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Scott MA, Fagernes CE, Nilsson GE, Stensløkken KO. Maintained mitochondrial integrity without oxygen in the anoxia-tolerant crucian carp. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247409. [PMID: 38779846 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Very few vertebrates survive without oxygen (anoxia) for more than a few minutes. Crucian carp (Carassius carassius) are one example, surviving months of anoxia at low temperatures, and we hypothesised that they maintain mitochondrial membrane potential and function. Isolated crucian carp cardiomyocytes indeed maintained mitochondrial membrane potential after blocking complex IV of the electron transport system with cyanide, while those of anoxia-intolerant trout depolarised. When complexes I-III were inhibited, crucian carp mitochondria depolarised, indicating that these complexes need to function during anoxia. Mitochondrial membrane potential depended on reversal of ATP synthase in chemical anoxia, as blocking with cyanide combined with oligomycin to inhibit ATP synthase led to depolarisation. ATP synthase activity was reduced in the heart after 1 week of anoxia in crucian carp, together with a downregulation of ATP synthase subunit gene expression. However, the morphology of cardiac mitochondria was not affected by 1 week of anoxia, even with a large increase in mitofusin 2 mRNA expression. Cardiac citrate synthase activity was not affected by anoxia, while cytochrome c oxidase activity was increased. We show how mitochondria respond to anoxia. A mechanistic understanding of how mitochondrial function can be maintained in anoxia may provide new perspectives to reduce mitochondrial damage in anoxia-sensitive organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Scott
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0361 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine E Fagernes
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0361 Oslo, Norway
| | - Göran E Nilsson
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0361 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kåre-Olav Stensløkken
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
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2
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Morris MM, Hao 郝赵哲 ZZ, Berkowitz A. Electrophysiological Activity of Multifunctional and Behaviorally Specialized Spinal Neurons Involved in Swimming, Scratching, and Flexion Reflex in Turtles. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0038-24.2024. [PMID: 38969499 PMCID: PMC11265262 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0038-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The adult turtle spinal cord can generate multiple kinds of limb movements, including swimming, three forms of scratching, and limb withdrawal (flexion reflex), even without brain input and sensory feedback. There are many multifunctional spinal neurons, activated during multiple motor patterns, and some behaviorally specialized neurons, activated during only one. How do multifunctional and behaviorally specialized neurons each contribute to motor output? We analyzed in vivo intracellular recordings of multifunctional and specialized neurons. Neurons tended to spike in the same phase of the hip-flexor (HF) activity cycle during swimming and scratching, though one preferred opposite phases. During both swimming and scratching, a larger fraction of multifunctional neurons than specialized neurons were highly rhythmic. One group of multifunctional neurons was active during the HF-on phase and another during the HF-off phase. Thus, HF-extensor alternation may be generated by a subset of multifunctional spinal neurons during both swimming and scratching. Scratch-specialized neurons and flexion reflex-selective neurons may instead trigger their respective motor patterns, by biasing activity of multifunctional neurons. In phase-averaged membrane potentials of multifunctional neurons, trough phases were more highly correlated between swimming and scratching than peak phases, suggesting that rhythmic inhibition plays a greater role than rhythmic excitation. We also provide the first intracellular recording of a turtle swim-specialized neuron: tonically excited during swimming but inactive during scratching and flexion reflex. It displayed an excitatory postsynaptic potential following each swim-evoking electrical stimulus and thus may be an intermediary between reticulospinal axons and the swimming CPG they activate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison M Morris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019
| | - Zhao-Zhe Hao 郝赵哲
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019
| | - Ari Berkowitz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019
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3
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Kadamani KL, Logan SM, Pamenter ME. Does hypometabolism constrain innate immune defense? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14091. [PMID: 38288574 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Many animals routinely make energetic trade-offs to adjust to environmental demands and these trade-offs often have significant implications for survival. For example, environmental hypoxia is commonly experienced by many organisms and is an energetically challenging condition because reduced oxygen availability constrains aerobic energy production, which can be lethal. Many hypoxia-tolerant species downregulate metabolic demands when oxygen is limited; however, certain physiological functions are obligatory and must be maintained despite the need to conserve energy in hypoxia. Of particular interest is immunity (including both constitutive and induced immune functions) because mounting an immune response is among the most energetically expensive physiological processes but maintaining immune function is critical for survival in most environments. Intriguingly, physiological responses to hypoxia and pathogens share key molecular regulators such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, through which hypoxia can directly activate