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Deng T, Xu J, Wang Q, Wang X, Jiao Y, Cao X, Geng Q, Zhang M, Zhao L, Xiao C. Immunomodulatory effects of curcumin on macrophage polarization in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1369337. [PMID: 38487171 PMCID: PMC10938599 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1369337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation, cartilage destruction, pannus formation and bone erosion. Various immune cells, including macrophages, are involved in RA pathogenesis. The heterogeneity and plasticity of macrophages render them pivotal regulators of both the induction and resolution of the inflammatory response. Predominantly, two different phenotypes of macrophages have been identified: classically activated M1 macrophages exacerbate inflammation via the production of cytokines, chemokines and other inflammatory mediators, while alternatively activated M2 macrophages inhibit inflammation and facilitate tissue repair. An imbalance in the M1/M2 macrophage ratio is critical during the initiation and progression of RA. Macrophage polarization is modulated by various transcription factors, epigenetic elements and metabolic reprogramming. Curcumin, an active component of turmeric, exhibits potent immunomodulatory effects and is administered in the treatment of multiple autoimmune diseases, including RA. The regulation of macrophage polarization and subsequent cytokine production as well as macrophage migration is involved in the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of curcumin on RA. In this review, we summarize the underlying mechanisms by which curcumin modulates macrophage function and polarization in the context of RA to provide evidence for the clinical application of curcumin in RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Deng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahe Xu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Jiao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Cao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qishun Geng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengxiao Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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Del Vescovo S, Venerito V, Iannone C, Lopalco G. Uncovering the Underworld of Axial Spondyloarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6463. [PMID: 37047435 PMCID: PMC10095023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Axial spondyloarthritis (axial-SpA) is a multifactorial disease characterized by inflammation in sacroiliac joints and spine, bone reabsorption, and aberrant bone deposition, which may lead to ankylosis. Disease pathogenesis depends on genetic, immunological, mechanical, and bioenvironmental factors. HLA-B27 represents the most important genetic factor, although the disease may also develop in its absence. This MHC class I molecule has been deeply studied from a molecular point of view. Different theories, including the arthritogenic peptide, the unfolded protein response, and HLA-B27 homodimers formation, have been proposed to explain its role. From an immunological point of view, a complex interplay between the innate and adaptive immune system is involved in disease onset. Unlike other systemic autoimmune diseases, the innate immune system in axial-SpA has a crucial role marked by abnormal activity of innate immune cells, including γδ T cells, type 3 innate lymphoid cells, neutrophils, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells, at tissue-specific sites prone to the disease. On the other hand, a T cell adaptive response would seem involved in axial-SpA pathogenesis as emphasized by several studies focusing on TCR low clonal heterogeneity and clonal expansions as well as an interindividual sharing of CD4/8 T cell receptors. As a result of this immune dysregulation, several proinflammatory molecules are produced following the activation of tangled intracellular pathways involved in pathomechanisms of axial-SpA. This review aims to expand the current understanding of axial-SpA pathogenesis, pointing out novel molecular mechanisms leading to disease development and to further investigate potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Del Vescovo
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), Polyclinic Hospital, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Venerito
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), Polyclinic Hospital, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Iannone
- Division of Clinical Rheumatology, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO Institute, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lopalco
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), Polyclinic Hospital, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Gao W, Hou R, Chen Y, Wang X, Liu G, Hu W, Yao K, Hao Y. A Predictive Disease Risk Model for Ankylosing Spondylitis: Based on Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis and Identification of Potential Biomarkers Most Related to Immunity. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:3220235. [PMID: 37152368 PMCID: PMC10159744 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3220235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is still not clear, and immune-related genes have not been systematically explored in AS. The purpose of this paper was to identify the potential early biomarkers most related to immunity in AS and develop a predictive disease risk model with bioinformatic methods and the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO) to improve diagnostic and therapeutic efficiency. Methods To identify differentially expressed genes and create a gene coexpression network between AS and healthy samples, we downloaded the AS-related datasets GSE25101 and GSE73754 from the GEO database and employed weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). We used the GSVA, GSEABase, limma, ggpubr, and reshape2 packages to score immune data and investigated the links between immune cells and immunological functions by using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). The value of the core gene set and constructed model for early AS diagnosis was investigated by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results Biological function and immune score analyses identified central genes related to immunity, key immune cells, key related pathways, gene modules, and the coexpression network in AS. Granulysin (GNLY), Granulysin (GZMK), CX3CR1, IL2RB, dysferlin (DYSF), and S100A12 may participate in AS development through NK cells, CD8+ T cells, Th1 cells, and other immune cells and represent potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of AS occurrence and progression. Furthermore, the T cell coinhibitory pathway may be involved in AS pathogenesis. Conclusion The AS disease risk model constructed based on immune-related genes can guide clinical diagnosis and treatment and may help in the development of personalized immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Gao
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ruirui Hou
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yungang Chen
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Jinan Vocational College of Nursing, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guoyan Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wanli Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kang Yao
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanke Hao
