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Magnan C, Morsli M, Salipante F, Thiry B, Attar JE, Maio MD, Safaria M, Tran TA, Dunyach-Remy C, Ory J, Richaud-Morel B, Sotto A, Pantel A, Lavigne JP. Emergence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus in neonatal intensive care unit in Southern France, a genomic study. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2353291. [PMID: 38738561 PMCID: PMC11132433 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2353291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
An emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus haemolyticus has been observed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Nîmes University Hospital in southern France. A case-control analysis was conducted on 96 neonates, to identify risk factors associated with S. haemolyticus infection, focusing on clinical outcomes. Forty-eight MDR S. haemolyticus strains, isolated from neonates between October 2019 and July 2022, were investigated using routine in vitro procedures and whole-genome sequencing. Additionally, five S. haemolyticus isolates from adult patients were sequenced to identify clusters circulating within the hospital environment. The incidence of neonatal S. haemolyticus was significantly associated with low birth weight, lower gestational age, and central catheter use (p < 0.001). Sepsis was the most frequent clinical manifestation in this series (20/46, 43.5%) and was associated with five deaths. Based on whole-genome analysis, three S. haemolyticus genotypes were predicted: ST1 (6/53, 11%), ST25 (3/53, 5.7%), and ST29 (44/53, 83%), which included the subcluster II-A, predominantly emerging in the neonatal department. All strains were profiled in silico to be resistant to methicillin, erythromycin, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones, consistent with in vitro antibiotic susceptibility tests. Moreover, in silico prediction of biofilm formation and virulence-encoding genes supported the association of ST29 with severe clinical outcomes, while the persistence in the NICU could be explained by the presence of antiseptic and heavy metal resistance-encoding genes. The clonality of S. haemolyticus ST29 subcluster II-A isolates confirms healthcare transmission causing severe infections. Based on these results, reinforced hygiene measures are necessary to eradicate the nosocomial transmission of MDR strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Magnan
- VBIC, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, CHU Nîmes, Univ. Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Madjid Morsli
- VBIC, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, CHU Nîmes, Univ. Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Florian Salipante
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, Public Health and Innovation in Methodology, CHU Nîmes, Univ. Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Blandine Thiry
- VBIC, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, CHU Nîmes, Univ. Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Julie El Attar
- VBIC, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, CHU Nîmes, Univ. Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Massimo Di Maio
- Neonatal Pediatrics Department, CHU Nîmes, Univ. Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Maryam Safaria
- Neonatal Pediatrics Department, CHU Nîmes, Univ. Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Tu-Anh Tran
- Department of Paediatrics, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- VBIC, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, CHU Nîmes, Univ. Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Jérôme Ory
- VBIC, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, CHU Nîmes, Univ. Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Brigitte Richaud-Morel
- VBIC, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, CHU Nîmes, Univ. Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Albert Sotto
- VBIC, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1047, Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU Nîmes, Univ. Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Alix Pantel
- VBIC, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, CHU Nîmes, Univ. Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- VBIC, Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, CHU Nîmes, Univ. Montpellier, Nîmes, France
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2
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Morgado S, Freitas F, Caldart R, Fonseca E, Vicente AC. In-silico genomic characterization of Staphylococcus haemolyticus on a global scale: lineages, resistome, and virulome. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:18-24. [PMID: 37992430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus haemolyticus belongs to the Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS), exhibiting the highest levels of antibiotic resistance within this group of bacteria. This species has been increasingly implicated in nosocomial and animal infections worldwide, with a prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus (MRSH). Most information about this organism comes from regional analyzes or with the absence of typing data, thus not revealing the real role of S. haemolyticus strains in world public health. METHODS Here, we performed an enhanced global epidemiological analysis considering all available S. haemolyticus genomes from all continents, including genomes of nosocomial, environmental, and animal origin (n = 310). Furthermore, we added original genomic information from a clinical MRSH from the Brazilian Amazon region. The resistome and virulome of the genomes were associated with their mobilome, being inferred based on the presence of specific genes and databases such as CARD, VFDB, and PlasmidFinder, respectively. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis revealed three main groups, the main one covering most of the clinical clonal complex 3 (CC3) genomes in the world. The virulome of some genomes in this cluster showed the complete capsule operon (capA-capM). Importantly, this virulome trait could be associated with the mobilome, since the capsule operon, as well as a whole set of genes of the type VII secretion system, were observed in plasmids. In addition, the resistome of the main cluster (CC3) was larger, characterized mainly by the presence of the mecA gene, in addition to a set of other genes (aad, aac-aph, aph, erm), contrasting with the poor resistome of the other two clusters. Several insertion sequences were identified, some of them linked to specific clusters, and resistance genes, such as the rare cfrA (IS257). CONCLUSIONS Therefore, successful lineages of CC3 S. haemolyticus causing human infections are widespread worldwide, raising concern about the impact of this scenario on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Morgado
