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Jomard C, Gondin J. Influence of sexual dimorphism on satellite cell regulation and inflammatory response during skeletal muscle regeneration. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15798. [PMID: 37798097 PMCID: PMC10555529 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After injury, skeletal muscle regenerates thanks to the key role of satellite cells (SC). The regeneration process is supported and coordinated by other cell types among which immune cells. Among the mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle regeneration, a sexual dimorphism, involving sex hormones and more particularly estrogens, has been suggested. However, the role of sexual dimorphism on skeletal muscle regeneration is not fully understood, likely to the use of various experimental settings in both animals and human. This review aims at addressing how sex and estrogens regulate both the SC and the inflammatory response during skeletal muscle regeneration by considering the different experimental designs used in both animal models (i.e., ovarian hormone deficiency, estrogen replacement or supplementation, treatments with estrogen receptors agonists/antagonists and models knockout for estrogen receptors) and human (hormone therapy replacement, pre vs. postmenopausal, menstrual cycle variation…).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Jomard
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle (PGNM), Université Claude Bernard LyonLyonFrance
| | - Julien Gondin
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle (PGNM), Université Claude Bernard LyonLyonFrance
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2
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Winzer EB, Augstein A, Schauer A, Mueller S, Fischer-Schaepmann T, Goto K, Hommel J, van Craenenbroeck EM, Wisløff U, Pieske B, Halle M, Linke A, Adams V. Impact of Different Training Modalities on Molecular Alterations in Skeletal Muscle of Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Substudy of the OptimEx Trial. Circ Heart Fail 2022; 15:e009124. [DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.121.009124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Exercise intolerance is a cardinal feature of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and so far exercise training (ET) is the most effective treatment. Since the improvement in exercise capacity is only weakly associated with changes in diastolic function other mechanisms, like changes in the skeletal muscle, contribute to improvement in peak oxygen consumption. The aim of the present study was to analyze molecular changes in skeletal muscle of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction performing different ET modalities.
Methods:
Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken at study begin and after 3 and 12 months from patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction randomized either into a control group (guideline based advice for ET), a high-intensity interval training group (HIIT) or a moderate continuous training group. The first 3 months of ET were supervised in-hospital followed by 9 months home-based ET. Protein and mRNA expression of atrophy-related proteins, enzyme activities of enzymes linked to energy metabolism and satellite cells (SCs) were quantified.
Results:
Exercise capacity improved 3 months after moderate continuous exercise training and HIIT. This beneficial effect was lost after 12 months. HIIT mainly improved markers of energy metabolism and the amount and function of SC, with minor changes in markers for muscle atrophy. Only slight changes were observed after moderate continuous exercise training. The molecular changes were no longer detectable after 12 months.
Conclusions:
Despite similar improvements in exercise capacity by HIIT and moderate continuous exercise training after 3 months, only HIIT altered proteins related to energy metabolism and amount/function of SC. These effects were lost after switching from in-hospital to at-home-based ET.
Registration:
URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT02078947.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim B. Winzer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Center Dresden, Germany (E.B.W., A.A., A.S., K.G., J.H., A.L., V.A.)
| | - Antje Augstein
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Center Dresden, Germany (E.B.W., A.A., A.S., K.G., J.H., A.L., V.A.)
| | - Antje Schauer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Center Dresden, Germany (E.B.W., A.A., A.S., K.G., J.H., A.L., V.A.)
| | - Stephan Mueller
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany (S.M., M.H.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (S.M., M.H.)
| | - Tina Fischer-Schaepmann
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig – University Hospital, Helios Stiftungsprofessur, Germany (T.F.-S.)
| | - Keita Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Center Dresden, Germany (E.B.W., A.A., A.S., K.G., J.H., A.L., V.A.)
| | - Jennifer Hommel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Center Dresden, Germany (E.B.W., A.A., A.S., K.G., J.H., A.L., V.A.)
| | - Emeline M. van Craenenbroeck
- Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, Belgium (E.M.v.C.)
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium (E.M.v.C.)
| | - Ulrik Wisløff
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (U.W.)
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (B.P.)
| | - Martin Halle
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany (S.M., M.H.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (S.M., M.H.)
| | - Axel Linke
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Center Dresden, Germany (E.B.W., A.A., A.S., K.G., J.H., A.L., V.A.)
| | - Volker Adams
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Center Dresden, Germany (E.B.W., A.A., A.S., K.G., J.H., A.L., V.A.)
- Dresden Cardiovascular Research Institute and Core Laboratories GmbH, Germany (V.A.)
