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Jung GT, Kim M, Song JS, Kim TI, Chung TY, Choi CY, Kim HS, An WJ, Jeong SJ, Lee HS, Jeon S, Kim KP, Lee HK. Proteomic analysis of tears in dry eye disease: A prospective, double-blind multicenter study. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:68-76. [PMID: 37094778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify specific dry eye disease (DED) tear biomarker(s) using tear proteomic analysis, clinical parameters, and their correlations before and after DED treatment. METHODS A prospective, double-blinded, national multicenter clinical study was performed using data from 80 DED patients. The patients were treated with 0.1% cyclosporine (CsA, n = 28), 0.05% CsA (n = 26), or 3% diquafosol (DQS, n = 26) eye drops, and tear proteome changes and clinical outcomes (tear break-up time [TBUT], corneal erosion [Cor-Er], conjunctival erosion [Conj-Er], and symptom assessment in dry eye [SANDE] scores) were observed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. For all clinical parameters, correlation analysis was performed between the three drug conditions and the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) from the proteomic analysis. RESULTS AFM, ALCAM, CFB, H1-4, PON1, RAP1B, and RBP4 were identified in all treatment groups and were downregulated after treatment. All clinical parameters significantly improved at 12 weeks than at baseline (p-value <0.0001); however, their values were not significantly different among groups, except for Cor-Er (p-value = 0.007). Compared with the DQS group, Cor-Er score significantly improved after treatment with 0.1% and 0.05% CsA. The seven DEPs identified in all groups were not consistently correlated with the clinical parameters (p-value >0.05). CONCLUSIONS Despite differences in drug concentration and action mechanisms, the improvement levels of TBUT, Cor-Er, and SANDE scores were clinically adequate. However, useful tear protein biomarkers, clinically acceptable biomarker combinations correlating with clinical parameters, and clinically acceptable levels of specificity and sensitivity were not identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun Tae Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Kyung Hee Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minha Kim
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Suk Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Im Kim
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Young Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seong Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Ju An
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Jeong
- Department of Statistics Support, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sun Lee
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Jeon
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Kyung Hee Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Keun Lee
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Khazaei H, Khazaei D, Verma R, Ng J, Wilmarth PA, David LL, Rosenbaum JT. The potential of tear proteomics for diagnosis and management of orbital inflammatory disorders including Graves' ophthalmopathy. Exp Eye Res 2021; 213:108813. [PMID: 34742692 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orbital compartments harbor a variety of tissues that can be independently targeted in a plethora of disorders resulting in sight-threatening risks. Orbital inflammatory disorders (OID) including Graves' ophthalmopathy, sarcoidosis, IgG4 disease, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and nonspecific orbital inflammation constitute an important cause of pain, diplopia and vision loss. Physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging, and even biopsy are not always adequate to classify orbital inflammation which is frequently deemed "nonspecific". Tear sampling and testing provide a potential "window" to the orbital disease process through a non-invasive technique that allows longitudinal sampling as the disease evolves. Using PubMed/Medline, we identified potentially relevant articles on tear proteomics published in the English language between 1988 and 2021. Of 303 citations obtained, 225 contained empirical data on tear proteins, including 33 publications on inflammatory conditions, 15 in glaucoma, 15 in thyroid eye disease, 1 in sarcoidosis (75) and 2 in uveitis (77,78). Review articles were used to identify an additional 56 relevant articles through citation search. In this review, we provide a short introduction to the potential use of tears as a diagnostic fluid and tool to investigate the mechanism of ocular diseases. A general review of previous tear proteomics studies is also provided, with a focus on Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), and a discussion of unmet needs in the diagnosis and treatment of orbital inflammatory disease (OID). The review concludes by pointing out current limitations of mass spectrometric analysis of tear proteins and summarizes future needs in the field.