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Microorganisms, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Microorganisms, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel Caldart
- Universidade Federal de Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
| | - Erica Fonseca
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Microorganisms, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Vicente
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Microorganisms, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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3
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Wolden R, Ovchinnikov KV, Venter HJ, Oftedal TF, Diep DB, Cavanagh JP. The novel bacteriocin romsacin from Staphylococcus haemolyticus inhibits Gram-positive WHO priority pathogens. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0086923. [PMID: 37905822 PMCID: PMC10715183 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00869-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Bacteria produce bacteriocins to inhibit growth of other bacterial species. We have studied the antimicrobial activity of a new bacteriocin produced by the skin bacterium S. haemolyticus. The bacteriocin is effective against several types of Gram-positive bacteria, including highly virulent and antibiotic-resistant strains such as Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium. Effective antimicrobials are important for the treatment of infections and the success of major surgery and chemotherapy. Bacteriocins can be part of the solution to the global concern of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runa Wolden
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Research Group for Child and Adolescent Health, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kirill V. Ovchinnikov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Hermoine J. Venter
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Research Group for Child and Adolescent Health, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Thomas F. Oftedal
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Dzung B. Diep
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Jorunn Pauline Cavanagh
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Research Group for Child and Adolescent Health, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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4
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Grazul M, Balcerczak E, Sienkiewicz M. Analysis of the Presence of the Virulence and Regulation Genes from Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus) in Coagulase Negative Staphylococci and the Influence of the Staphylococcal Cross-Talk on Their Functions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5155. [PMID: 36982064 PMCID: PMC10049693 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are increasingly becoming a public health issue worldwide due to their growing resistance to antibiotics and common involvement in complications related to invasive surgical procedures, and nosocomial and urinary tract infections. Their behavior either as a commensal or a pathogen is a result of strict regulation of colonization and virulence factors. Although functionality of virulence factors and processes involved in their regulation are quite well understood in S. aureus, little is known about them in CoNS species. Therefore, the aim of our studies was to check if clinical CoNS strains may contain virulence factors and genes involved in resistance to methicillin, that are homologous to S. aureus. Moreover, we checked the presence of elements responsible for regulation of genes that encode virulence factors typical for S. aureus in tested isolates. We also investigated whether the regulation factors produced by one CoNS isolate can affect virulence activity of other strains by co-incubation of tested isolates with supernatant from other isolates. Our studies confirmed the presence of virulence factor and regulatory genes attributed to S. aureus in CoNS isolates and indicated that one strain with an active agr gene is able to affect biofilm formation and δ-toxin activity of strains with inactive agr genes. The cognition of prevalence and regulation of virulence factors as well as antibiotic resistance of CoNS isolates is important for better control and treatment of CoNS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Grazul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 Street, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Balcerczak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 Street, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Sienkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 Street, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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5