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3
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Freeman E, Langlois S, Scott K, Ravel-Chapuis A, Jasmin BJ, Cowan KN. Sex-dependent role of Pannexin 1 in regulating skeletal muscle and satellite cell function. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3944-3959. [PMID: 35938715 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The development and regeneration of skeletal muscle are mediated by satellite cells (SCs), which ensure the efficient formation of myofibers while repopulating the niche that allows muscle repair following injuries. Pannexin 1 (Panx1) channels are expressed in SCs and their levels increase during differentiation in vitro, as well as during skeletal muscle development and regeneration in vivo. Panx1 has recently been shown to regulate muscle regeneration by promoting bleb-based myoblast migration and fusion. While skeletal muscle is largely influenced in a sex-specific way, the sex-dependent roles of Panx1 in regulating skeletal muscle and SC function remain to be investigated. Here, using global Panx1 knockout (KO) mice, we demonstrate that Panx1 loss reduces muscle fiber size and strength, decreases SC number, and alters early SC differentiation and myoblast fusion in male, but not in female mice. Interestingly, while both male and female Panx1 KO mice display an increase in the number of regenerating fibers following acute injury, the newly formed fibers in male Panx1 KO mice are smaller. Overall, our results demonstrate that Panx1 plays a significant role in regulating muscle development, regeneration, and SC number and function in male mice and reveal distinct sex-dependent functions of Panx1 in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Freeman
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Langlois
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaylee Scott
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aymeric Ravel-Chapuis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernard J Jasmin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle N Cowan
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Knewtson KE, Ohl NR, Robinson JL. Estrogen Signaling Dictates Musculoskeletal Stem Cell Behavior: Sex Differences in Tissue Repair. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2022; 28:789-812. [PMID: 34409868 PMCID: PMC9419932 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphisms in humans and other species exist in visually evident features such as body size and less apparent characteristics, including disease prevalence. Current research is adding to a growing understanding of sex differences in stem cell function and response to external stimuli, including sex hormones such as estrogens. These differences are proving significant and directly impact both the understanding of stem cell processes in tissue repair and the clinical implementation of stem cell therapies. Adult stem cells of the musculoskeletal system, including those used for development and repair of muscle, bone, cartilage, fibrocartilage, ligaments, and tendons, are no exception. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have found differences in stem cell number, proliferative and differentiation capabilities, and response to estrogen treatment between males and females of many species. Maintaining the stemness and reducing senescence of adult stem cells is an important topic with implications in regenerative therapy and aging. As such, this review discusses the effect of estrogens on musculoskeletal system stem cell response in multiple species and highlights the research gaps that still need to be addressed. The following evidence from investigations of sex-related phenotypes in adult progenitor and stem cells are pieces to the big puzzle of sex-related effects on aging and disease and critical information for both fundamental tissue repair and regeneration studies and safe and effective clinical use of stem cells. Impact Statement This review summarizes current knowledge of sex differences in and the effects of estrogen treatment on musculoskeletal stem cells in the context of tissue engineering. Specifically, it highlights the impact of sex on musculoskeletal stem cell function and ability to regenerate tissue. Furthermore, it discusses the varying effects of estrogen on stem cell properties, including proliferation and differentiation, important to tissue engineering. This review aims to highlight the potential impact of estrogens and the importance of performing sex comparative studies in the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E. Knewtson
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Nathan R. Ohl
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Robinson
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Address correspondence to: Jennifer L. Robinson, PhD, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street Room 4132, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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5
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Mechanisms of Estrogen Influence on Skeletal Muscle: Mass, Regeneration, and Mitochondrial Function. Sports Med 2022; 52:2853-2869. [PMID: 35907119 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Human menopause is widely associated with impaired skeletal muscle quality and significant metabolic dysfunction. These observations pose significant challenges to the quality of life and mobility of the aging population, and are of relevance when considering the significantly greater losses in muscle mass and force-generating capacity of muscle from post-menopausal females relative to age-matched males. In this regard, the influence of estrogen on skeletal muscle has become evident across human, animal, and cell-based studies. Beneficial effects of estrogen have become apparent in mitigation of muscle injury and enhanced post-damage repair via various mechanisms, including prophylactic effects on muscle satellite cell number and function, as well as membrane stability and potential antioxidant influences following injury, exercise, and/or mitochondrial stress. In addition to estrogen replacement in otherwise deficient states, exercise has been found to serve as a means of augmenting and/or mimicking the effects of estrogen on skeletal muscle function in recent literature. Detailed mechanisms behind the estrogenic effect on muscle mass, strength, as well as the injury response are beginning to be elucidated and point to estrogen-mediated molecular cross talk amongst signalling pathways, such as apoptotic signaling, contractile protein modifications, including myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation, and the maintenance of muscle satellite cells. This review discusses current understandings and highlights new insights regarding the role of estrogen in skeletal muscle, with particular regard to muscle mass, mitochondrial function, the response to muscle damage, and the potential implications for human physiology and mobility.
