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Staruschenko A, Alexander RT, Caplan MJ, Ilatovskaya DV. Calcium signalling and transport in the kidney. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:541-555. [PMID: 38641658 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00835-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The kidney plays a pivotal role in regulating calcium levels within the body. Approximately 98% of the filtered calcium is reabsorbed in the nephron, and this process is tightly controlled to maintain calcium homeostasis, which is required to facilitate optimal bone mineralization, preserve serum calcium levels within a narrow range, and support intracellular signalling mechanisms. The maintenance of these functions is attributed to a delicate balance achieved by various calcium channels, transporters, and calcium-binding proteins in renal cells. Perturbation of this balance due to deficiency or dysfunction of calcium channels and calcium-binding proteins can lead to severe complications. For example, polycystic kidney disease is linked to aberrant calcium transport and signalling. Furthermore, dysregulation of calcium levels can promote the formation of kidney stones. This Review provides an updated description of the key aspects of calcium handling in the kidney, focusing on the function of various calcium channels and the physiological stimuli that control these channels or are communicated through them. A discussion of the role of calcium as an intracellular second messenger and the pathophysiology of renal calcium dysregulation, as well as a summary of gaps in knowledge and future prospects, are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Women's and Children's Health Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael J Caplan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Evolving concepts of TRPV4 in controlling flow-sensitivity of the renal nephron. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2022; 89:75-94. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Saez F, Hong NJ, Cabral PD, Garvin JL. Stretch-Induced Increases in Intracellular Ca Stimulate Thick Ascending Limb O 2- Production and Are Enhanced in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats. Hypertension 2019; 75:431-438. [PMID: 31865796 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stretch raises intracellular Ca (Cai) in many cell types. Luminal flow-derived stretch stimulates O2- production by thick ascending limbs (THALs). Renal O2- is greater in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) than salt-resistant (SR) rats. We hypothesized that mechanical stretch stimulates Ca influx via TRPV4 (transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4) which in turn raises Cai in THALs; these increases in Cai are necessary for stretch to augment O2- production; and stretch-stimulated, and therefore flow-induced, O2- production is enhanced in SS compared with SR THALs due to elevated Ca influx and increased Cai. Cai and O2- were measured in SS and SR THALs from rats on normal salt using Fura2-acetoxymethyl ester and dihydroethidium, respectively. Stretch raised Cai in SS by 270.4±48.9 nmol/L and by 123.6±27.0 nmol/L in SR THALs (P<0.02). Removing extracellular Ca eliminated the increases and differences in Cai between strains. Knocking down TRPV4 in SS THALs reduced stretch-induced Cai to SR levels (SS: 92.0±15.9 nmol/L; SR: 123.6±27.0 nmol/L). RN1734, a TRPV4 inhibitor, blunted stretch-elevated Cai by ≈75% and ≈66% in SS (P<0.03) and SR (P<0.04), respectively. Stretch augmented O2- production by 58.6±10.2 arbitrary fluorescent units/min in SS and by 24.4±2.6 arbitrary fluorescent units/min in SR THALs (P<0.05). Removal of extracellular Ca blunted stretch-induced increases in O2- and eliminated differences between strains. RN1734 reduced stretch-induced O2- by ≈70% in SS (P<0.005) and ≈60% in SR (P<0.01). Conclusions are as follows: (1) stretch activates TRPV4, which raises Cai in THALs; (2) the increase in Cai stimulates O2- production; and (3) stretch-induced O2- production is enhanced in SS THALs due to greater increases in Cai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fara Saez
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Nancy J Hong
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Pablo D Cabral
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jeffrey L Garvin
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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Mukaiyama M, Yamasaki Y, Usui T, Nagumo Y. Transient receptor potential V4 channel stimulation induces reversible epithelial cell permeability in
MDCK
cell monolayers. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2250-2260. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minagi Mukaiyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Tsukuba Japan
| | - Yohei Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Tsukuba Japan
| | - Takeo Usui
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Tsukuba Japan
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS) University of Tsukuba Japan
| | - Yoko Nagumo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Tsukuba Japan
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA) University of Tsukuba Japan