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Westberg R, Stegger M, Söderquist B. Molecular Epidemiology of Neonatal-Associated Staphylococcus haemolyticus Reveals Endemic Outbreak. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0245222. [PMID: 36314976 PMCID: PMC9769988 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02452-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a major cause of late-onset sepsis in neonates, and endemic clones are often multidrug-resistant. The bacteria can also act as a genetic reservoir for more pathogenic bacteria. Molecular epidemiology is important in understanding bacterial pathogenicity and preventing infection. To describe the molecular epidemiology of S. haemolyticus isolated from neonatal blood cultures at a Swedish neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) over 4 decades, including antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), virulence factors, and comparison to international isolates. Isolates were whole-genome sequenced, and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the core genome were used to map the relatedness. The occurrence of previously described ARGs and virulence genes were investigated. Disc diffusion and gradient tests were used to determine phenotypic resistance. The results revealed a clonal outbreak of S. haemolyticus at this NICU during the 1990s. Multidrug resistance was present in 28 (82%) of all isolates and concomitant resistance to aminoglycoside and methicillin occurred in 27 (79%). No isolates were vancomycin resistant. Genes encoding ARGs and virulence factors occurred frequently. The isolates in the outbreak were more homogenous in their genotypic and phenotypic patterns. Genotypic and phenotypic resistance combinations were consistent. Pathogenic traits previously described in S. haemolyticus occurred frequently in the present isolates, perhaps due to the hospital selection pressure resulting in epidemiological success. The clonal outbreak revealed by this study emphasizes the importance of adhering to hygiene procedures in order to prevent future endemic outbreaks. IMPORTANCE This study investigated the relatedness of Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolated from neonatal blood and revealed a clonal outbreak in the 1990s at a Swedish neonatal intensive care unit. The outbreak clone has earlier been isolated in Japan and Norway. Virulence and antibiotic resistance genes previously associated with clinical S. haemolyticus were frequently occuring in the present study as well. The majority of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. These traits should be considered important for S. haemolyticus epidemiological success and are probably caused by the hospital selection pressure. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of restrictive antibiotic use and following the hygiene procedures, to prevent further antibiotic resistance spread and future endemic outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Westberg
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Marc Stegger
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Söderquist
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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6
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Clinical Infections, Antibiotic Resistance, and Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061130. [PMID: 35744647 PMCID: PMC9231169 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus (S. haemolyticus) constitutes the main part of the human skin microbiota. It is widespread in hospitals and among medical staff, resulting in being an emerging microbe causing nosocomial infections. S. haemolyticus, especially strains that cause nosocomial infections, are more resistant to antibiotics than other coagulase-negative Staphylococci. There is clear evidence that the resistance genes can be acquired by other Staphylococcus species through S. haemolyticus. Severe infections are recorded with S. haemolyticus such as meningitis, endocarditis, prosthetic joint infections, bacteremia, septicemia, peritonitis, and otitis, especially in immunocompromised patients. In addition, S. haemolyticus species were detected in dogs, breed kennels, and food animals. The main feature of pathogenic S. haemolyticus isolates is the formation of a biofilm which is involved in catheter-associated infections and other nosocomial infections. Besides the biofilm formation, S. haemolyticus secretes other factors for bacterial adherence and invasion such as enterotoxins, hemolysins, and fibronectin-binding proteins. In this review, we give updates on the clinical infections associated with S. haemolyticus, highlighting the antibiotic resistance patterns of these isolates, and the virulence factors associated with the disease development.
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7
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Marincola G, Liong O, Schoen C, Abouelfetouh A, Hamdy A, Wencker FDR, Marciniak T, Becker K, Köck R, Ziebuhr W. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Community-Based Healthy Individuals in Germany. Front Public Health 2021; 9:684456. [PMID: 34222184 PMCID: PMC8247762 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.684456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are common opportunistic pathogens, but also ubiquitous human and animal commensals. Infection-associated CoNS from healthcare environments are typically characterized by pronounced antimicrobial resistance (AMR) including both methicillin- and multidrug-resistant isolates. Less is known about AMR patterns of CoNS colonizing the general population. Here we report on AMR in commensal CoNS recovered from 117 non-hospitalized volunteers in a region of Germany with a high livestock density. Among the 69 individuals colonized with CoNS, 29 had reported contacts to either companion or farm animals. CoNS were selectively cultivated from nasal swabs, followed by species definition by 16S rDNA sequencing and routine antibiotic susceptibility testing. Isolates displaying phenotypic AMR were further tested by PCR for presence of selected AMR genes. A total of 127 CoNS were isolated and Staphylococcus epidermidis (75%) was the most common CoNS species identified. Nine isolates (7%) were methicillin-resistant (MR) and carried the mecA gene, with seven individuals (10%) being colonized with at least one MR-CoNS isolate. While resistance against gentamicin, phenicols and spectinomycin was rare, high resistance rates were found against tetracycline (39%), erythromycin (33%) and fusidic acid (24%). In the majority of isolates, phenotypic resistance could be associated with corresponding AMR gene detection. Multidrug-resistance (MDR) was observed in 23% (29/127) of the isolates, with 33% (23/69) of the individuals being colonized with MDR-CoNS. The combined data suggest that MR- and MDR-CoNS are present in the community, with previous animal contact not significantly influencing the risk of becoming colonized with such isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Marincola