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6
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Larson AA, Shams AS, McMillin SL, Sullivan BP, Vue C, Roloff ZA, Batchelor E, Kyba M, Lowe DA. Estradiol deficiency reduces the satellite cell pool by impairing cell cycle progression. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1123-C1137. [PMID: 35442828 PMCID: PMC9169829 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00429.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The size of the satellite cell pool is reduced in estradiol (E2)-deficient female mice and humans. Here, we use a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches to identify mechanisms, whereby E2 deficiency impairs satellite cell maintenance. By measuring satellite cell numbers in mice at several early time points postovariectomy (Ovx), we determine that satellite cell numbers decline by 33% between 10 and 14 days post-Ovx in tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles. At 14 days post-Ovx, we demonstrate that satellite cells have a reduced propensity to transition from G0/G1 to S and G2/M phases, compared with cells from ovary-intact mice, associated with changes in two key satellite cell cycle regulators, ccna2 and p16INK4a. Further, freshly isolated satellite cells treated with E2 in vitro have 62% greater cell proliferation and require less time to complete the first division. Using clonal and differentiation assays, we measured 69% larger satellite cell colonies and enhanced satellite cell-derived myoblast differentiation with E2 treatment compared with vehicle-treated cells. Together, these results identify a novel mechanism for preservation of the satellite cell pool by E2 via promotion of satellite cell cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexie A Larson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ahmed S Shams
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Shawna L McMillin
- Divisions of Rehabilitation Science and Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Brian P Sullivan
- Divisions of Rehabilitation Science and Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Cha Vue
- Divisions of Rehabilitation Science and Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Zachery A Roloff
- Divisions of Rehabilitation Science and Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Eric Batchelor
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael Kyba
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dawn A Lowe
- Divisions of Rehabilitation Science and Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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7
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Gharahdaghi N, Phillips BE, Szewczyk NJ, Smith K, Wilkinson DJ, Atherton PJ. Links Between Testosterone, Oestrogen, and the Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis and Resistance Exercise Muscle Adaptations. Front Physiol 2021; 11:621226. [PMID: 33519525 PMCID: PMC7844366 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.621226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of skeletal muscle mass throughout the life course is key for the regulation of health, with physical activity a critical component of this, in part, due to its influence upon key hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF). Despite the importance of these hormones for the regulation of skeletal muscle mass in response to different types of exercise, their interaction with the processes controlling muscle mass remain unclear. This review presents evidence on the importance of these hormones in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass and their responses, and involvement in muscle adaptation to resistance exercise. Highlighting the key role testosterone plays as a primary anabolic hormone in muscle adaptation following exercise training, through its interaction with anabolic signaling pathways and other hormones via the androgen receptor (AR), this review also describes the potential importance of fluctuations in other hormones such as GH and IGF-1 in concert with dietary amino acid availability; and the role of estrogen, under the influence of the menstrual cycle and menopause, being especially important in adaptive exercise responses in women. Finally, the downstream mechanisms by which these hormones impact regulation of muscle protein turnover (synthesis and breakdown), and thus muscle mass are discussed. Advances in our understanding of hormones that impact protein turnover throughout life offers great relevance, not just for athletes, but also for the general and clinical populations alike.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel J. Wilkinson
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
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8
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Abreu P, Kowaltowski AJ. Satellite cell self-renewal in endurance exercise is mediated by inhibition of mitochondrial oxygen consumption. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1661-1676. [PMID: 32748470 PMCID: PMC7749620 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle stem cells (satellite cells) are well known to participate in regeneration and maintenance of the tissue over time. Studies have shown increases in the number of satellite cells after exercise, but their functional role in endurance training remains unexplored. METHODS Young adult mice were submitted to endurance exercise training and the function, differentiation, and metabolic characteristics of satellite cells were investigated in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS We found that injured muscles from endurance-exercised mice display improved regenerative capacity, demonstrated through higher densities of newly formed myofibres compared with controls (evidenced by an increase in embryonic myosin heavy chain expression), as well as lower inflammation (evidenced by quantifying CD68-marked macrophages), and reduced fibrosis. Enhanced myogenic function was