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Yu X, Zhao F, Li X, Lu W, Zhao L, Li D, Chen D, Wang Y, Wang B. Resting-State Functional Connectivity of the Primary Visual Cortex in Children with Anisometropia Amblyopia. Ophthalmic Res 2024; 67:275-281. [PMID: 38588644 DOI: 10.1159/000538380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to explore the functional connectivity of the primary visual cortex (V1) in children with anisometropic amblyopia by using the resting-state functional connectivity analysis method and determine whether anisometropic amblyopia is associated with changes in brain function. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were obtained from 16 children with anisometropia amblyopia (CAA group) and 12 healthy children (HC group) during the resting state. The Brodmann area 17 (BA17) was used as the region of interest, and the functional connection (FC) of V1 was analyzed in both groups. A two-sample t test was used to analyze the FC value between the two groups. Pearson's correlation was used to analyze the correlation between the mean FC value in the brain function change area of the CAA group and the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of amblyopia. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS There were no significant differences in age and sex between the CAA and HC groups (p > 0.05). Compared to the HC group, the CAA group showed lower FC values in BA17 and the left medial frontal gyrus, as well as BA17 and the left triangle inferior frontal gyrus. Conversely, the CAA group showed higher FC values in BA17 and the left central posterior gyrus. Notably, BCVA in amblyopia did not correlate with the area of change in mean FC in the brain function of the CAA group. CONCLUSION Resting-state fMRI-based functional connectivity analysis indicates a significant alteration in V1 of children with anisometropic amblyopia. These findings contribute additional insights into the neuropathological mechanisms underlying visual impairment in anisometropic amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dezhou Municipal Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dezhou Municipal Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, China
| | - Weizhao Lu
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Lisheng Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Dezhou Municipal Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Radiology, Dezhou Municipal Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Baojian Wang
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, China
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Zhong T, Zhou J, Yan T, Qiu J, Wang Y, Lu W. Pseudo-time Series Structural MRI Revealing Progressive Gray Matter Changes with Elevated Intraocular Pressure in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Preliminary Study. Acad Radiol 2024:S1076-6332(24)00155-7. [PMID: 38580519 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2024.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is accompanied with gray matter (GM) changes across the brain. However, causal relationships of the GM changes have not been fully understood. Our aim was to investigate the causality of GM progressive changes in POAG using Granger causality (GC) analysis and structural MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Structural MRI from 20 healthy controls and 30 POAG patients with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) were collected. We performed voxel-wise GM volume comparisons between control and POAG groups, and between control and four POAG subgroups (categorized by IOP). Then, we sequenced the structural MRI data of all POAG patients and conducted both voxel-wise and region of interest (ROI)-wise GC analysis to investigate the causality of GM volume changes in POAG brain. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, reduced GM volumes across the brain were found, GM volume enlargements in the thalamus, caudate nucleus and cuneus were also observed in POAG brain (false discovery rate (FDR) corrected at q< 0.05). As IOP elevated, the reductions of GM volume were more severe in the cerebellum and frontal lobe. GC analysis revealed that the bilateral cerebellum, visual cortices, and the frontal regions served independently as primary hubs of the directional causal network, and projected causal effects to the parietal and temporal regions of the brain (FDR corrected at q<0.05). CONCLUSION POAG exhibits progressive GM alterations across the brain, with oculomotor regions and visual cortices as independent primary hubs. The current results may deepen our understanding of neuropathology of POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzheng Zhong
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China; Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Tingqin Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Jianfeng Qiu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China; Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Weizhao Lu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China.
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Liang Y, Pan YC, Shu HY, Chou XM, Ge QM, Zhang LJ, Li QY, Liang RB, Li HL, Shao Y. Characteristics of the Fractional Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuation in Ocular Hypertension Patients: A Resting-State fMRI Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:687420. [PMID: 35479659 PMCID: PMC9037746 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.687420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) method has been underutilized in research on the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of ocular hypertension (OH). Purpose This study uses resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and fALFF to investigate the nature of spontaneous brain activity in OH patients and the relationship, if any, between changes in activity and clinical features. Materials and Methods A total of 18 subjects (9 females and 9 males) with ocular hypertension (OH) and 18 healthy controls (HCs) matched for gender, age, and educational level were recruited to this study. All participants underwent an rs-fMRI scan, and spontaneous brain activity was assessed using the fALFF method. Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted to investigate differences between OH and HC groups. Results The fALFF values of OH patients were significantly higher in the left precuneus lobe (LP), compared with the same region in controls (P < 0.05). Conversely, values in the left anterior cingulate lobe (LAC), were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in OH than in controls. However, no significant association was found between the mean fALFF values and clinical characteristics in either brain area. Conclusion High spontaneous activity in two brain areas may reflect neuropathological mechanisms underpinning visual impairment in OH patients.