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Olivia Liong
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schoen
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alaa Abouelfetouh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, AlAlamein International University, AlAlamein, Egypt
| | - Aisha Hamdy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Freya D R Wencker
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Marciniak
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Becker
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robin Köck
- Deutsches Rotes Kreuz (DRK) Kliniken Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wilma Ziebuhr
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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8
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França A, Gaio V, Lopes N, Melo LDR. Virulence Factors in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci. Pathogens 2021; 10:170. [PMID: 33557202 PMCID: PMC7913919 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) have emerged as major pathogens in healthcare-associated facilities, being S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus and, more recently, S. lugdunensis, the most clinically relevant species. Despite being less virulent than the well-studied pathogen S. aureus, the number of CoNS strains sequenced is constantly increasing and, with that, the number of virulence factors identified in those strains. In this regard, biofilm formation is considered the most important. Besides virulence factors, the presence of several antibiotic-resistance genes identified in CoNS is worrisome and makes treatment very challenging. In this review, we analyzed the different aspects involved in CoNS virulence and their impact on health and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela França
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (V.G.); (N.L.)
| | | | | | - Luís D. R. Melo
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (V.G.); (N.L.)
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9
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Maurer SM, Kursawe L, Rahm S, Prinz J, Zinkernagel AS, Moter A, Kuster SP, Zbinden R, Zingg PO, Achermann Y. Cutibacterium avidum resists surgical skin antisepsis in the groin-a potential risk factor for periprosthetic joint infection: a quality control study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2021; 10:27. [PMID: 33522957 PMCID: PMC7852298 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-00883-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skin commensal Cutibacterium avidum has been recognized as an emerging pathogen for periprosthetic joint infections (PJI). One currently assumes that the early occurring PJIs are a consequence of skin commensals contaminating the peri-implant tissue during surgery. We addressed whether standard skin antisepsis with povidone-iodine/alcohol before total hip arthroplasty (THA) is effective to eliminate colonizing bacteria with focus on C. avidum. METHODS In a single-center, prospective study, we screened all patients for skin colonizing C. avidum in the groin before THA. Only in the patients positive for C. avidum, we preoperatively repeated skin swabs after the first and third skin antisepsis and antibiotic prophylaxis. We also obtained dermis biopsies for microbiology and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). RESULTS Fifty-one out of 60 patients (85%) were colonized on the skin with various bacteria, in particular with C. avidum in 12 out of 60. Skin antisepsis eliminated C. avidum in eight of ten (20%) colonized patients undergoing THA. Deeper skin (dermis) biopsies were all culture negative, but FISH detected single positive ribosome-rich C. avidum in one case near sweat glands. CONCLUSION Standard skin antisepsis was not effective to completely eliminate colonizing C. avidum on the skin in the groin of patients undergoing THA. Colonizing with C. avidum might pose an increased risk for PJI when considering a THA. Novel more effective antisepsis strategies are needed. Trial registration No clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Maurer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Kursawe
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Rahm
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Prinz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annelies S Zinkernagel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Moter
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan P Kuster
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Zbinden
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick O Zingg
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Achermann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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10
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Pain M, Wolden R, Jaén-Luchoro D, Salvà-Serra F, Iglesias BP, Karlsson R, Klingenberg C, Cavanagh JP. Staphylococcus borealis sp. nov., isolated from human skin and blood. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 70:6067-6078. [PMID: 33048039 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When analysing a large cohort of Staphylococcus haemolyticus, using whole-genome sequencing, five human isolates (four from the skin and one from a blood culture) with aberrant phenotypic and genotypic traits were identified. They were phenotypically similar with yellow colonies, nearly identical 16S rRNA gene sequences and initially speciated as S. haemolyticus based on 16S rRNA gene sequence and MALDI-TOF MS. However, compared to S. haemolyticus, these five strains demonstrate: (i) considerable phylogenetic distance with an average nucleotide identity <95 % and inferred DNA-DNA hybridization <70 %; (ii) a pigmented phenotype; (iii) urease production; and (iv) different fatty acid composition. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic results, we conclude that these strains represent a novel species, for which the name Staphylococcus borealis sp. nov. is proposed. The novel species belong to the genus Staphylococcus and is coagulase- and oxidase-negative and catalase-positive. The type strain, 51-48T, is deposited in the Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG 73747T) and in the Spanish Type Culture Collection (CECT 30011T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pain