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Zong RR, Zhu FF, Han W, Wang YX, Wang GL, Wang YZ, Mao YB, Guan TJ, Liu ZG, Xue YH, Li C. Tear dynamics testing and quantitative proteomics analysis in patients with chronic renal failure. J Proteomics 2021; 248:104351. [PMID: 34411762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ocular surface changes may develop in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) undergoing hemodialysis. In recent years, an association of CRF with dry eye syndrome has been emphasized. However, tear proteomics of CRF patients has not been analyzed. Here, we performed systematic profiling of the tear film proteins in CRF patients through use of isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitative (iTRAQ) MS/MS, aiming to identify associations between dry eye symptoms and expression of tear proteomic changes in patients with CRF undergoing hemodialysis. Twenty CRF patients and ten healthy subjects underwent a series of ophthalmic examinations. Tear samples from the participants were analyzed by iTRAQ approach. A total of 1139 tear proteins were screened, and 212 differentially expressed proteins were identified. The pattern changes included 77 whose expression levels were upregulated (fold increase >1.2) whereas 135 others that were downregulated (fold decrease <1/1.2). Bioinformatics analysis showed that these proteins were significantly enriched in lipid metabolism, inflammatory, and immune response pathways. Furthermore, APOA1, APOA4, APOB, APOE, S100A8, S100A9, S100A4, HSP90B and other molecules were significantly changed. Our study elucidated the characteristics of tear dynamics and protein markers in CRF patients undergoing hemodialysis. Significance: Despite the association of chronic renal failure (CRF) with dry eye disease, there are no reports describing potentially important differentially expressed tear proteins in CRF patients undergoing hemodialysis. It is still a challenge to obtain a comprehensive description of the pathogenesis of dry eye in CRF patients which hinders establishing a patient specific therapeutic scheme. Our study is the first iTRAQ proteomics analysis of the tears of patients with CRF, which reveals the changes in the protein expression profile in CRF patients afflicted with dry eye disease. The identity was verified of some relevant differentially expressed proteins, and they may be candidate diagnostic markers of dry eye disease in patients with CRF. These tear film protein constituents found in hemodialysis patients can be of important clinical significance in treating this condition. SIGNIFICANCE: Despite the association of chronic renal failure (CRF) with dry eye disease, there are no reports describing potentially important differentially expressed tear proteins in CRF patients undergoing hemodialysis. It is still a challenge to obtain a comprehensive description of the pathogenesis of dry eye in CRF patients which hinders establishing a patient specific therapeutic scheme. Our study is the first iTRAQ proteomics analysis of the tears of patients with CRF, which reveals the changes in the protein expression profile in CRF patients afflicted with dry eye disease. The identity was verified of some relevant differentially expressed proteins, and they may be candidate diagnostic markers of dry eye disease in patients with CRF. These tear film protein constituents found in hemodialysis patients can be of important clinical significance in treating this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Rong Zong
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fei-Feng Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wei Han
- Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan-Zi Wang
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yu-Bin Mao
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tian-Jun Guan
- Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zu-Guo Liu
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yu-Hua Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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Jiang L, Wei R, Diao J, Ding H, Wang W, Ao R. Proteomics of Tear in Inactive Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar) 2021; 17:291-303. [PMID: 35342480 PMCID: PMC8919484 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2021.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), one of the most common orbital diseases in adults, seriously reduces patients' quality of life. Although human tear proteomics identified many abnormal expressed proteins and proposed several pathogeneses of TAO, most of these studies focused on the active stage or mixed types in TAO. In this study we identified significantly changed proteins and preliminary revealed the potential signalling pathways and mechanisms of TAO with the late, inactive stage. PATIENTS AND METHODS Tears from TAO patients (n=6) with a CAS score < 3 and 6 control healthy subject were collected. The pooled tears were further fractionated using high pH reversed-phase chromatography, then submitted to LC-MS/MS and subsequent bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS Proteomic profiling identified 107 significantly changed proteins between the inactive stage of TAO patients and healthy cases. Among these proteins, 62 were upregulated, and 45 were downregulated in TAO cases compared to healthy individuals. Enrichment analysis revealed that the immune system, cell cycle, metabolism (carbohydrate metabolism and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins), protein synthesis and degradation might play a vital role in the progress of inactive TAO. The present investigation represents the first proteomic tear study of TAO patients in the inactive stage. CONCLUSION The results shed light on the differences between inactive TAO patients and healthy cases, thus enabling us to understand better the molecular mechanisms and potential targets for the treatment of inactive TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - R. Ao
- Correspondence to: Rong Ao MD, 389 Xin Cun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China, E-mail:
