.T.); (M.S.R.R.); (Z.M.); (M.U.)
| | - Ali Bahadur
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Korea;
| | - Hafiza Mahreen Mehwish
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Muhammad Umair
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Y.T.); (M.S.R.R.); (Z.M.); (M.U.)
| | - Liqing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Y.T.); (M.S.R.R.); (Z.M.); (M.U.)
| | - Yiguang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Y.T.); (M.S.R.R.); (Z.M.); (M.U.)
| | - Xun Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
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