accompanied by an increased fraction of satellite cells expressing self-renewal markers, while control satellite cells had morphologies suggestive of early differentiation. The beneficial effects of endurance exercise were associated with satellite cell metabolic reprogramming, including reduced mitochondrial respiration (O2 consumption) under resting conditions (absence of muscle injury) and increased stemness. During proliferation or activated states (3 days after injury), O2 consumption was equal in control and exercised cells, while exercise enhanced myogenic colony formation. Surprisingly, inhibition of mitochondrial O2 consumption was sufficient to enhance muscle stem cell self-renewal characteristics in vitro. Moreover, transplanted muscle satellite cells from exercised mice or cells with reduced mitochondrial respiration promoted a significant reduction in inflammation compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that endurance exercise promotes self-renewal and inhibits differentiation in satellite cells, an effect promoted by metabolic reprogramming and respiratory inhibition, which is associated with a more favourable muscular response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phablo Abreu
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Levitt DE, Chalapati N, Prendergast MJ, Simon L, Molina PE. Ethanol-Impaired Myogenic Differentiation is Associated With Decreased Myoblast Glycolytic Function. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:2166-2176. [PMID: 32945016 PMCID: PMC7680427 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopathy affects nearly half of individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD), and impaired skeletal muscle regenerative potential is a probable contributing factor. Previous findings from our laboratory indicate that chronic in vivo and in vitro ethanol (EtOH) treatment decreases myogenic potential of skeletal muscle myoblasts. Myogenesis, a highly coordinated process, requires shifts in cellular metabolic state allowing for myoblasts to proliferate and differentiate into mature myotubes. The objective of this study was to determine whether alcohol interferes with myoblast mitochondrial and glycolytic metabolism and impairs myogenic differentiation. METHODS Myoblasts were isolated from vastus lateralis muscle excised from alcohol-naïve adult male (n = 5) and female (n = 5) rhesus macaques. Myoblasts were proliferated for 3 days (day 0 differentiation; D0) and differentiated for 5 days (D5) with or without 50 mM EtOH. Metabolism was assessed using a mitochondrial stress test to measure oxygen consumption (OCR) and extracellular acidification (ECAR) rates at D0. Differentiation was examined at D5. Expression of mitochondrial and glycolytic genes and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was measured at D0 and D5. RESULTS Ethanol significantly (p < 0.05) increased myoblast maximal OCR and decreased ECAR at D0, and decreased fusion index, myotubes per field, and total nuclei at D5. The EtOH-induced decrease in ECAR was associated with the EtOH-mediated decreases in fusion index and myotubes per field. EtOH did not alter the decrease in glycolytic gene expression and increase in mtDNA from D0 to D5. CONCLUSION During myoblast proliferation, EtOH decreased glycolytic metabolism and increased maximal OCR, suggesting that myoblast metabolic phenotype was dysregulated with EtOH. The EtOH-induced decrease in ECAR was associated with decreased differentiation. These findings suggest that EtOH-mediated shifts in metabolic phenotype may underlie impaired differentiation, which has important clinical implications for myogenesis in those affected by alcoholic myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E. Levitt
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Naveena Chalapati
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Matthew J. Prendergast
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Liz Simon
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Patricia E. Molina
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
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10
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Luk HY, Levitt DE, Boyett JC, Rojas S, Flader SM, McFarlin BK, Vingren JL. Resistance exercise-induced hormonal response promotes satellite cell proliferation in untrained men but not in women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E421-E432. [PMID: 31237450 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00473.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of resistance exercise (RE)-induced hormonal changes on the satellite cell (SC) myogenic state in response to muscle damage. Untrained men (n = 10, 22 ± 3 yr) and women (n = 9, 21 ± 4 yr) completed 2 sessions of 80 unilateral maximal eccentric knee extensions followed by either an upper body RE protocol (EX) or a 20-min rest (CON). Muscle samples were collected and analyzed for protein content of Pax7, MyoD, myogenin, cyclin D1, and p21 before (PRE), 12 h, and 24 h after the session was completed. Serum testosterone, growth hormone, cortisol, and myoglobin concentrations were analyzed at PRE, post-damage, immediately after (IP), and 15, 30, and 60 min after the session was completed. Testosterone was significantly (P < 0.05) higher immediately after the session in EX vs. CON for men. A significant time × sex × condition interaction was found for MyoD with an increase in EX (men) and CON (women) at 12 h. A significant time × condition interaction was found for Pax7, with a decrease in EX and increase in CON at 24 h. A significant time effect was found for myogenin, p21, and cyclin D1. Myogenin and p21 were increased at 12 and 24 h, and cyclin D1 was increased at 12 h. These results suggest that the acute RE-induced hormonal response can be important for men to promote SC proliferation after muscle damage but had no effect in women. Markers of SC differentiation appeared unaffected by the hormonal response but increased in response to muscle damage.
