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Harkness BM, Chen S, Kim K, Reddy AP, McFarland TJ, Hegarty DM, Everist SJ, Saugstad JA, Lapidus J, Galor A, Aicher SA. Tear Proteins Altered in Patients with Persistent Eye Pain after Refractive Surgery: Biomarker Candidate Discovery. J Proteome Res 2024. [PMID: 38885176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Some patients develop persistent eye pain after refractive surgery, but factors that cause or sustain pain are unknown. We tested whether tear proteins of patients with pain 3 months after surgery differ from those of patients without pain. Patients undergoing refractive surgery (laser in situ keratomileusis or photorefractive keratectomy ) were recruited from 2 clinics, and tears were collected 3 months after surgery. Participants rated their eye pain using a numerical rating scale (NRS, 0-10; no pain-worst pain) at baseline, 1 day, and 3 months after surgery. Using tandem mass tag proteomic analysis, we examined tears from patients with pain [NRS ≥ 3 at 3 months (n = 16)] and patients with no pain [NRS ≤ 1 at 3 months (n = 32)] after surgery. A subset of proteins (83 of 2748 detected, 3.0%) were associated with pain 3 months after surgery. High-dimensional statistical models showed that the magnitude of differential expression was not the only important factor in classifying tear samples from pain patients. Models utilizing 3 or 4 proteins had better classification performance than single proteins and represented differences in both directions (higher or lower in pain). Thus, patterns of protein differences may serve as biomarkers of postsurgical eye pain as well as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke M Harkness
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-4197, United States
| | - Siting Chen
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97239-4197, United States
- Biostatistics & Design Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-4197, United States
| | - Kilsun Kim
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-4197, United States
| | - Ashok P Reddy
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-4197, United States
| | - Trevor J McFarland
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-4197, United States
| | - Deborah M Hegarty
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-4197, United States
| | - Steven J Everist
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-4197, United States
| | - Julie A Saugstad
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-4197, United States
| | - Jodi Lapidus
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97239-4197, United States
- Biostatistics & Design Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-4197, United States
| | - Anat Galor
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Florida 33146, United States
- Miami Veterans Affairs Hospital, Miami, Florida 33125-1624, United States
| | - Sue A Aicher
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-4197, United States
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Thomas KM, Ajithaprasad S, N M, Pavithran M S, Chidangil S, Lukose J. Raman spectroscopy assisted tear analysis: A label free, optical approach for noninvasive disease diagnostics. Exp Eye Res 2024; 243:109913. [PMID: 38679225 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
In recent times, tear fluid analysis has garnered considerable attention in the field of biomarker-based diagnostics due to its noninvasive sample collection method. Tears encompass a reservoir of biomarkers that assist in diagnosing not only ocular disorders but also a diverse list of systemic diseases. This highlights the necessity for sensitive and dependable screening methods to employ tear fluid as a potential noninvasive diagnostic specimen in clinical environments. Considerable research has been conducted to investigate the potential of Raman spectroscopy-based investigations for tear analysis in various diagnostic applications. Raman Spectroscopy (RS) is a highly sensitive and label free spectroscopic technique which aids in investigating the molecular structure of samples by evaluating the vibrational frequencies of molecular bonds. Due to the distinct chemical compositions of different samples, it is possible to obtain a sample-specific spectral fingerprint. The distinctive spectral fingerprints obtained from Raman spectroscopy enable researchers to identify specific compounds or functional groups present in a sample, aiding in diverse biomedical applications. Its sensitivity to changes in molecular structure or environment provides invaluable insights into subtle alterations associated with various diseases. Thus, Raman Spectroscopy has the potential to assist in diagnosis and treatment as well as prognostic evaluation. Raman spectroscopy possesses several advantages, such as the non-destructive examination of samples, remarkable sensitivity to structural variations, minimal prerequisites for sample preparation, negligible interference from water, and the aptness for real-time investigation of tear samples. The purpose of this review is to highlight the potential of Raman spectroscopic technique in facilitating the clinical diagnosis of various ophthalmic and systemic disorders through non-invasive tear analysis. Additionally, the review delves into the advancements made in Raman spectroscopy with regards to paper-based sensing substrates and tear analysis methods integrated into contact lenses. Furthermore, the review also addresses the obstacles and future possibilities associated with implementing Raman spectroscopy as a routine diagnostic tool based on tear analysis in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keziah Mary Thomas
- Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital and Eye Research Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sreeprasad Ajithaprasad
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mithun N
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanoop Pavithran M
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jijo Lukose
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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Mäkinen P, Nättinen J, Aapola U, Pietilä J, Uusitalo H. Comparison of early changes in tear film protein profiles after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and femtosecond LASIK (FS-LASIK) surgery. Clin Proteomics 2024; 21:11. [PMID: 38368345 PMCID: PMC10874072 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-024-09460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) are widely used surgical methods to correct myopia with comparable efficacy, predictability, and safety. We examined and compared the early changes of tear protein profiles after SMILE and FS-LASIK surgery in order to find possible differences in the initial corneal healing process. METHODS SMILE operations for 26 eyes were made with Visumax femtosecond laser. In FS-LASIK surgery for 30 eyes, the flaps were made with Ziemer FEMTO LDV Z6 femtosecond laser and stromal ablation with Wavelight EX500 excimer laser. Tear samples were collected preoperatively, and 1.5 h and 1 month postoperatively using glass microcapillary tubes. Tear protein identification and quantification were performed with sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS). RESULTS Immediately (1.5 h) after we found differences in 89 proteins after SMILE and in 123 after FS-LASIK operation compared to preoperative protein levels. Of these differentially expressed proteins, 48 proteins were common for both surgery types. There were, however, quantitative differences between SMILE and FS-LASIK. Upregulated proteins were mostly connected to inflammatory response and migration of the cells connected to immune system. One month after the operation protein expressions levels were returned to baseline levels with both surgical methods. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that immediate changes in protein profiles after SMILE and FS-LASIK surgeries and differences between the methods are connected to inflammatory process, and the protein levels quickly return to the baseline within 1 month. The differences in protein profiles between the methods are probably associated with the different size of the epithelial wound induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Mäkinen
- SILK, Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
- Silmäasema Eye Hospital, Hämeenkatu 6, Tampere, 33100, Finland.
| | - Janika Nättinen
- SILK, Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ulla Aapola
- SILK, Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juhani Pietilä
- SILK, Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Silmäasema Eye Hospital, Hämeenkatu 6, Tampere, 33100, Finland
| | - Hannu Uusitalo
- SILK, Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- TAUH Eye Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Vergouwen DP, Kolijn PM, de Hoog J, de Boer JH, Los LI, Gijs M, Erckens RJ, de Jong PH, Rothova A, Ten Berge JC, Schreurs MW. Potential Biomarkers for Noninfectious Scleritis Identified by Serum and Tear Fluid Proteomics. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2024; 4:100407. [PMID: 38054106 PMCID: PMC10694766 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Scleritis is an extremely painful and potentially blinding inflammation of the sclera with unknown pathogenesis and unpredictable course. To gain insight in its disease process and identify biomarker candidates, we performed extensive proteomics in serum and tear fluid. Design Prospective multicenter cohort study. Participants A total of 121 patients with noninfectious scleritis (of which 39 active cases), 30 healthy controls, and 23 disease controls (uveitis and rheumatoid arthritis) were enrolled in the Netherlands from 2020 to 2022. Methods Serum, tear fluid of both eyes, and clinical data were gathered. The level of 368 inflammatory proteins was measured using proximity extension assays. Results were validated in an independent cohort of 15 patients with scleritis, and using addressable laser bead immunoassay, or enzyme-linked immunoassays. In addition, we studied an extended panel of matrix metalloproteinases in tear fluid of necrotizing scleritis with addressable laser bead immunoassay. Main Outcome Measures Statistically significant differences in the level of inflammatory proteins between patients with scleritis and control groups. Results Proteomics revealed 18 significantly upregulated or downregulated serum proteins in active scleritis cases compared with all control groups in both the discovery cohort and the validation cohort. The most upregulated protein was nuclear migration protein nudC (NudC; P = 0.0032), a protein involved in neurogenesis. The other significant hits included proteins involved in T-cell activation, apoptosis, epithelial barrier maintenance, and angiogenesis. Our tear fluid analysis showed matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) to be upregulated in the tear fluid of patients with scleral necrosis. Conclusions The results of our proteomics analysis suggest a role for neurogenesis, T-cell activation, disruption of epithelial barrier, and angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of scleritis, and highlight MMP9 and NudC as biomarkers with potential clinical relevance. Funding Disclosures The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne P.C. Vergouwen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. Martijn Kolijn
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joeri de Hoog