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Gonzalez-Vicente A, Saez F, Monzon CM, Asirwatham J, Garvin JL. Thick Ascending Limb Sodium Transport in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:235-309. [PMID: 30354966 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00055.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The thick ascending limb plays a key role in maintaining water and electrolyte balance. The importance of this segment in regulating blood pressure is evidenced by the effect of loop diuretics or local genetic defects on this parameter. Hormones and factors produced by thick ascending limbs have both autocrine and paracrine effects, which can extend prohypertensive signaling to other structures of the nephron. In this review, we discuss the role of the thick ascending limb in the development of hypertension, not as a sole participant, but one that works within the rich biological context of the renal medulla. We first provide an overview of the basic physiology of the segment and the anatomical considerations necessary to understand its relationship with other renal structures. We explore the physiopathological changes in thick ascending limbs occurring in both genetic and induced animal models of hypertension. We then discuss the racial differences and genetic defects that affect blood pressure in humans through changes in thick ascending limb transport rates. Throughout the text, we scrutinize methodologies and discuss the limitations of research techniques that, when overlooked, can lead investigators to make erroneous conclusions. Thus, in addition to advancing an understanding of the basic mechanisms of physiology, the ultimate goal of this work is to understand our research tools, to make better use of them, and to contextualize research data. Future advances in renal hypertension research will require not only collection of new experimental data, but also integration of our current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fara Saez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Casandra M Monzon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jessica Asirwatham
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey L Garvin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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Saez F, Hong NJ, Garvin JL. NADPH oxidase 4-derived superoxide mediates flow-stimulated NKCC2 activity in thick ascending limbs. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F934-F941. [PMID: 29672130 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00631.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Luminal flow augments Na+ reabsorption in the thick ascending limb more than can be explained by increased ion delivery. This segment reabsorbs 30% of the filtered load of Na+, playing a key role in its homeostasis. Whether flow elevations enhance Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2) activity and the second messenger involved are unknown. We hypothesized that raising luminal flow augments NKCC2 activity by enhancing superoxide ([Formula: see text]) production by NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4). NKCC2 activity was measured in thick ascending limbs perfused at either 5 or 20 nl/min with and without inhibitors of [Formula: see text] production. Raising luminal flow from 5 to 20 nl/min enhanced NKCC2 activity from 4.8 ± 0.9 to 6.3 ± 1.2 arbitrary fluorescent units (AFU)/s. Maintaining flow at 5 nl/min did not alter NKCC2 activity. The superoxide dismutase mimetic manganese (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin chloride blunted NKCC2 activity from 3.5 ± 0.4 to 2.5 ± 0.2 AFU/s when flow was 20 nl/min but not 5 nl/min. When flow was 20 nl/min, NKCC2 activity showed no change with time. The selective NOX1/4 inhibitor GKT-137831 blunted NKCC2 activity when thick ascending limbs were perfused at 20 nl/min from 7.2 ± 1.1 to 4.5 ± 0.8 AFU/s but not at 5 nl/min. The inhibitor also prevented luminal flow from elevating [Formula: see text] production. Allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, had no effect on NKCC2 activity when flow was 20 nl/min. Tetanus toxin prevents flow-induced stimulation of NKCC2 activity. We conclude that elevations in luminal flow enhance NaCl reabsorption in thick ascending limbs by stimulating NKCC2 via NOX4 activation and increased [Formula: see text]. NKCC2 activation is primarily the result of insertion of new transporters in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fara Saez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nancy J Hong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey L Garvin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 Channel Deficiency Aggravates Tubular Damage after Acute Renal Ischaemia Reperfusion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4878. [PMID: 29559678 PMCID: PMC5861116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) cation channels are functional in all renal vascular segments and mediate endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. Moreover, they are expressed in distinct parts of the tubular system and activated by cell swelling. Ischaemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is characterized by tubular injury and endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, we hypothesised a putative organ protective role of TRPV4 in acute renal IRI. IRI was induced in TRPV4 deficient (Trpv4 KO) and wild-type (WT) control mice by clipping the left renal pedicle after right-sided nephrectomy. Serum creatinine level was higher in Trpv4 KO mice 6 and 24 hours after ischaemia compared to WT mice. Detailed histological analysis revealed that IRI caused aggravated renal tubular damage in Trpv4 KO mice, especially in the renal cortex. Immunohistological and functional assessment confirmed TRPV4 expression in proximal tubular cells. Furthermore, the tubular damage could be attributed to enhanced necrosis rather than apoptosis. Surprisingly, the percentage of infiltrating granulocytes and macrophages were comparable in IRI-damaged kidneys of Trpv4 KO and WT mice. The present results suggest a renoprotective role of TRPV4 during acute renal IRI. Further studies using cell-specific TRPV4 deficient mice are needed to clarify cellular mechanisms of TRPV4 in IRI.