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11
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Knox T, Anderson LC, Heather A. Transwomen in elite sport: scientific and ethical considerations. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2019; 45:395-403. [PMID: 31217230 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2018-105208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of elite transwomen athletes in sport is controversial. The recent International Olympic Committee (IOC) (2015) guidelines allow transwomen to compete in the women's division if (amongst other things) their testosterone is held below 10 nmol/L. This is significantly higher than that of cis-women. Science demonstrates that high testosterone and other male physiology provides a performance advantage in sport suggesting that transwomen retain some of that advantage. To determine whether the advantage is unfair necessitates an ethical analysis of the principles of inclusion and fairness. Particularly important is whether the advantage held by transwomen is a tolerable or intolerable unfairness. We conclude that the advantage to transwomen afforded by the IOC guidelines is an intolerable unfairness. This does not mean transwomen should be excluded from elite sport but that the existing male/female categories in sport should be abandoned in favour of a more nuanced approach satisfying both inclusion and fairness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn Knox
- Bioethics Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Alison Heather
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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12
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Le G, Novotny SA, Mader TL, Greising SM, Chan SSK, Kyba M, Lowe DA, Warren GL. A moderate oestradiol level enhances neutrophil number and activity in muscle after traumatic injury but strength recovery is accelerated. J Physiol 2018; 596:4665-4680. [PMID: 30035314 PMCID: PMC6166067 DOI: 10.1113/jp276432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The female hormone oestrogen may protect muscle from injury by reducing inflammation but this is debatable. In this study, the inflammatory response of injured muscle from oestrogen-replete mice was comprehensively compared to that from oestrogen-deficient mice. We show that oestrogen markedly promotes movement of neutrophils, an inflammatory white blood cell type, into muscle over the first few days after injury but has only a minor effect on the movement of macrophages, another inflammatory cell type. Despite the enhancement of inflammation by oestrogen in injured muscle, we found strength in oestrogen-replete mice to recover faster and to a greater extent than it does in oestrogen-deficient mice. Our study and others indicate that lower doses of oestrogen, such as that used in our study, may affect muscle inflammation and injury differently from higher doses. ABSTRACT Oestrogen has been shown to protect against skeletal muscle injury and a reduced inflammatory response has been suggested as a possible protective mechanism. There are, however, dissenting reports. Our objective was to conduct an unbiased, comprehensive study of the effect of oestradiol on the inflammatory response following muscle injury. Female C57BL6/J mice were ovariectomized and supplemented with and without oestradiol. Tibialis anterior muscles were freeze injured and studied primarily at 1-4 days post-injury. Oestradiol supplementation increased injured muscle gene expression of neutrophil chemoattractants (Cxcl1 and Cxcl5) and to a lesser extent that of monocyte/macrophage chemoattractants (Ccl2 and Spp1). Oestradiol markedly increased gene expression of the neutrophil cell surface marker (Ly6g) but had less consistent effects on the monocyte/macrophage cell surface markers (Cd68, Cd163 and Cd206). These results were confirmed at the protein level by immunoblot with oestradiol increasing LY6G/C content and having no significant effect on CD163 content. These findings were confirmed with fluorescence-activated cell sorting counts of neutrophils and macrophages in injured muscles; oestradiol increased the proportion of CD45+ cells that were neutrophils (LY6G+ ) but not the proportion that were macrophages (CD68+ or CD206+ ). Physiological impact of the oestradiol-enhanced neutrophil response was assessed by strength measurements. There was no significant difference in strength between oestradiol-supplemented and -unsupplemented mice until 2 weeks post-injury; strength was 13-24% greater in supplemented mice at 2-6 weeks post-injury. In conclusion, a moderate level of oestradiol supplementation enhances neutrophil infiltration in injured muscle and this is associated with a beneficial effect on strength recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyun Le
- Divisions of Rehabilitation Science and Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation MedicineUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Susan A. Novotny
- Divisions of Rehabilitation Science and Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation MedicineUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Tara L. Mader
- Divisions of Rehabilitation Science and Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation MedicineUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Sarah M. Greising
- Divisions of Rehabilitation Science and Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation MedicineUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Sunny S. K. Chan
- Lillehei Heart InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Michael Kyba
- Lillehei Heart InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Dawn A. Lowe
- Divisions of Rehabilitation Science and Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation MedicineUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Gordon L. Warren
- Department of Physical TherapyGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
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13
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Tiidus PM. Oestrogen and a Goldilocks zone for post-damage muscle inflammation and repair? J Physiol 2018; 596:4563-4564. [PMID: 30132890 DOI: 10.1113/jp276870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Tiidus
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON, L2S3A1, Canada
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14
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H 2O 2 Signaling-Triggered PI3K Mediates Mitochondrial Protection to Participate in Early Cardioprotection by Exercise Preconditioning. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1916841. [PMID: 30147831 PMCID: PMC6083504 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1916841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that early exercise preconditioning (EEP) imparts a protective effect on acute cardiovascular stress. However, how mitophagy participates in exercise preconditioning- (EP-) induced cardioprotection remains unclear. EEP may involve mitochondrial protection, which presumably crosstalks with predominant H2O2 oxidative stress. Our EEP protocol involves four periods of 10 min running with 10 min recovery intervals. We added a period of exhaustive running and a pretreatment using phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/autophagy inhibitor wortmannin to test this protective effect. By using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), laser scanning confocal microscopy, and other molecular biotechnology methods, we detected related markers and specifically analyzed the relationship between mitophagic proteins and mitochondrial translocation. We determined that exhaustive exercise associated with various elevated injuries targeted the myocardium, oxidative stress, hypoxia-ischemia, and mitochondrial ultrastructure. However, exhaustion induced limited mitochondrial protection through a H2O2-independent manner to inhibit voltage-dependent anion channel isoform 1 (VDAC1) instead of mitophagy. EEP was apparently safe to the heart. In EEP-induced cardioprotection, EEP provided suppression to exhaustive exercise (EE) injuries by translocating Bnip3 to the mitochondria by recruiting the autophagosome protein LC3 to induce mitophagy, which is potentially triggered by H2O2 and influenced by Beclin1-dependent autophagy. Pretreatment with the wortmannin further attenuated these effects induced by EEP and resulted in the expression of proapoptotic phenotypes such as oxidative injury, elevated Beclin1/Bcl-2 ratio, cytochrome c leakage, mitochondrial dynamin-1-like protein (Drp-1) expression, and VDAC1 dephosphorylation. These observations suggest that H2O2 generation regulates mitochondrial protection in EEP-induced cardioprotection.