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joke H. de Boer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leonoor I. Los
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies Gijs
- University Eye Clinic, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel J. Erckens
- University Eye Clinic, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal H.P. de Jong
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aniki Rothova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josianne C. Ten Berge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W.J. Schreurs
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Kumar Barik A, Mathew C, Sanoop PM, John RV, Adigal SS, Bhat S, Pai KM, Bhandary SV, Devasia T, Upadhya R, Kartha VB, Chidangil S. Protein profile pattern analysis: A multifarious, in vitro diagnosis technique for universal screening. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1232:123944. [PMID: 38056315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Universal health care is attracting increased attention nowadays, because of the large increase in population all over the world, and a similar increase in life expectancy, leading to an increase in the incidence of non-communicable (various cancers, coronary diseases, neurological and old-age-related diseases) and communicable diseases/pandemics like SARS-COVID 19. This has led to an immediate need for a healthcare technology that should be cost-effective and accessible to all. A technology being considered as a possible one at present is liquid biopsy, which looks for markers in readily available samples like body fluids which can be accessed non- or minimally- invasive manner. Two approaches are being tried now towards this objective. The first involves the identification of suitable, specific markers for each condition, using established methods like various Mass Spectroscopy techniques (Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectroscopy (SELDI-MS), Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI-MS), etc., immunoassays (Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay (ELISA), Proximity Extension Assays, etc.) and separation methods like 2-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (2-D PAGE), Sodium Dodecyl-Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Capillary Electrophoresis (CE), etc. In the second approach, no attempt is made the identification of specific markers; rather an efficient separation method like High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/ Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC/UPLC) is used to separate the protein markers, and a profile of the protein pattern is recorded, which is analysed by Artificial Intelligence (AI)/Machine Learning (MI) methods to derive characteristic patterns and use them for identifying the disease condition. The present report gives a summary of the current status of these two approaches and compares the two in the use of their suitability for universal healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya Kumar Barik
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Clint Mathew
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Pavithran M Sanoop
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Reena V John
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Sphurti S Adigal
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Sujatha Bhat
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Keerthilatha M Pai
- Department of Dental Surgery, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Sulatha V Bhandary
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Tom Devasia
- Department of Cardiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Rekha Upadhya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - V B Kartha
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
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Akkurt Arslan M, Brignole-Baudouin F, Chardonnet S, Pionneau C, Blond F, Baudouin C, Kessal K. Profiling tear film enzymes reveals major metabolic pathways involved in the homeostasis of the ocular surface. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15231. [PMID: 37709789 PMCID: PMC10502076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface (OS) enzymes are of great interest due to their potential for novel ocular drug development. We aimed first to profile and classify the enzymes of the OS to describe major biological processes and pathways that are involved in the maintenance of homeostasis. Second, we aimed to compare the enzymatic profiles between the two most common tear collection methods, capillary tubes (CT) and Schirmer strips (ScS). A comprehensive tear proteomic dataset was generated by pooling all enzymes identified from nine tear proteomic analyses of healthy subjects using mass spectrometry. In these studies, tear fluid was collected using CT (n = 4), ScS (n = 4) or both collection methods (n = 1). Classification and functional analysis of the enzymes was performed using a combination of bioinformatic tools. The dataset generated identified 1010 enzymes. The most representative classes were hydrolases (EC 3) and transferases (EC 2). Phosphotransferases, esterases and peptidases were the most represented subclasses. A large portion of the identified enzymes was common to both collection methods (n = 499). More enzymes were specifically detected in the ScS-extracted proteome. The major pathways in which the identified enzymes participate are related to the immune system and protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Metabolic processes for nucleosides, cellular amides, sugars and sulfur compounds constituted the most enriched biological processes. Knowledge of these molecules highly susceptible to pharmacological