an immune response. This raises an interesting question: do hypoxia-tolerant species mount an immune response during periods of hypoxia-induced hypometabolism? Unfortunately, surprisingly few studies have examined interactions between immunity and hypometabolism in such species. Therefore, in this review, we consider mechanistic interactions between metabolism and immunity, as well as energetic trade-offs between these two systems, in hypoxia-tolerant animals but also in other models of hypometabolism, including neonates and hibernators. Specifically, we explore the hypothesis that such species have blunted immune responses in hypometabolic conditions and/or use alternative immune pathways when in a hypometabolic state. Evidence to date suggests that hypoxia-tolerant animals do maintain immunity in low oxygen conditions, but that the sensitivity of immune responses may be blunted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Kadamani
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha M Logan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew E Pamenter
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Gerber L, Resseguier J, Helle-Valle T, Farhat E, Nilsson GE, Lefevre S. Expression of prolyl hydroxylase domains, the upstream regulators of HIF, in the brain of the anoxia-tolerant crucian carp during anoxia-reoxygenation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 326:R184-R195. [PMID: 38145292 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00211.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is considered key in the transcriptional response to low oxygen. Yet, the role of HIF in the absence of oxygen (anoxia) and in preparation for reoxygenation remains unclear. Recent studies suggest that mounting a HIF response may be counterproductive for anoxia survival. We here studied one of the champions of anoxia survival, the crucian carp (Carassius carassius), and hypothesized that expression of prolyl hydroxylase domains (PHDs; the upstream regulators of HIF) are upregulated to circumvent an energy-costly activation of HIF in anoxia and to prepare for reoxygenation. We measured whole brain mRNA and protein levels of the three isoforms PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3, coded for by multiple paralogs of the genes egln2, egln1, and egln3, using quantitative PCR and Western blotting in the brain of crucian carps exposed to 5 days normoxia or anoxia, and 5 days anoxia followed by 3 or 24 h of reoxygenation. The mRNA levels of most egln paralogs were increased in anoxia and upon reoxygenation, with egln3 showing the largest increase in mRNA level (up to 17-fold) and highest relative mRNA abundance (up to 75% of expressed egln). The protein level of all PHDs was maintained in anoxia and increased upon reoxygenation. We then explored PHD distribution in different brain regions and found PHD immunoreactivity to be associated with axonal branches and showing region-specific changes during anoxia-reoxygenation. Our results support an overall upregulation of egln under prolonged anoxia and PHDs upon reoxygenation in crucian carp, likely aimed at suppressing HIF responses, although regional differences are apparent in such a complex organ as the brain.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report a profound upregulation of most egln paralog mRNA levels in anoxia and upon reoxygenation, with egln3ii showing the largest, a 17-fold increase, and highest relative mRNA abundance. The relative abundance of prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins was maintained during anoxia and increased at reoxygenation. PHD immunoreactivity was localized to axonal branches with region-specific changes during anoxia-reoxygenation. These dynamic and regional changes in crucian carp, champion of anoxia tolerance, are most likely adaptive and call for further mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Gerber
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julien Resseguier
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tellef Helle-Valle
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elie Farhat
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Göran E Nilsson
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sjannie Lefevre
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Shekhovtsov SV, Bulakhova NA, Tsentalovich YP, Zelentsova EA, Osik NA, Meshcheryakova EN, Poluboyarova TV, Berman DI. Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Differences in Hypoxia Response between Far Eastern and Siberian Frogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3349. [PMID: 37958105 PMCID: PMC10647746 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Anoxia is a significant challenge for most animals, as it can lead to tissue damage and death. Among amphibians, the Siberian frog Rana amurensis is the only known species capable of surviving near-zero levels of oxygen in water for a prolonged period. In this study, we aimed to compare metabolomic profiles of the liver, brain, and heart of the Siberian frog exposed to long-term oxygen deprivation (approximately 0.2 mg/L water) with those of the susceptible Far Eastern frog (Rana dybowskii) subjected to short-term hypoxia to the limits of its tolerance. One of the most pronounced features was that the organs of the Far Eastern frog contained more lactate than those of the Siberian frog despite a much shorter exposure time. The amounts of succinate were similar between the two species. Interestingly, glycerol and 2,3-butanediol were found to be significantly accumulated under hypoxia in the Siberian frog, but not in the Far Eastern frog. The role and biosynthesis of these substances are still unclear, but they are most likely formed in certain side pathways of glycolysis. Based on the obtained data, we suggest a pathway for metabolic changes in the Siberian frog under anoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V. Shekhovtsov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Lavrentieva av. 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Institute of the Biological Problems of the North FEB RAS, Portovaya 18, 685000 Magadan, Russia; (N.A.B.); (E.N.M.); (D.I.B.)