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15
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Parkin Mediates Mitophagy to Participate in Cardioprotection Induced by Late Exercise Preconditioning but Bnip3 Does Not. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Ding J, Peng Z, Wu D, Miao J, Liu B, Wang L. A transcriptomics study of differentiated C2C12 myoblasts identified novel functional responses to 17β-estradiol. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:965-974. [PMID: 29570902 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JingJing Ding
- Medical Research Center of Shengjing Hospital; China Medical University; Shenyang 110004 China
| | - ZhaoHong Peng
- Medical Research Center of Shengjing Hospital; China Medical University; Shenyang 110004 China
| | - Di Wu
- Medical Research Center of Shengjing Hospital; China Medical University; Shenyang 110004 China
| | - JiaNing Miao
- Medical Research Center of Shengjing Hospital; China Medical University; Shenyang 110004 China
| | - Bo Liu
- Medical Research Center of Shengjing Hospital; China Medical University; Shenyang 110004 China
| | - LiLi Wang
- Medical Research Center of Shengjing Hospital; China Medical University; Shenyang 110004 China
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17
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Ceccarelli G, Benedetti L, Arcari ML, Carubbi C, Galli D. Muscle Stem Cell and Physical Activity: What Point is the Debate at? Open Med (Wars) 2017; 12:144-156. [PMID: 28765836 PMCID: PMC5529938 DOI: 10.1515/med-2017-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 15 years, it emerged that the practice of regular physical activity reduces the risks of many diseases (cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, etc.) and it is fundamental in weight control and energy consuming to contrast obesity. Different groups proposed many molecular mechanisms as responsible for the positive effects of physical activity in healthy life. However, many points remain to be clarified. In this mini-review we reported the latest observations on the effects of physical exercise on healthy skeletal and cardiac muscle focusing on muscle stem cells. The last ones represent the fundamental elements for muscle regeneration post injury, but also for healthy muscle homeostasis. Interestingly, in both muscle tissues the morphological consequence of physical activity is a physiological hypertrophy that depends on different phenomena both in differentiated cells and stem cells. The signaling pathways for physical exercise effects present common elements in skeletal and cardiac muscle, like activation of specific transcription factors, proliferative pathways, and cytokines. More recently, post translational (miRNAs) or epigenetic (DNA methylation) modifications have been demonstrated. However, several points remain unresolved thus requiring new research on the effect of exercise on muscle stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Center of Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Benedetti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Center of Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Arcari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, S.Bi.Bi.T. Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Cecilia Carubbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, S.Bi.Bi.T. Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniela Galli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, S.Bi.Bi.T. Unit and Sport and Exercise Medicine Center (SEM)., University of Parma c/o Ospedale Maggiore, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126, Tel: +39-0521-036306, , Parma, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, S.Bi.Bi.T. Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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18
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Bazgir B, Fathi R, Rezazadeh Valojerdi M, Mozdziak P, Asgari A. Satellite Cells Contribution to Exercise Mediated Muscle Hypertrophy and Repair. CELL JOURNAL 2016; 18:473-484. [PMID: 28042532 PMCID: PMC5086326 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells (SCs) are the most abundant skeletal muscle stem cells. They are widely recognized for their contributions to maintenance of muscle mass, regeneration and hypertrophy during the human life span. These cells are good candidates for cell therapy due to their self-renewal capabilities and presence in an undifferentiated form. Presently, a significant gap exists between our knowledge of SCs behavior and their application as a means for human skeletal muscle tissue repair and regeneration. Both physiological and pathological stimuli potentially affect SCs activation, proliferation, and terminal differentiation the former category being the focus of this article. Activation of SCs occurs following exercise, post-training micro-injuries, and electrical stimulation. Exercise, as a potent and natural stimulus, is at the center of numerous studies on SC activation and relevant fields. According to research, different exercise modalities end with various effects. This review article attempts to picture the state of the art of the SCs life span and their engagement in muscle regeneration and hypertrophy in exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Bazgir
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive
Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouhollah Fathi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive
Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Rezazadeh Valojerdi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive
Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Physiology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Alireza Asgari
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine Faculty, Aerospace Medicine Research Center, AJA Medical Sciences
University, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Mukai R, Horikawa H, Lin PY, Tsukumo N, Nikawa T, Kawamura T, Nemoto H, Terao J. 8-Prenylnaringenin promotes recovery from immobilization-induced disuse muscle atrophy through activation of the Akt phosphorylation pathway in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R1022-R1031. [PMID: 27629889 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00521.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