manipulation might help to predict the metabolism of ophthalmic medications and develop novel prodrug strategies as well as new drug delivery systems. Combining such extensive knowledge of the OS enzymes with new analytical approaches and techniques might create new prospects for understanding, predicting and manipulating the metabolism of ocular pharmaceuticals. Our study reports new, essential data on OS enzymes while also comparing the enzyme profiles obtained via the two most popular methods of tear collection, capillary tubes and Schirmer strips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Akkurt Arslan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM UMRS 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU ForeSight, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Brignole-Baudouin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM UMRS 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU ForeSight, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France
- Hôpital National de la Vision des 15-20, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, IHU ForeSight, 75012, Paris, France
- Hôpital National de la Vision des 15-20, Laboratoire d'Ophtalmobiologie, 75012, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Solenne Chardonnet
- INSERM, UMS Production et Analyse des donnees en Sciences de la vie et en Santé, PASS, Plateforme Post-génomique de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, P3S, Sorbonne Université, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Pionneau
- INSERM, UMS Production et Analyse des donnees en Sciences de la vie et en Santé, PASS, Plateforme Post-génomique de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, P3S, Sorbonne Université, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Blond
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM UMRS 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU ForeSight, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM UMRS 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU ForeSight, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France
- Hôpital National de la Vision des 15-20, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, IHU ForeSight, 75012, Paris, France
- Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris APHP, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 92100, Boulogne, France
| | - Karima Kessal
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM UMRS 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU ForeSight, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France.
- Hôpital National de la Vision des 15-20, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, IHU ForeSight, 75012, Paris, France.
- Hôpital National de la Vision des 15-20, Laboratoire d'Ophtalmobiologie, 75012, Paris, France.
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Jung GT, Kim M, Song JS, Kim TI, Chung TY, Choi CY, Kim HS, An WJ, Jeong SJ, Lee HS, Jeon S, Kim KP, Lee HK. Proteomic analysis of tears in dry eye disease: A prospective, double-blind multicenter study. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:68-76. [PMID: 37094778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify specific dry eye disease (DED) tear biomarker(s) using tear proteomic analysis, clinical parameters, and their correlations before and after DED treatment. METHODS A prospective, double-blinded, national multicenter clinical study was performed using data from 80 DED patients. The patients were treated with 0.1% cyclosporine (CsA, n = 28), 0.05% CsA (n = 26), or 3% diquafosol (DQS, n = 26) eye drops, and tear proteome changes and clinical outcomes (tear break-up time [TBUT], corneal erosion [Cor-Er], conjunctival erosion [Conj-Er], and symptom assessment in dry eye [SANDE] scores) were observed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. For all clinical parameters, correlation analysis was performed between the three drug conditions and the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) from the proteomic analysis. RESULTS AFM, ALCAM, CFB, H1-4, PON1, RAP1B, and RBP4 were identified in all treatment groups and were downregulated after treatment. All clinical parameters significantly improved at 12 weeks than at baseline (p-value <0.0001); however, their values were not significantly different among groups, except for Cor-Er (p-value = 0.007). Compared with the DQS group, Cor-Er score significantly improved after treatment with 0.1% and 0.05% CsA. The seven DEPs identified in all groups were not consistently correlated with the clinical parameters (p-value >0.05). CONCLUSIONS Despite differences in drug concentration and action mechanisms, the improvement levels of TBUT, Cor-Er, and SANDE scores were clinically adequate. However, useful tear protein biomarkers, clinically acceptable biomarker combinations correlating with clinical parameters, and clinically acceptable levels of specificity and sensitivity were not identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun Tae Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Kyung Hee Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minha Kim
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Suk Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Im Kim
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Young Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seong Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Ju An
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Jeong
- Department of Statistics Support, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sun Lee
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Jeon
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Kyung Hee Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Keun Lee