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Nättinen J, Mäkinen P, Aapola U, Orsila L, Pietilä J, Uusitalo H. Early changes in tear film protein profiles after femtosecond LASIK surgery. Clin Proteomics 2020; 17:36. [PMID: 33088244 PMCID: PMC7574433 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-020-09303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) has proven to be an efficacious, predictable, and safe procedure for the correction of refractive errors. We examined the early tear protein changes of patients undergoing LASIK surgery in order to better understand the mechanisms and proteins related to laser corneal surgery and initial recovery. Methods Corneal flaps were created with Ziemer FEMTO LDV Z6 I femtosecond laser and stroma was ablated using Wavelight EX500 excimer laser. Tear samples were collected preoperatively as well as 1.5 h and 1 month after LASIK treatment using glass microcapillary tubes. Relative quantification of tear proteins was performed with sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS). Results SWATH-MS revealed that 158 proteins had altered expression levels 1.5 h after the operation. Two-thirds of these proteins, mostly connected to migration and inflammation response, returned to preoperative levels within the first postoperative month. The other proteins, which did not return to baseline levels, included proteins connected to for example epithelial barrier function. We also identified several proteins, which correlated with surgical variables, such as the amount of correction, flap thickness and flap diameter. Conclusions The present study showed that an uneventful femtosecond LASIK refractive surgery induced a significant immune cell migration and inflammation-associated changes in tear proteomics profile quickly after the operation, but the expression of most proteins recovered almost completely to the preoperative levels within the first month. The individual proteins identified in our study are potential targets for the follow-up and modification of LASIK-induced biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janika Nättinen
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, PL 100, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Petri Mäkinen
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, PL 100, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,Silmäasema Eye Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ulla Aapola
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, PL 100, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Lasse Orsila
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, PL 100, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Juhani Pietilä
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, PL 100, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,Silmäasema Eye Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hannu Uusitalo
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, PL 100, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,TAUH Eye Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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6
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Liang A, Qin W, Zhang M, Gao F, Zhao C, Gao Y. Profiling tear proteomes of patients with unilateral relapsed Behcet's disease-associated uveitis using data-independent acquisition proteomics. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9250. [PMID: 32596040 PMCID: PMC7307566 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore whether unilateral relapse of Bechet’s disease-associated uveitis (BDU) causes differences in the tear proteome between the diseased and the contralateral quiescent eye and potential tear biomarkers for uveitis recurrence and disease monitoring. Method To minimize interindividual variations, bilateral tear samples were collected from the same patient (n = 15) with unilateral relapse of BDU. A data-independent acquisition (DIA) strategy was used to identify proteins that differed between active and quiescent eyes. Results A total of 1,797 confident proteins were identified in the tear samples, of which 381 (21.2%) were also highly expressed in various tissues and organs. Fifty-one (2.8%) proteins differed in terms of expression between tears in active and quiescent eyes, 9 (17.6%) of which were functionally related to immunity or inflammation. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 (fold change = 3.2, p = 0.007) was increased and Annexin A1 (fold change = −1.7, p < 0.001) was decreased in the tears of the active BDU eye compared to the contralateral quiescent eye. Conclusions A substantial amount of confident proteins were detected in the tears of BDU patients, including proteins that were deferentially expressed in the uveitis-relapsed eyes and the contralateral quiescent eyes. Some of these identified tear proteins play important roles in immune and inflammatory processes. Tear proteome might be a good source of biomarkers for uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyi Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gene Engineering Drug and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Meifen Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youhe Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gene Engineering Drug and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- a Singapore Eye Research Institute , Singapore.,b National University Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine - Ophthalmology , Singapore.,c Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School - Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Research Program , Singapore
| | - Roger W Beuerman
- a Singapore Eye Research Institute , Singapore.,b National University Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine - Ophthalmology , Singapore.,c Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School - Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Research Program , Singapore