8-Prenylnaringenin (8-PN) is a prenylflavonoid that originates from hop extracts and is thought to help prevent disuse muscle atrophy. We hypothesized that 8-PN affects muscle plasticity by promoting muscle recovery under disuse muscle atrophy. To test the promoting effect of 8-PN on muscle recovery, we administered an 8-PN mixed diet to mice that had been immobilized with a cast to one leg for 14 days. Intake of the 8-PN mixed diet accelerated recovery from muscle atrophy, and prevented reductions in Akt phosphorylation. Studies on cell cultures of mouse myotubes in vitro demonstrated that 8-PN activated the PI3K/Akt/P70S6K1 pathway at physiological concentrations. A cell-culture study using an inhibitor of estrogen receptors and an in vivo experiment with ovariectomized mice suggested that the estrogenic activity of 8-PN contributed to recovery from disuse muscle atrophy through activation of an Akt phosphorylation pathway. These data strongly suggest that 8-PN is a naturally occurring compound that could be used as a nutritional supplement to aid recovery from disuse muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Mukai
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan;
| | - Hitomi Horikawa
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Pei-Yi Lin
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nao Tsukumo
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nikawa
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan; and
| | - Tomoyuki Kawamura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hisao Nemoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Junji Terao
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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20
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Lai S, Collins BC, Colson BA, Kararigas G, Lowe DA. Estradiol modulates myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation and contractility in skeletal muscle of female mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E724-33. [PMID: 26956186 PMCID: PMC4867308 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00439.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of skeletal muscle function has been associated with changes in ovarian hormones, especially estradiol. To elucidate mechanisms of estradiol on skeletal muscle strength, the hormone's effects on phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain (pRLC) and muscle contractility were investigated, hypothesizing an estradiol-specific beneficial impact. In a skeletal muscle cell line, C2C12, pRLC was increased by 17β-estradiol (E2) in a concentration-dependent manner. In skeletal muscles of C57BL/6 mice that were E2 deficient via ovariectomy (OVX), pRLC was lower than that from ovary-intact, sham-operated mice (Sham). The reduced pRLC in OVX muscle was reversed by in vivo E2 treatment. Posttetanic potentiation (PTP) of muscle from OVX mice was low compared with that from Sham mice, and this decrement was reversed by acute E2 treatment, demonstrating physiological consequence. Western blot of those muscles revealed that low PTP corresponded with low pRLC and higher PTP with greater pRLC. We aimed to elucidate signaling pathways affecting E2-mediated pRLC using a kinase inhibitor library and C2C12 cells as well as a specific myosin light chain kinase inhibitor in muscles. PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and CamKII were identified as candidate kinases sensitive to E2 in terms of phosphorylating RLC. Applying siRNA strategy in C2C12 cells, pRLC triggered by E2 was found to be mediated by estrogen receptor-β and the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor. Together, these results provide evidence that E2 modulates myosin pRLC in skeletal muscle and is one mechanism by which this hormone can affect muscle contractility in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojuan Lai
- Programs in Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; and
| | - Brittany C Collins
- Programs in Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Brett A Colson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Georgios Kararigas
- Institute of Gender in Medicine, Charite University Hospital, and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dawn A Lowe
- Programs in Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota;
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21
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Penna F, Pin F, Ballarò R, Baccino FM, Costelli P. Novel investigational drugs mimicking exercise for the treatment of cachexia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 25:63-72. [PMID: 26560328 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1117072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cachexia is a syndrome characterized by body weight loss, muscle wasting and metabolic abnormalities, that frequently complicates the management of people affected by chronic diseases. No effective therapy is actually available, although several drugs are under clinical evaluation. Altered energy metabolism markedly contributes to the pathogenesis of cachexia; it can be improved by exercise, which is able to both induce anabolism and inhibit catabolism. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on exercise mimetics and their potential inclusion in combined protocols to treat cachexia. The authors pay with particular reference to the cancer-associated cachexia. EXPERT OPINION Even though exercise improves muscle phenotype, most patients retain sedentary habits which are quite difficult to disrupt. Moreover, they frequently present with chronic fatigue and comorbidities that reduce exercise tolerance. For these reasons, drugs mimicking exercise could be beneficial to those who are unable to comply with the practice of physical activity. Since some exercise mimetics may exert serious side effects, further investigations should focus on treatments which maintain their effectiveness on muscle phenotype while remaining tolerable at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Penna
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy.,b Interuniversity Institute of Myology , Italy
| | - F Pin
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy.,b Interuniversity Institute of Myology , Italy