- Pediatric Infection Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Runa Wolden
- Pediatric Infection Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Daniel Jaén-Luchoro
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francisco Salvà-Serra
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Beatriz Piñeiro Iglesias
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roger Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claus Klingenberg
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Pediatric Infection Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jorunn Pauline Cavanagh
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Pediatric Infection Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Bidu NS, Fernandes BJD, Filho JNC, Bastos REA, Pedreira JNR, Couto RD. Should the Vancomycin Minimal Inhibitory Concentration be used as an Infant Critical Care Regular Criteria? Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1052-1058. [PMID: 32216735 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200327162402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vancomycin is the first-line antibiotic used for the treatment of staphylococcal infections. Because of its narrow therapeutic window and the pharmacokinetics variability, vancomycin trough serum concentration should be monitored. However, due to the increased cases of staphylococcus' commensal species infections and the case of vancomycin resistance, the minimal inhibitory concentration should be considered on antimicrobial therapy. OBJECTIVE This article aimed to show the importance of the minimal inhibitory concentration to infants on vancomycin therapy as regular criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three infants in the use of vancomycin, hospitalized in the same maternity hospital, and that had at least one blood culture performed during the intensive-care-unit hospitalization were included in the study. Vancomycin serum concentrations were determined by particleenhanced- turbidimetric inhibition-immunoassay. The vancomycin minimal inhibitory concentration data were interpreted by following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). The trough serum concentration range of 10 to 20 mg.L-1 was considered therapeutic. RESULTS All three patients had at least one infection by S. epidermidis, being one patient exhibit vancomycin- resistant S. epidermidis infection. All patients had stoppages in the vancomycin treatment, and the minimal inhibitory concentration was performed for only one patient. CONCLUSION The data obtained from these patients also showed the need to perform therapeutic monitoring by using minimal inhibitory concentration values, because, although the serum concentrations were within the reference range, they are insufficient to guarantee patient therapeutic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadielle S Bidu
- Pharmacy Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia/UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Bruno J D Fernandes
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia/UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jucelino N C Filho
- Pharmacy Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia/UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Regina E A Bastos
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Roberto Santos, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joice N R Pedreira
- Pharmacy Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia/UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D Couto
- Pharmacy Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia/UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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12
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Quadros MD, Bugs RCF, Soares RDO, Rossato AM, Rocha LDL, d'Azevedo PA. Identifying gram-positive cocci in dermatoscopes and smartphone adapters using MALDI-TOF MS: a cross-sectional study. An Bras Dermatol 2020; 95:298-306. [PMID: 32303433 PMCID: PMC7253918 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The increasingly frequent use of dermoscopy makes us think about the possibility of transfer of microorganisms, through the dermatoscope, between doctor and patients. Objectives To identify the most frequent gram-positive cocci in dermatoscopes and smartphone adapters, as well as the resistance profile, and to evaluate the factors associated with a higher risk of bacterial contamination of the dermatoscopes. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out with 118 dermatologists from Porto Alegre/Brazil between September 2017 and July 2018. Gram-positive cocci were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and habits of use of the dermatoscope were evaluated through an anonymous questionnaire. Results Of the dermatoscopes analysed, 46.6% had growth of gram-positive cocci on the lens and 37.3% on the on/off button. The microorganisms most frequently found were S. epidermidis, S. hominis and S. warneri. Attending a hospital, using the dermatoscope at the hospital, with inpatients and in the intensive care unit were significantly associated with colonisation by gram-positive cocci. The highest resistance rates were observed for penicillin, erythromycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Study limitations The non-search of gram-negative bacilli, fungi and viruses. Moreover, the small number of adapters did not make it possible to better define if the frequency differences were statistically significant. Conclusion Coagulase-negative staphylococci were frequently identified. S. aureus was detected only on the lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício de Quadros