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Kang L, Wan C. Application of advanced magnetic resonance imaging in glaucoma: a narrative review. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2022; 12:2106-2128. [PMID: 35284278 PMCID: PMC8899967 DOI: 10.21037/qims-21-790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of the optic nerve head and retinal ganglion cells and corresponding visual field defects. In recent years, mounting evidence has shown that glaucoma-related damage may not be limited to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells or the optic nerve head. The entire structure of the visual pathway may be degraded, and the degradation may even extend to some non-visual brain regions. We know that advanced morphological, functional, and metabolic magnetic resonance technologies provide a means to observe quantitatively and in real time the state of brain function. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques provide additional diagnostic markers for glaucoma, which are related to known potential histopathological changes. Many researchers in China and globally have conducted clinical and imaging studies on glaucoma. However, they are scattered, and we still need to systematically sort out the advanced MRI related to glaucoma. We reviewed literature published in any language and included all studies that were able to be translated into English from 1 January 1980 to 31 July 2021. Our literature search focused on emerging magnetic resonance neuroimaging techniques for the study of glaucoma. We then identified each functional area of the brain of glaucoma patients through the integration of anatomy, image, and function. The aim was to provide more information about the occurrence and development of glaucoma diseases. From the perspective of neuroimaging, our study provides a research basis to explain the possible mechanism of the occurrence and development of glaucoma. This knowledge gained from these techniques enables us to more clearly observe the damage glaucoma causes to the whole visual pathway. Our study provides new insights into glaucoma-induced changes to the brain. Our findings may enable the progress of these changes to be analyzed and inspire new neuroprotective therapeutic strategies for patients with glaucoma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longdan Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Guo GY, Zhang LJ, Li B, Liang RB, Ge QM, Shu HY, Li QY, Pan YC, Pei CG, Shao Y. Altered spontaneous brain activity in patients with diabetic optic neuropathy: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study using regional homogeneity. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:278-291. [PMID: 33758647 PMCID: PMC7958477 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i3.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is a common chronic disease. Given the increasing incidence of diabetes, more individuals are affected by diabetic optic neuropathy (DON), which results in decreased vision. Whether DON leads to abnormalities of other visual systems, including the eye, the visual cortex, and other brain regions, remains unknown.
AIM To investigate the local characteristics of spontaneous brain activity using regional homogeneity (ReHo) in patients with DON.
METHODS We matched 22 patients with DON with 22 healthy controls (HCs). All subjects underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The ReHo technique was used to record spontaneous changes in brain activity. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were applied to differentiate between ReHo values for patients with DON and HCs. We also assessed the correlation between Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores and ReHo values in DON patients using Pearson correlation analysis.
RESULTS ReHo values of the right middle frontal gyrus (RMFG), left anterior cingulate (LAC), and superior frontal gyrus (SFG)/left frontal superior orbital gyrus (LFSO) were significantly lower in DON patients compared to HCs. Among these, the greatest difference was observed in the RMFG. The result of the ROC curves suggest that ReHo values in altered brain regions may help diagnose DON, and the RMFG and LAC ReHo values are more clinically relevant than SFG/LFSO. We also found that anxiety and depression scores of the DON group were extremely negatively correlated with the LAC ReHo values (r = -0.9336, P < 0.0001 and r = -0.8453,P < 0.0001, respectively).
CONCLUSION Three different brain regions show ReHo changes in DON patients, and these changes could serve as diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers to further guide the prevention and treatment of DON patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Ying Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Rong-Bin Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qian-Min Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hui-Ye Shu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qiu-Yu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Cong Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Chong-Gang Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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Qu H, Wang Y, Yan T, Zhou J, Lu W, Qiu J. Data-Driven Parcellation Approaches Based on Functional Connectivity of Visual Cortices in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:33. [PMID: 32716501 PMCID: PMC7425746 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.8.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Functional changes have been observed between diseased and healthy subjects, and functional brain atlases derived from healthy populations may fail to reflect functional characteristic of the diseased brain. Therefore the aim of this study was to generate a visual atlas based on functional connectivity from primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients and to prove the applicability of the visual atlas in functional connectivity and network analysis. Methods Functional magnetic resonance images were acquired from 36 POAG patients and 20 healthy controls. Two data-driven approaches, K-means and Ward clustering algorithms, were adopted for visual cortices parcellation. Dice coefficient and adjusted Rand index were used to assess reproducibility of the two approaches. Homogeneity index, silhouette coefficient, and network properties were adopted to assess functional validity for the data-driven approaches and frequently used brain atlas. Graph theoretical analysis was adopted to investigate altered network patterns in POAG patients based on data-driven visual atlas. Results Parcellation results demonstrated asymmetric patterns between left and right hemispheres in POAG patients compared with healthy controls. In terms of evaluating metrics, K-means performed better than Ward clustering in reproducibility. Data-driven parcellations outperformed frequently used brain atlases in terms of functional homogeneity and network properties. Graph theoretical analysis revealed that atlases generated by data-driven approaches were more conducive in detecting network alterations between POAG patients and healthy controls. Conclusions Our findings suggested that POAG patients experienced functional alterations in the visual cortices. Results also highlighted the necessity of data-driven atlases for functional connectivity and functional network analysis of POAG brain.
