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Bakhsh H. Retrospective Analysis of Effective Management Strategies for Primary Amenorrhea of Reproductive Age in Saudi Arabia. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:772. [PMID: 38929754 PMCID: PMC11204569 DOI: 10.3390/life14060772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary amenorrhea, the absence of menstruation by age 15, can have significant implications for reproductive health and overall well-being. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various management strategies for primary amenorrhea among women of reproductive age in Saudi Arabia. Medical records of 63 eligible patients from 2018 to 2023 were analyzed, assessing diagnostic methods, treatment modalities, and associated outcomes. The findings revealed that hormonal therapy was the most commonly employed management strategy (50.0%) and demonstrated the highest rate of achieving menstrual regularity (62.5%). Surgical interventions were utilized in 28.1% of cases, with a 50.0% rate of symptom resolution. Lifestyle modifications were less frequent (21.9%) but showed a moderate rate of symptom resolution (35.7%). Logistic regression analysis identified age, underlying etiology, and management strategy as significant predictors of treatment success. Subgroup analyses highlighted the efficacy of hormonal therapy and lifestyle modifications for genetic etiologies, while surgical interventions were more effective for anatomical causes. The study underscores the importance of a comprehensive diagnostic approach and personalized treatment plans tailored to individual patient characteristics. Despite limitations, the findings contribute to the understanding of optimal management strategies for primary amenorrhea and emphasize the need for multidisciplinary collaboration in addressing this complex condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanadi Bakhsh
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Sullivan KM, Kriegel AJ. Growth hormone in pediatric chronic kidney disease: more than just height. Pediatr Nephrol 2024:10.1007/s00467-024-06330-8. [PMID: 38607423 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-024-06330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Recombinant human growth hormone therapy, which was introduced in the 1980s, is now routine for children with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) who are exhibiting growth impairment. Growth hormone usage remains variable across different centers, with some showing low uptake. Much of the focus on growth hormone supplementation has been on increasing height because of social and psychological effects of short stature. There are, however, numerous other changes that occur in CKD that have not received as much attention but are biologically important for pediatric growth and development. This article reviews the current knowledge about the multisystem effects of growth hormone therapy in pediatric patients with CKD and highlights areas where additional clinical research is needed. We also included clinical data on children and adults who had received growth hormone for other indications apart from CKD. Ultimately, having robust clinical studies which examine these effects will allow children and their families to make more informed decisions about this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Marie Sullivan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Alison J Kriegel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Belceanu AD, Bîlha ȘC, Vulpoi C, Brănișteanu DD. The impact of growth hormone replacement therapy on adipokines, but not upon ghrelin. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2023; 48:411-419. [PMID: 34546018 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.21.03588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides growth acceleration, growth hormone (GH) therapy of GH deficient (GHD) children improves body composition by decreasing body fat. This effect is due to GH interaction with lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, possibly also mediated by adipokines secreted by adipose tissue, and ghrelin. This study aimed to assess the impact of one-year GH replacement therapy on the metabolic profile, adipokines, and acylated/unacylated ghrelin of prepubertal children with GHD. METHODS Prospective observational study of 42 non-obese, prepubertal children with GHD followed up for twelve months. Mean lipid, carbohydrate, adipokine profiles, acylated/unacylated ghrelin, and body composition data before therapy onset were compared with measurements obtained after 6 and 12 months of GH therapy. RESULTS Total body fat content and body fat percentage decreased significantly, while the lipid profile improved over the study period in the 42 GHD children with a mean age of 9.2±2.6 years. The levels of leptin and unacylated ghrelin decreased significantly, whereas adiponectin and acylated ghrelin values increased after GH therapy. In regression analysis models, GH treatment (reflected by increased absolute values or standard deviations of IGF1) influences the variation of leptin and adiponectin, but not ghrelin, independently of body composition - lean or fat mass. CONCLUSIONS GH replacement therapy improves body composition, lipid, and adipokine profile in GHD children. Also, GH replacement therapy directly impacts leptin and adiponectin concentrations, independently of body composition. Further research is needed to identify the molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways by which the GH/IGF1 axis influences adipokines secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina D Belceanu
- Department of Endocrinology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Ștefana C Bîlha
- Department of Endocrinology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania -
| | - Carmen Vulpoi
- Department of Endocrinology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Dumitru D Brănișteanu
- Department of Endocrinology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
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Improda N, Moracas C, Mattace Raso G, Valente V, Crisci G, Lorello P, Di Mase R, Salerno M, Capalbo D. Vascular Function and Intima-Media Thickness in Children and Adolescents with Growth Hormone Deficiency: Results from a Prospective Case-Control Study. Horm Res Paediatr 2023; 97:140-147. [PMID: 37290420 DOI: 10.1159/000531473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) may be associated with subtle cardiovascular abnormalities, reversible upon starting GH treatment. Data on vascular morphology and function in GHD children are scanty and inconclusive. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of GHD and GH treatment on endothelial function and intima-media thickness (IMT) in children and adolescents. METHODS We enrolled 24 children with GHD (10.85 ± 2.71 years) and 24 age-, sex-, and BMI-matched controls. We evaluated anthropometry, lipid profile, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), brachial flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), and IMT of common (cIMT) and internal (iIMT) carotid artery at study entry in all subjects and after 12 months of treatment in GHD children. RESULTS At baseline GHD, children had higher total cholesterol (163.17 ± 18.66 vs. 149.83 ± 20.68 mg/dL, p = 0.03), LDL cholesterol (91.18 ± 20.41 vs. 77.08 ± 19.73 mg/dL, p = 0.019), atherogenic index (AI) (2.94 ± 0.71 vs. 2.56 ± 0.4, p = 0.028), and ADMA (215.87 ± 109.15 vs. 164.10 ± 49.15 ng/mL, p < 0.001), compared to controls. GHD patients also exhibited increased higher waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) compared to controls (0.48 ± 0.05 vs. 0.45 ± 0.02 cm, p = 0.03). GH therapy resulted in a decrease in WHtR (0.44 ± 0.03 cm, p = 0.001), total (151.60 ± 15.23 mg/dL, p = 0.001) and LDL cholesterol (69.94 ± 14.40 mg/dL, p < 0.0001), AI (2.28 ± 0.35, p = 0.001), and ADMA (148.47 ± 102.43 ng/mL, p < 0.0001). GHD showed lower baseline FMD than controls (8.75 ± 2.44 vs. 11.85 ± 5.98%, p = 0.001), which improved after 1-year GH treatment (10.60 ± 1.69%, p = 0.001). Baseline cIMT and iIMT were comparable between the two groups, but slightly reduced in GHD patients after treatment. CONCLUSION GHD children may exhibit endothelial dysfunction in addition to other early atherosclerotic markers like visceral adiposity, and altered lipids, which can be restored by GH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Improda
- Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
- Emergency Unit, Department of Emergency, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Moracas
- Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Mother and Child, University Hospital "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Valente
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Crisci
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Lorello
- Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Mase
- Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Mother and Child, University Hospital "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Mariacarolina Salerno
- Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
| | - Donatella Capalbo
- Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Mother and Child, University Hospital "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Pei LL, Guo Y, Chen H, Zhong LY. Benefits and risks evaluation of recombinant human growth hormone replacement therapy in children with GHD after craniopharyngioma surgery. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023; 36:484-491. [PMID: 36935568 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2022-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Childhood-onset craniopharyngiomas (CPs) have a high incidence of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) leading to growth failure and metabolic disorders. We aim to evaluate the benefits and risks of recombinant human growth hormone replacement therapy (GHRT) in postoperative children. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed auxological and metabolic parameters and adverse events before and after GHRT of 44 children after CP surgery. RESULTS The median duration of GHRT was 24 months (IQR, 12.5-36). Growth velocity (GV) increased significantly after different treatment duration (TD) compared with baseline (p<0.001) and attained the greatest GV of 12.06 ± 4.16 cm/year at TD6. The mean height standard deviation score (HtSDS) from -3.20 ± 1.16 at baseline improved significantly to -1.51 ± 1.32 at TD36 (p<0.001). There were significant increases in insulin-like growth factor-1 SDS (IGF-1SDS), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 SDS (IGFBP-3SDS), bone age (BA), and BA/chronological age (CA) (p<0.05). There was a significant reduction in waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), but there were no significant changes in weight SDS (WtSDS) or BMISDS. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and the incidence of hypercholesterolemia decreased (p<0.05). Three patients (6.8%) had tumor recurrence after 15, 30, and 42 months, respectively. A patient had residual tumor enlargement after 3 months. There was no adverse influence on glucose metabolism or any severe adverse events. CONCLUSIONS GHRT effectively accelerates GV, increases HtSDS, and improves lipid profiles without unfavorable effects on glucose metabolism. The benefits are clear and the risks of adverse events are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Pei
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Li-Yong Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Demiral M, Unal E, Baysal B, Baran RT, Demirbilek H, Özbek MN. Evaluation of the Final Adult Height and Its Determinants in Patients with Growth Hormone Deficiency: A Single-centre Experience from the South-Eastern Region of Turkey. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2020; 12:295-302. [PMID: 32157854 PMCID: PMC7499137 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2019.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine the final adult height (FAH) achieved by recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment, the factors affecting FAH and the success of attaining the genetic potential. METHODS Data of 133 patients treated with rhGH therapy were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were grouped according to diagnosis, either isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) or multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD), and by sex, and pubertal status at the beginning of treatment. RESULTS The mean age of initiation of treatment was 12.3±2.18 years, and the mean duration of rhGH treatment was 3.65±1.5 years. The mean height standard deviation score (SDS) at diagnosis was -3.11±0.75 SD. All patients received a standardized GH dose of 0.033 mg/kg/day. Mean FAH-SDS was -1.8±0.77 and delta height-SDS (the change in height SDS between the beginning and end of treatment) was 1.28±0.94 SD. FAH-SDS was -1.79±0.86 SD in males; -1.82±0.64 in females (p=0.857); -1.94±0.71 at the beginning of treatment in pubertal patients and -1.68±0.81 in prepubertal patients (p=0.056); -1.84±0.89 in patients with IGHD and -0.47±0.2 in patients with MPHD (p˃0.05). In multiple regression analysis, First year delta height-SDS was the most predictive factor for both FAH-SDS and delta height-SDS. CONCLUSION The majority of our patients achieved a final height compatible with their genetic potential as well as population standards when treated with rhGH even having started at a relatively late age. First year delta height-SDS was a predictive factor for FAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meliha Demiral
- Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Paediatric Endocrinology, Diyarbakır, Turkey,* Address for Correspondence: Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Paediatric Endocrinology, Diyarbakır, Turkey Phone: +90 535 588 56 49 E-mail:
| | - Edip Unal
- Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Paediatric Endocrinology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Birsen Baysal
- Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Paediatrics, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Rıza Taner Baran
- Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Paediatric Endocrinology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Demirbilek
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Nuri Özbek
- Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Paediatric Endocrinology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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