- Gram-positive Cocci Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Dermatology, Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Carlos Freitas Bugs
- Gram-positive Cocci Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata de Oliveira Soares
- Gram-positive Cocci Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Medianeira Rossato
- Gram-positive Cocci Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisiane da Luz Rocha
- Gram-positive Cocci Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alves d'Azevedo
- Gram-positive Cocci Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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13
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Wolden R, Pain M, Karlsson R, Karlsson A, Aarag Fredheim EG, Cavanagh JP. Identification of surface proteins in a clinical Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolate by bacterial surface shaving. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:80. [PMID: 32264835 PMCID: PMC7137321 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The skin commensal Staphylococcus haemolyticus is an emerging nosocomial pathogen. Despite its clinical relevance, published information about S. haemolyticus virulence factors is scarce. In this study, the adhesive and biofilm forming properties of ten clinical and ten commensal S. haemolyticus strains were examined using standard adhesion and biofilm assays. One of the clinical strains was used to identify expressed surface proteins using bacterial surface shaving. Protein abundance was examined by a comparative analysis between bacterial protein expression after human keratinocyte (HaCaT) colonization and growth in cell culture media supplemented with serum. Relative protein quantification was performed by labeling peptides with tandem mass tags (TMT) prior to Mass Spectrometry analysis. Surface proteins can be used as novel targets for antimicrobial treatment and in diagnostics. Results Adherence to fibronectin, collagen and plastic was low in all tested strains, but with significantly higher adhesion to fibronectin (p = 0.041) and collagen (p = 0.001) in the commensal strains. There was a trend towards higher degree of biofilm formation in the clinical strains (p = 0.059). By using surface shaving, 325 proteins were detected, of which 65 were classified as surface proteins. Analyses showed that the abundance of nineteen (5.8%) proteins were significantly changed following HaCaT colonization. The bacterial Toll/interleukin-1 like (TIRs) domain containing protein (p = 0.04), the transglycosylase SceD (p = 0.01), and the bifunctional autolysin Atl (p = 0.04) showed a 1.4, 1.6- and 1.5-fold increased abundance. The staphylococcal secretory antigen (SsaA) (p = 0.04) was significantly downregulated (− 1.5 fold change) following HaCaT colonization. Among the 65 surface proteins the elastin binding protein (Ebps), LPXAG and LPXSG domain containing proteins and five LPXTG domain containing proteins were identified; three Sdr-like proteins, the extracellular matrix binding protein Embp and a SasH-like protein. Conclusions This study has provided novel knowledge about expression of S. haemolyticus surface proteins after direct contact with eukaryotic cells and in media supplemented with serum. We have identified surface proteins and immune evasive proteins previously only functionally described in other staphylococcal species. The identification of expressed proteins after host-microbe interaction offers a tool for the discovery and design of novel targets for antimicrobial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runa Wolden
- Pediatric Research group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maria Pain
- Pediatric Research group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Roger Karlsson
- Nanoxis Consulting AB, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 46, Gothenburg, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
| | | | - Elizabeth G Aarag Fredheim
- Microbial Pharmacology and Population Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jorunn Pauline Cavanagh
- Pediatric Research group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway. .,Department of Pediatrics, The University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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14
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Becker K, Both A, Weißelberg S, Heilmann C, Rohde H. Emergence of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:349-366. [DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1730813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Becker
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Both
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samira Weißelberg
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christine Heilmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Pain M, Hjerde E, Klingenberg C, Cavanagh JP. Comparative Genomic Analysis of Staphylococcus haemolyticus Reveals Key to Hospital Adaptation and Pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2096. [PMID: 31552006 PMCID: PMC6747052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a skin commensal gaining increased attention as an emerging pathogen of nosocomial infections. However, knowledge about the transition from a commensal to an invasive lifestyle remains sparse and there is a paucity of studies comparing pathogenicity traits between commensal and clinical isolates. In this study, we used a pan-genomic approach to identify factors important for infection and hospital adaptation by exploring the genomic variability of 123 clinical isolates and 46 commensal S. haemolyticus isolates. Phylogenetic reconstruction grouped the 169 isolates into six clades with a distinct distribution of clinical and commensal isolates in the different clades. Phenotypically, multi-drug antibiotic resistance was detected in 108/123 (88%) of the clinical isolates and 5/46 (11%) of the commensal