| | - Nina A. Bulakhova
- Institute of the Biological Problems of the North FEB RAS, Portovaya 18, 685000 Magadan, Russia; (N.A.B.); (E.N.M.); (D.I.B.)
| | - Yuri P. Tsentalovich
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (Y.P.T.); (E.A.Z.); (N.A.O.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Zelentsova
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (Y.P.T.); (E.A.Z.); (N.A.O.)
| | - Nataliya A. Osik
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (Y.P.T.); (E.A.Z.); (N.A.O.)
| | - Ekaterina N. Meshcheryakova
- Institute of the Biological Problems of the North FEB RAS, Portovaya 18, 685000 Magadan, Russia; (N.A.B.); (E.N.M.); (D.I.B.)
| | | | - Daniil I. Berman
- Institute of the Biological Problems of the North FEB RAS, Portovaya 18, 685000 Magadan, Russia; (N.A.B.); (E.N.M.); (D.I.B.)
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Gałgańska H, Jarmuszkiewicz W, Gałgański Ł. Carbon dioxide and MAPK signalling: towards therapy for inflammation. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:280. [PMID: 37817178 PMCID: PMC10566067 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, although necessary to fight infections, becomes a threat when it exceeds the capability of the immune system to control it. In addition, inflammation is a cause and/or symptom of many different disorders, including metabolic, neurodegenerative, autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases. Comorbidities and advanced age are typical predictors of more severe cases of seasonal viral infection, with COVID-19 a clear example. The primary importance of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the course of COVID-19 is evident in the mechanisms by which cells are infected with SARS-CoV-2; the cytokine storm that profoundly worsens a patient's condition; the pathogenesis of diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension, that contribute to a worsened prognosis; and post-COVID-19 complications, such as brain fog and thrombosis. An increasing number of reports have revealed that MAPKs are regulated by carbon dioxide (CO2); hence, we reviewed the literature to identify associations between CO2 and MAPKs and possible therapeutic benefits resulting from the elevation of CO2 levels. CO2 regulates key processes leading to and resulting from inflammation, and the therapeutic effects of CO2 (or bicarbonate, HCO3-) have been documented in all of the abovementioned comorbidities and complications of COVID-19 in which MAPKs play roles. The overlapping MAPK and CO2 signalling pathways in the contexts of allergy, apoptosis and cell survival, pulmonary oedema (alveolar fluid resorption), and mechanical ventilation-induced responses in lungs and related to mitochondria are also discussed. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Gałgańska
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wieslawa Jarmuszkiewicz
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Bioenergetics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Gałgański
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Bioenergetics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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Alstrup AKO, Busk M, Dittrich A, Hansen K, Wang T, Damkjær M, Andersen JB, Lauridsen H. Special Challenges in PET Imaging of Ectothermic Vertebrates. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:577-585. [PMID: 37438172 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The bulk of biomedical positron emission tomography (PET)-scanning experiments are performed on mammals (ie, rodents, pigs, and dogs), and the technique is only infrequently applied to answer research questions in ectothermic vertebrates such as fish, amphibians, and reptiles. Nevertheless, many unique and interesting physiological characteristics in these ectothermic vertebrates could be addressed in detail through PET. The low metabolic rate of ectothermic animals, however, may compromise the validity of physiological and biochemical parameters derived from the images created by PET and other scanning modalities. Here, we review some of the considerations that should be taken into account when PET scanning fish, amphibians, and reptiles. We present specific results from our own experiments, many of which remain previously unpublished, and we draw on examples from the literature. We conclude that knowledge on the natural history and physiology of the species studied and an understanding of the limitations of the PET scanning techniques are necessary to avoid the design of faulty experiments and erroneous conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aage Kristian Olsen Alstrup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Morten Busk
- Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University, Denmark; Danish Centre for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anita Dittrich
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper Hansen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mads Damkjær