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Funke S, Beck S, Lorenz K, Kotterer M, Wolters D, Perumal N, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Analysis of the effects of preservative-free tafluprost on the tear proteome. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:4025-4039. [PMID: 27829990 PMCID: PMC5095299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to assess the ocular surface health status in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients switching from topical application of preserved latanoprost (LT) to preservative-free tafluprost (PFT) by tear proteomic monitoring. Tear fluid of POAG patients showing dry eye symptoms, using LT and switching to PFT as well as tear fluid of healthy controls has been examined. Tear proteome dynamics was monitored over 24 weeks in a first mass spectrometric explorative analysis in a small POAG patient cohort (N = 3). Longitudinal responses of candidate proteins as well as cytokines were comparatively analyzed by microarray in a larger cohort of POAG patients (N = 16) and healthy controls (N = 15). Clinical parameters including tear breakup time (TBUT) and basal Schirmer test (BST) were recorded. Distinct post-switch level alterations could be documented in POAG tear proteins (> 1000). Cellular leakage proteins, dry eye related candidates and cytokines showed predominantly level diminishment in POAG patients and approximation to the tear protein level of healthy controls in response to PFT. Tear proteins like pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 or galectin 7 displayed linear tear film level decline in POAG patients (R2≥0.9; P < 0.05) distinctly converging the healthy level. Proteomic outcome fit well with improved clinical parameters, TBUT and BST. In conclusion, tear proteomic alterations indicated ocular surface recovery regarding epithelia leakage and inflammation recession. Together with improved clinical parameters the study output proposes beneficial effects of PFT glaucoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Funke
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Beck
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Lorenz
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Marion Kotterer
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Dominik Wolters
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Natarajan Perumal
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz H Grus
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
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9
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Azkargorta M, Soria J, Acera A, Iloro I, Elortza F. Human tear proteomics and peptidomics in ophthalmology: Toward the translation of proteomic biomarkers into clinical practice. J Proteomics 2016; 150:359-367. [PMID: 27184738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tears are a complex biological mixture containing electrolytes, metabolites, lipids, mucins, some small organic molecules, and proteins. The tear film has various roles in the lubrication, protection from the external environment, and nutrition of the cornea; it is also involved in the modulation of the optical properties of the eye. Tear composition reflects the physiological condition of the underlying tissues. Therefore, the tear fluid is useful in the evaluation of health and disease states and it is a valuable source of biomarkers for objective analysis of ocular and systemic diseases. The relatively high protein concentration of this fluid and the ease of noninvasive sample collection make it suitable for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Efforts in proteomics research have positively affected to the field of ophthalmology, and the knowledge on the tear proteome has expanded considerably in the last few years. Nevertheless, despite a large amount of available data and the many biomarkers proposed for several eye and systemic diseases, the extent of translation to well-characterized and clinically useful tools has been largely insufficient. As for most of other biofluids, the road from discovery to clinical application is still long and full of pitfalls. In this review, we discuss the proteomic approaches used in the characterization of tear protein and peptide content, recapitulating the main studies and the progress done. We also present a brief summary of the path from discovery to clinical application of tear protein markers, with some representative examples of translation from the bench to the bedside. SIGNIFICANCE In this review we cover the most relevant proteomic approaches used in the characterization of the tear proteome, and for the first time we also focus in advances performed in the nowadays emerging peptide content characterization. In this context, we recapitulate on the main studies and the progresses done in this field. We also present a concise overview of the course that may be happen from discovery to clinical application for tear protein markers. Finally we include some representative examples of translation from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Azkargorta
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Javier Soria
- Bioftalmik Applied Research, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Arantxa Acera
- Bioftalmik Applied Research, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Ibon Iloro
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Felix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain.
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Zhou L, Wei R, Zhao P, Koh SK, Beuerman RW, Ding C. Proteomic analysis revealed the altered tear protein profile in a rabbit model of Sjögren's syndrome-associated dry eye. Proteomics 2014; 13:2469-81. [PMID: 23733261 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease that results in pathological dryness of mouth and eye. The diagnosis of SS depends on both clinical evaluation and specific antibodies. The goal of this study was to use quantitative proteomics to investigate changes in tear proteins in a rabbit model of SS-associated dry eye, induced autoimmune dacryoadenitis (IAD). Proteomic analysis was performed by iTRAQ and nano LC-MS/MS on tears collected from the ocular surface, and specific proteins were verified by high resolution MRM. It was found that in the tears of IAD rabbits at 2 and 4 weeks after induction, S100 A6, S100 A9, and serum albumin were upregulated, whereas serotransferrin (TF), prolactin-inducible protein (PIP), polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), and Ig gamma chain C region were downregulated. High resolution MRM with mTRAQ labeling verified the changes in S100 A6, TF, PIP, and pIgR. Our results indicated significant changes of tear proteins in IAD rabbits, suggesting these proteins could potentially be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of dry eye. Several of these proteins were also found in the tears of non-SS dry eye patients indicating a common basis of ocular surface pathology, however, pIgR appears to be unique to SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.
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