isolates (p < 0.05). In the clinical isolates, we commonly identified a homolog of the serine-rich repeat glycoproteins sraP. Additionally, three novel capsular polysaccharide operons were detected, with a potential role in S. haemolyticus virulence. Clinical S. haemolyticus isolates showed specific signatures associated with successful hospital adaption. Biofilm forming S. haemolyticus isolates that are resistant to oxacillin (mecA) and aminoglycosides (aacA-aphD) are most likely invasive isolates whereas absence of these traits strongly indicates a commensal isolate. We conclude that our data show a clear segregation of isolates of commensal origin, and specific genetic signatures distinguishing the clinical isolates from the commensal isolates. The widespread use of antimicrobial agents has probably promoted the development of successful hospital adapted clones of S. haemolyticus clones through acquisition of mobile genetic elements or beneficial point mutations and rearrangements in surface associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pain
- Pediatric Infections Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Erik Hjerde
- Department of Chemistry, Norstruct, UiT The Arcic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Claus Klingenberg
- Pediatric Infections Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jorunn Pauline Cavanagh
- Pediatric Infections Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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16
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Comparative exoproteome profiling of an invasive and a commensal Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolate. J Proteomics 2018; 197:106-114. [PMID: 30472255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a skin commensal emerging as an opportunistic pathogen. Nosocomial isolates of S. haemolyticus are the most antibiotic resistant members of the coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS), but information about other S. haemolyticus virulence factors is scarce. Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are one mediator of virulence by enabling secretion and long distance delivery of bacterial effector molecules while protecting the cargo from proteolytic degradation from the environment. We wanted to determine if the MV protein cargo of S. haemolyticus is strain specific and enriched in certain MV associated proteins compared to the totalsecretome. The present study shows that both clinical and commensal S. haemolyticus isolates produce membrane vesicles. The MV cargo of both strains was enriched in proteins involved in adhesion and acquisition of iron. The MV cargo of the clinical strain was further enriched in antimicrobial resistance proteins. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD010389. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus haemolyticus are usually multidrug resistant, their main virulence factor is formation of biofilms, both factors leading to infections that are difficult to treat. We show that both clinical and commensal S. haemolyticus isolates produce membrane vesicles. Identification of staphylococcal membrane vesicles can potentially be used in novel approaches to combat staphylococcal infections, such as development of vaccines.
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17
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Ardon CB, Prens EP, Fuursted K, Ejaz RN, Shailes J, Jenssen H, Jemec GBE. Biofilm production and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains from Hidradenitis Suppurativa lesions. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 33:170-177. [PMID: 30022542 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An aberrant interaction between commensal skin bacteria and the host skin immune system is considered important in the pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm-forming capabilities of S. epidermidis strains isolated from HS patients. METHODS Skin biopsies were taken from active HS lesions such as inflammatory nodules and/or sinuses and non-involved skin from 26 patients and cultured under optimal microbiological conditions for 24 h. Planktonic growth, biofilm production, antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm eradication by clindamycin, doxycycline, rifampicin and tetracycline were tested including a laboratory control strain of S. epidermidis for reference. RESULTS Staphylococcus epidermidis was cultured in 16 of 26 HS patients (62%). In total 27 different S. epidermidis isolates were identified; 16 (59%) from non-involved skin and 11 (41%) from HS lesions. All bacterial strains showed planktonic growth. Twenty-four of 27 (89%) isolates were strong biofilm producers in vitro. The biofilm-forming capability varied amongst the strains from non-involved skin and lesional skin. Twenty-four strains had an intermediate to resistant antibiotic susceptibility to clindamycin (89%). Rifampicin was the most effective antibiotic at inhibiting planktonic growth and at eradication of biofilm (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION We observed a slight increase in S. epidermidis virulence, characterized by resistance to commonly used antibiotics, increased biofilm production and resistance to biofilm eradication. In particular, the reduced sensitivity to tetracycline and clindamycin, two standard antibiotics in the treatment of HS, is alarming. Rifampicin, also important in HS treatment, showed the greatest efficacy at eradicating the biofilm at low MIC concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Ardon
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - E P Prens
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Fuursted
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Staten Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R N Ejaz
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - J Shailes
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - H Jenssen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - G B E Jemec
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zealand, Roskilde, Denmark
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