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Ambrus L, Kelemen B, Szabó T, Bíró T, Tóth BI. Human podocytes express functional thermosensitive TRPV channels. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4493-4507. [PMID: 28945920 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Heat-sensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels are expressed in various epithelial tissues regulating, among else, barrier functions. Their expression is well established in the distal nephron; however, we have no data about their presence in podocytes. As podocytes are indispensable in the formation of the glomerular filtration barrier, we investigated the presence and function of Ca2+ -permeable TRPV1-4 channels in human podocyte cultures. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Expression of TRPV1-4 channels was investigated at protein (immunocytochemistry, Western blot) and mRNA (Q-PCR) level in a conditionally immortalized human podocyte cell line. Channel function was assessed by measuring intracellular Ca2+ concentration using Flou-4 Ca2+ -indicator dye and patch clamp electrophysiology upon applying various activators and inhibitors. KEY RESULTS Thermosensitive TRP channels were expressed in podocytes. The TRPV1-specific agonists capsaicin and resiniferatoxin did not affect the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Cannabidiol, an activator of TRPV2 and TRPV4 channels, induced moderate Ca2+ -influxes, inhibited by both tranilast and HC067047, blockers of TRPV2 and TRPV4 channels respectively. The TRPV4-specific agonists GSK1016790A and 4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate induced robust Ca2+ -signals which were abolished by HC067047. Non-specific agonists of TRPV3 channels induced marked Ca2+ transients. However, TRPV3 channel blockers, ruthenium red and isopentenyl diphosphate only partly inhibited the responses and TRPV3 silencing was ineffective suggesting remarkable off-target effects of the compounds. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results indicate the functional presence of TRPV4 and other thermosensitive TRPV channels in human podocytes and raise the possibility of their involvement in the regulation of glomerular filtration barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Ambrus
- DE-MTA 'Lendület' Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kelemen
- DE-MTA 'Lendület' Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Szabó
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bíró
- DE-MTA 'Lendület' Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balázs István Tóth
- DE-MTA 'Lendület' Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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9
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Graham LA, Dominiczak AF, Ferreri NR. Role of renal transporters and novel regulatory interactions in the TAL that control blood pressure. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:261-276. [PMID: 28389525 PMCID: PMC5451551 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00017.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN), a major public health issue is currently the leading factor in the global burden of disease, where associated complications account for 9.4 million deaths worldwide every year. Excessive dietary salt intake is among the environmental factors that contribute to HTN, known as salt sensitivity. The heterogeneity of salt sensitivity and the multiple mechanisms that link high salt intake to increases in blood pressure are of upmost importance for therapeutic application. A continual increase in the kidney's reabsorption of sodium (Na+) relies on sequential actions at various segments along the nephron. When the distal segments of the nephron fail to regulate Na+, the effects on Na+ homeostasis are unfavorable. We propose that the specific nephron region where increased active uptake occurs as a result of variations in Na+ reabsorption is at the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (TAL). The purpose of this review is to urge the consideration of the TAL as contributing to the pathophysiology of salt-sensitive HTN. Further research in this area will enable development of a therapeutic application for targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Graham
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - Anna F Dominiczak
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nicholas R Ferreri