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark; Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Lauridsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Caruso G, Privitera A, Saab MW, Musso N, Maugeri S, Fidilio A, Privitera AP, Pittalà A, Jolivet RB, Lanzanò L, Lazzarino G, Caraci F, Amorini AM. Characterization of Carnosine Effect on Human Microglial Cells under Basal Conditions. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020474. [PMID: 36831010 PMCID: PMC9953171 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of microglia is fundamental for the regulation of numerous physiological processes including brain development, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis, and its deviation from homeostasis can lead to pathological conditions, including numerous neurodegenerative disorders. Carnosine is a naturally occurring molecule with well-characterized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, able to modulate the response and polarization of immune cells and ameliorate their cellular energy metabolism. The better understanding of microglia characteristics under basal physiological conditions, as well as the possible modulation of the mechanisms related to its response to environmental challenges and/or pro-inflammatory/pro-oxidant stimuli, are of utmost importance for the development of therapeutic strategies. In the present study, we assessed the activity of carnosine on human HMC3 microglial cells, first investigating the effects of increasing concentrations of carnosine on cell viability. When used at a concentration of 20 mM, carnosine led to a decrease of cell viability, paralleled by gene expression increase and decrease, respectively, of interleukin 6 and heme oxygenase 1. When using the maximal non-toxic concentration (10 mM), carnosine decreased nitric oxide bioavailability, with no changes in the intracellular levels of superoxide ion. The characterization of energy metabolism of HMC3 microglial cells under basal conditions, never reported before, demonstrated that it is mainly based on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, paralleled by a high rate of biosynthetic reactions. The exposure of HMC3 cells to carnosine seems to ameliorate microglia energy state, as indicated by the increase in the adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate (ATP/ADP) ratio and energy charge potential. The improvement of cell energy metabolism mediated by 10 mM carnosine could represent a useful protective weapon in the case of human microglia undergoing stressing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0957385036
| | - Anna Privitera
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Miriam Wissam Saab
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Nicolò Musso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maugeri
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Annamaria Fidilio
- Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Pittalà
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Renaud Blaise Jolivet
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Lanzanò
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “Ettore Majorana”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lazzarino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Amorini
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Johansen A, Thiede B, Anonsen JH, Nilsson GE. Surviving without oxygen involves major tissue specific changes in the proteome of crucian carp ( Carassius carassius). PeerJ 2023; 11:e14890. [PMID: 36915662 PMCID: PMC10007964 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The crucian carp (Carassius carassius) can survive complete oxygen depletion (anoxia) for several months at low temperatures, making it an excellent model for studying molecular adaptations to anoxia. Still, little is known about how its global proteome responds to anoxia and reoxygenation. By applying mass spectrometry-based proteome analyses on brain, heart and liver tissue from crucian carp exposed to normoxia, five days anoxia, and reoxygenation, we found major changes in particularly cardiac and hepatic protein levels in response to anoxia and reoxygenation. These included tissue-specific differences in mitochondrial proteins involved in aerobic respiration and mitochondrial membrane integrity. Enzymes in the electron transport system (ETS) decreased in heart and increased massively in liver during anoxia and reoxygenation but did not change in the brain. Importantly, the data support a special role for the liver in succinate handling upon reoxygenation, as suggested by a drastic increase of components of the ETS and uncoupling protein 2, which could allow for succinate metabolism without excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Also during reoxygenation, the levels of proteins involved in the cristae junction organization of the mitochondria changed in the heart, possibly functioning to suppress ROS formation. Furthermore, proteins involved in immune (complement) system activation changed in the anoxic heart compared to normoxic controls. The results emphasize that responses to anoxia are highly tissue-specific and related to organ function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernd Thiede
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Haug Anonsen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Climate & Environment Department, NORCE, Norwegian Research Centre AS, Stavanger, Norway
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