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Vergouwen DPC, Schotting AJ, Endermann T, van de Werken HJG, Grashof DGB, Arumugam S, Nuijts RMMA, Ten Berge JC, Rothova A, Schreurs MWJ, Gijs M. Evaluation of pre-processing methods for tear fluid proteomics using proximity extension assays. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4433. [PMID: 36932139 PMCID: PMC10023677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tear fluid forms a potential source for biomarker identification, and can be minimal invasively collected via Schirmer strips. The lack of knowledge on the processing of Schirmer strips however complicates the analysis and between-study comparisons. We studied two different pre-processing methods, specifically the use of punches of the strip versus elution of the strip in a buffer. Tear fluid filled Schirmer strips were collected from 5 healthy participants, and divided into two halves over the length of the strip. In either part, punches or eluates were obtained from 4 different locations, from the first part touching the eye (head) to the end, to assess the protein distribution along the strips. The levels of 92 inflammatory proteins were measured in the punches/eluates using proximity extension assays. The punch method yielded higher protein detectability compared to the elution method (76% vs 66%; p ≤ 0.001). Protein expression level was found to be slightly higher in the head of the strip, however, 3 out of 5 punches from the head failed quality control. Protein expression levels over the remaining parts of the strips were similar. Our study showed beneficial use of punches of any part of the strip except the head in future biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne P C Vergouwen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Amber J Schotting
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Harmen J G van de Werken
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dwin G B Grashof
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sinthuja Arumugam
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rudy M M A Nuijts
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Josianne C Ten Berge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aniki Rothova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W J Schreurs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies Gijs
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Nättinen J, Aapola U, Nukareddy P, Uusitalo H. Clinical Tear Fluid Proteomics—A Novel Tool in Glaucoma Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158136. [PMID: 35897711 PMCID: PMC9331117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tear fluid forms the outermost layer of the ocular surface and its characteristics and composition have been connected to various ocular surface diseases. As tear proteomics enables the non-invasive investigation of protein levels in the tear fluid, it has become an increasingly popular approach in ocular surface and systemic disease studies. Glaucoma, which is a set of multifactorial diseases affecting mainly the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells, has also been studied using tear proteomics. In this condition, the complete set of pathophysiological changes occurring in the eye is not yet fully understood, and biomarkers for early diagnosis and accurate treatment selection are needed. More in-depth analyses of glaucoma tear proteomics have started to emerge only more recently with the implementation of LC-MS/MS and other modern technologies. The aim of this review was to examine the published data of the tear protein changes occurring during glaucoma, its topical treatment, and surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janika Nättinen
- Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (U.A.); (P.N.); (H.U.)
- Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ulla Aapola
- Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (U.A.); (P.N.); (H.U.)
- Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Praveena Nukareddy
- Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (U.A.); (P.N.); (H.U.)
| | - Hannu Uusitalo
- Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (U.A.); (P.N.); (H.U.)
- Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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de Barros MRM, Chakravarti S. Pathogenesis of keratoconus: NRF2-antioxidant, extracellular matrix and cellular dysfunctions. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109062. [PMID: 35385756 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) is a degenerative disease associated with cell and extracellular matrix (ECM) loss that causes gradual thinning and steepening of the cornea and loss of vision. Collagen cross linking with ultraviolet light treatment can strengthen the ECM and delay weakening of the cornea, but severe cases require corneal transplantation. KC is multifactorial and multigenic, but its pathophysiology is still an enigma. Multiple approaches are being pursued to elucidate the molecular changes that underlie the corneal phenotype to identify relevant genes for tailored candidate searches and to develop potential biomarkers and targets for therapeutic interventions. Recent proteomic and transcriptomic studies suggest dysregulations in oxidative stress, NRF2-regulated antioxidant programs, WNT-signaling, TGF-β, ECM and matrix metalloproteinases. This review aims to provide a broad update on the transcriptomic and proteomic studies of KC with a focus on findings that relate to oxidative stress, and dysregulations in cellular and extracellular matrix functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shukti Chakravarti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NY, 10016, USA.
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