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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Markó L, Mannaa M, Haschler TN, Krämer S, Gollasch M. Renoprotection: focus on TRPV1, TRPV4, TRPC6 and TRPM2. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:589-612. [PMID: 28028935 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel receptor family have unique sites of regulatory function in the kidney which enables them to promote regional vasodilatation and controlled Ca2+ influx into podocytes and tubular cells. Activated TRP vanilloid 1 receptor channels (TRPV1) have been found to elicit renoprotection in rodent models of acute kidney injury following ischaemia/reperfusion. Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 6 (TRPC6) in podocytes is involved in chronic proteinuric kidney disease, particularly in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). TRP vanilloid 4 receptor channels (TRPV4) are highly expressed in the kidney, where they induce Ca2+ influx into endothelial and tubular cells. TRP melastatin (TRPM2) non-selective cation channels are expressed in the cytoplasm and intracellular organelles, where their inhibition ameliorates ischaemic renal pathology. Although some of their basic properties have been recently identified, the renovascular role of TRPV1, TRPV4, TRPC6 and TRPM2 channels in disease states such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes is largely unknown. In this review, we discuss recent evidence for TRPV1, TRPV4, TRPC6 and TRPM2 serving as potential targets for acute and chronic renoprotection in chronic vascular and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Markó
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center; A Joint Cooperation Between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine; Berlin Germany
| | - M. Mannaa
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center; A Joint Cooperation Between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine; Berlin Germany
- Charité Campus Virchow; Nephrology/Intensive Care; Berlin Germany
- German Institute of Human Nutrition; Potsdam-Rehbrücke Germany
| | - T. N. Haschler
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center; A Joint Cooperation Between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine; Berlin Germany
- German Institute of Human Nutrition; Potsdam-Rehbrücke Germany
| | - S. Krämer
- German Institute of Human Nutrition; Potsdam-Rehbrücke Germany
| | - M. Gollasch
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center; A Joint Cooperation Between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine; Berlin Germany
- Charité Campus Virchow; Nephrology/Intensive Care; Berlin Germany
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Mao X, Li F, Yang N, Qi C, Zhang SQ, Zhang Z, Wu H. Glomeruli or interstitium targeted by inter-renal injections supplemented by electroporation: Still a useful tool in renal research. J Gene Med 2016; 18:343-352. [PMID: 27794198 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies concerning proteins are always a crucial part of renal research. As a result of current technologies, scientists have mastered several techniques for generating genetically modified animals. However, in most cases, accessing these animals is still time-consuming and often expensive. This makes the alteration of protein expression by in vivo plasmid transfection an easily-accessible alternative. However, there is still no comprehensive study describing where plasmids would be expressed when they are injected into the kidneys. METHODS We injected pEGFP-N1 into rats via intra-/inter-renal channels and detected green fluorescent protein (GFP) by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to localize plasmid expression. RESULTS Seven days post-injection, we found that GFP was expressed in the glomeruli when pEGFP-N1 was injected via the renal artery or vein enhanced by electroporation and in the interstitium following injection via the ureter. Other channels, including intraperitoneal, subcapsule and parenchymal injection, only led to scattered expression within the kidneys. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides evidence that plasmid transfection via the renal vessels is suitable for glomeruli research and that transfection via the ureter is appropriate for studies regarding interstitium lesions. Additionally, we provide evidence that plasmid transfection on live animals is still an applicable and useful tool, as well as being cost-effective and facile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Mao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Nianji Yang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chenyang Qi
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Steven Qian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Institute for Kidneys and Dialysis, Shanghai, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Institute for Kidneys and Dialysis, Shanghai, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Mrowka
- Experimentelle Nephrologie; Universitätsklinikum Jena, KIM III; Jena Germany
| | - S. Reuter
- Experimentelle Nephrologie; Universitätsklinikum Jena, KIM III; Jena Germany
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