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Enhanced Gray Matter Volume Compensates for Decreased Brain Activity in the Ocular Motor Area in Children with Anisometropic Amblyopia. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8060869. [PMID: 32377181 PMCID: PMC7182973 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8060869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Anisometropic amblyopia usually occurs during early childhood and results in monocular visual deficit. Recent neuroimaging studies have demonstrated structural and functional alterations in pediatric anisometropic amblyopia (PAA) patients. However, the relationship between structural and functional alterations remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between structural and functional alterations in PAA patients. Materials and Methods Eighteen PAA patients and 14 healthy children underwent a multimodal MRI scanning including T1WI and functional MRI (fMRI). Voxel-based morphometry was used to assess structural alterations between PAA patients and healthy children. Regional homogeneity (ReHo) was used to investigate changes in local spontaneous brain activity in the enrolled subjects. Correlations between structural, functional alterations, and clinical information were analyzed in the PAA group. Results Compared with healthy children, PAA patients exhibited significantly reduced ReHo of spontaneous brain activity in the right superior temporal gyrus (STG) and right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and increased gray matter volume in the right lobules 4 and 5 of the cerebellum. The gray matter volume of the right lobules 4 and 5 of the cerebellum was negatively correlated with the ReHo values of the right MFG. Conclusions Our findings may suggest that PAA patients experience structural and functional abnormalities in brain regions related to oculomotor and visual-spatial information. In addition, the increased gray matter volume may compensate the decreased brain activity in the oculomotor regions, which reflects compensatory or neural plasticity in PAA patients.
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Wang B, Yan T, Zhou J, Xie Y, Qiu J, Wang Y, Lu W. Altered fMRI-derived functional connectivity in patients with high-tension glaucoma. J Neuroradiol 2020; 48:94-98. [PMID: 32169470 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-tension glaucoma (HTG) is associated with functional changes in the brain, and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is one of the major causes. PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of high IOP on the brain in patients with HTG by using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six patients with HTG and 20 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited and underwent IOP examination and rs-fMRI scan. Voxel-wise functional connectivity (FC) values were obtained between the Brodmann Area (BA) 17 (primary visual cortex) and the rest of the brain, two-sample t test was performed between HTG group and HCs. Correlation analysis was performed between FC and clinical information. RESULTS Compared with HCs, HTG patients demonstrated decreased FC between BA 17 and the right precuneus gyrus, decreased FC between BA 17 and the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG) (GRF corrected at voxel level P<0.001 and cluster level P<0.05, two-tailed). FC between BA 17 and the right SFG showed significantly negative correlation with right eyes' IOP and mean IOP. CONCLUSION HTG patients had abnormal FC changes between the visual cortex and multiple functional brain regions related to visual sense, memory consolidation and cognitive processing, which provided image support for the pathophysiology research of HTG, and revealed new targets for the accurate treatment of HTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Tingqin Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Yuanzhong Xie
- Department of Radiology, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Jianfeng Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China; Medical Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China.
| | - Weizhao Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China; Medical Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China.
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Liu X, Hou Z, Yin Y, Xie C, Zhang H, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Yuan Y. CACNA1C Gene rs11832738 Polymorphism Influences Depression Severity by Modulating Spontaneous Activity in the Right Middle Frontal Gyrus in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:73. [PMID: 32161558 PMCID: PMC7052844 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine whether the CACNA1C gene rs11832738 polymorphism and major depressive disorder (MDD) have an interactive effect on the untreated regional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and to determine whether regional ALFF mediates the association between CACNA1C rs11832738 and MDD. METHODS A total of 116 patients with MDD and 66 normal controls (NCs) were recruited. The MDD and NC groups were further divided into two groups according to genotype: carriers of the G allele (G-carrier group, GG/GA genotypes; MDD, n = 61; NC, n = 26) and AA homozygous group (MDD, n = 55; NC, n = 40). MDD was diagnosed based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Depression severity was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Scale-24 (HAMD-24) at baseline and follow-up (after 2 and 8 weeks of treatment). All subjects underwent functional MRI (fMRI) scans at baseline, and the ALFF was calculated to reflect spontaneous brain activity. The interactions between MDD and CACNA1C single nucleotide polymorphism rs11832738 were determined using two-way factorial analysis of covariance, with age, sex, education, and head motion as covariates. We performed mediation analysis to further determine whether regional ALFF strength could mediate the associations between rs11832738 and depression severity, MDD treatment efficacy. RESULTS MDD had a main effect on regional ALFF distribution in three brain areas: the right medial frontal gyrus (MFG_R), the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC_L), and the right cerebellum posterior lobe (CPL_R); CACNA1C showed a significant interactive effect with MDD on the ALFF of MFG_R. For CACNA1C G allele carriers, the ALFF of MFG_R had a significant positive correlation with the baseline HAMD-24 score. Exploratory mediation analysis revealed that the intrinsic ALFF in MFG_R significantly mediated the association between the CACNA1C rs11832738 polymorphism and baseline HAMD-24 score. CONCLUSIONS A genetic variant in CACNA1C rs11832738 may influence depression severity in MDD patients by moderating spontaneous MFG_R activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenghua Hou
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Yin
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunming Xie
- Department of Neurology, ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haisan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonggui Yuan
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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