| | - R Ballarò
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy.,b Interuniversity Institute of Myology , Italy
| | - F M Baccino
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
| | - P Costelli
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy.,b Interuniversity Institute of Myology , Italy
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22
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Kitajima Y, Doi H, Ono Y, Urata Y, Goto S, Kitajima M, Miura K, Li TS, Masuzaki H. Estrogen deficiency heterogeneously affects tissue specific stem cells in mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12861. [PMID: 26245252 PMCID: PMC4526849 DOI: 10.1038/srep12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal disorders are frequently observed in various organs, but their relationship with estrogen deficiency and mechanisms remain unclear. As tissue-specific stem cells have been found to express estrogen receptors, we examined the hypothesis that estrogen deficiency impairs stem cells, which consequently contributes to postmenopausal disorders. Six-week-old C57BL/6 female mice were ovariectomized, following which they received 17β-estradiol replacement or vehicle (control). Sham-operated mice were used as healthy controls. All mice were killed for evaluation 2 months after treatments. Compared with the healthy control, ovariectomy significantly decreased uterine weight, which was partially recovered by 17β-estradiol replacement. Ovariectomy significantly increased the numbers of c-kit-positive hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in bone marrow, but impaired their capacity to grow mixed cell-type colonies in vitro. Estrogen replacement further increased the numbers of c-kit-positive hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in bone marrow, without significantly affecting colony growth in vitro. The number of CD105-positive mesenchymal stem cells in bone marrow also significantly decreased after ovariectomy, but completely recovered following estrogen replacement. Otherwise, neither ovariectomy nor estrogen replacement changed the number of Pax7-positive satellite cells, which are a skeletal muscle-type stem cell. Estrogen deficiency heterogeneously affected tissue-specific stem cells, suggesting a likely and direct relationship with postmenopausal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Kitajima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hanako Doi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yoshishige Urata
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shinji Goto
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Michio Kitajima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Miura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tao-Sheng Li
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hideaki Masuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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23
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Mangan G, Iqbal S, Hubbard A, Hamilton V, Bombardier E, Tiidus PM. Delay in post-ovariectomy estrogen replacement negates estrogen-induced augmentation of post-exercise muscle satellite cell proliferation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:945-51. [PMID: 26406298 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of a delay in post-ovariectomy replacement of 17β-estradiol (estrogen) on the post-exercise proliferation of muscle satellite cells. Nine-week-old, ovariectomized, female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 64) were distributed among 8 groups based on estrogen status (0.25 mg estrogen pellet or sham), exercise status (90 min run at 17 m·min(-1) and a grade of -13.5° or unexercised), and estrogen replacement ("proximal", estrogen replacement within 2 weeks; or "delayed", estrogen replacement at 11 weeks following ovariectomy). Significant increases in satellite cells were found in the soleus and white gastrocnemius muscle (immunofluorescent colocalization of nuclei with Pax7) 72 h following eccentric exercise (p < 0.05) in all exercised groups. Proximal E2 replacement resulted in a further augmentation of muscle satellite cells in exercised rats (p < 0.05) relative to the delayed estrogen replacement group. Expression of PI3K was unaltered and phosphorylation of Akt relative to total Akt increased following estrogen supplementation and exercise. Exercise alone did not alter the expression levels of Akt. An 11 week delay in post-ovariectomy estrogen replacement negated the augmenting influence seen with proximal (2 week delay) post-ovariectomy estrogen replacement on post-exercise muscle satellite cell proliferation. This effect appears to be independent of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Mangan
- a Departments of Kinesiology & Physical Education and Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Sobia Iqbal
- a Departments of Kinesiology & Physical Education and Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Andrew Hubbard
- a Departments of Kinesiology & Physical Education and Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Victoria Hamilton
- a Departments of Kinesiology & Physical Education and Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Eric Bombardier
- b Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Peter M Tiidus
- a Departments of Kinesiology & Physical Education and Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
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24
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Persson PB. Skeletal muscle satellite cells as myogenic progenitors for muscle homoeostasis, growth, regeneration and repair. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:537-8. [PMID: 25565243 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. B. Persson
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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25
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Diel P. The role of the estrogen receptor in skeletal muscle mass homeostasis and regeneration. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 212:14-6. [PMID: 24995827 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine; German Sport University Cologne; Cologne Germany
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