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Xiong Y, Cai M, Xu Y, Dong P, Chen H, He W, Zhang J. Joint together: The etiology and pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:996103. [PMID: 36325352 PMCID: PMC9619093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.996103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) refers to a group of diseases with inflammation in joints and spines. In this family, ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a rare but classic form that mainly involves the spine and sacroiliac joint, leading to the loss of flexibility and fusion of the spine. Compared to other diseases in SpA, AS has a very distinct hereditary disposition and pattern of involvement, and several hypotheses about its etiopathogenesis have been proposed. In spite of significant advances made in Th17 dynamics and AS treatment, the underlying mechanism remains concealed. To this end, we covered several topics, including the nature of the immune response, the microenvironment in the articulation that is behind the disease's progression, and the split between the hypotheses and the evidence on how the intestine affects arthritis. In this review, we describe the current findings of AS and SpA, with the aim of providing an integrated view of the initiation of inflammation and the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehan Xiong
- Department of Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Menghua Cai
- Department of Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Dong
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou, China
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Papagoras C, Tsiami S, Chrysanthopoulou A, Mitroulis I, Baraliakos X. Serum granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is increased in patients with active radiographic axial spondyloarthritis and persists despite anti-TNF treatment. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:195. [PMID: 35974380 PMCID: PMC9380324 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02888-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence supports the role of monocytes and neutrophils in radiographic axSpA (r-axSpA). Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a growth factor for both leukocyte lineages and a pro-inflammatory cytokine activating myeloid cells and promoting osteoclastogenesis. It acts through the JAK-STAT pathway. We measured serum GM-CSF and markers of bone metabolism in patients with r-axSpA before and after anti-TNF treatment. METHODS Patients with active r-axSpA despite treatment with NSAIDs, all eligible for treatment with a biologic agent, were recruited. Healthy donors were sampled as controls. Serum was collected before (baseline) and after 4-6 months (follow-up) of anti-TNF treatment and the following molecules were measured with ELISA: GM-CSF, sclerostin (SOST), and dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1). RESULTS Twelve r-axSpA patients (7 males, 5 females, median age 37 years) with a median disease duration of 1 year and 16 age- and sex-matched controls were included. At baseline, patients had mean BASDAI 6.3±2 and ASDAS 3.2±0.7, which decreased to 4.1±1.7 and 2.2±0.6 at follow-up, respectively. At baseline, r-axSpA patients had significantly higher mean serum levels of GM-CSF (150 vs 62pg/ml, p=0.049), significantly lower Dkk-1 (1228 vs 3052pg/ml, p=0.001), but similar levels of SOST (369 vs 544pg/ml, p=0.144) compared to controls. Anti-TNF treatment did not affect GM-CSF, Dkk-1, or SOST levels. Spearman correlation analysis showed that GM-CSF correlated positively with ASDAS at baseline (r=0.61, p=0.039), while no correlations were identified between bone markers (Dkk-1, SOST) on one hand and GM-CSF or disease activity indices on the other. CONCLUSIONS GM-CSF is increased in patients with active AS and strongly correlates with disease activity. TNF inhibition does not affect GM-SCF levels, despite improving disease activity. GM-CSF may represent an important pathway responsible for residual inflammation during TNF blockade, but also a potential target of JAK inhibitors, explaining their efficacy in r-axSpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Papagoras
- First Department of Internal Medicine & Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Styliani Tsiami
- Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Akrivi Chrysanthopoulou
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Mitroulis
- First Department of Internal Medicine & Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Xenofon Baraliakos
- Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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Chang SJ, Chao CT, Kwan AL, Chai CY. The Diagnostic Significance of CXCL13 in M2 Tumor Immune Microenvironment of Human Astrocytoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2022; 28:1610230. [PMID: 35570844 PMCID: PMC9095826 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2022.1610230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: CXCL13 may act as a mediator of tumor-associated macrophage immunity during malignant progression. Objective: The present study clarifies the clinicopathological significances of CXCL13 and its corresponding trend with M2 macrophage in human astrocytoma. Methods: The predictive potential of CXCL13 was performed using 695 glioma samples derived from TCGA lower-grade glioma and glioblastoma (GBMLGG) dataset. CXCL13 and M2 biomarker CD163 were observed by immunohistochemistry in 112 astrocytoma tissues. Results: An in-depth analysis showed that CXCL13 expression was related to the poor prognosis of glioma patients (p = 0.0002) derive from TCGA analysis. High level of CXCL13 was detected in 43 (38.39%) astrocytoma and CXCL13/CD163 coexpression was expressed in 33 (29.46%) cases. The immunoreactivities of CXCL13 and CXCL13/CD163 were found in the malignant lesions, which were both significantly associated with grade, patient survival, and IDH1 mutation. Single CXCL13 and CXCL13/CD163 coexpression predicted poor overall survival in astrocytoma (p = 0.0039 and p = 0.0002, respectively). Multivariate Cox regression analyses manifested CXCL13/CD163 phenotype was a significant independent prognostic indicator of patient outcome in astrocytoma (CXCL13, p = 0.0642; CXCL13/CD163, p = 0.0368). Conclusion: CXCL13 overexpression is strongly linked to CD163+ M2 infiltration in malignant astrocytoma. CXCL13/CD163 coexpression would imply M2c-related aggressive characteristics existing in astrocytoma progression could also provide predictive trends of patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jyuan Chang
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Te Chao
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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7
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Martínez-Ramos S, Rafael-Vidal C, Pego-Reigosa JM, García S. Monocytes and Macrophages in Spondyloarthritis: Functional Roles and Effects of Current Therapies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030515. [PMID: 35159323 PMCID: PMC8834543 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a family of chronic inflammatory diseases, being the most prevalent ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). These diseases share genetic, clinical and immunological features, such as the implication of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecule 27 (HLA-B27), the inflammation of peripheral, spine and sacroiliac joints and the presence of extra-articular manifestations (psoriasis, anterior uveitis, enthesitis and inflammatory bowel disease). Monocytes and macrophages are essential cells of the innate immune system and are the first line of defence against external agents. In rheumatic diseases including SpA, the frequency and phenotypic and functional characteristics of both cell types are deregulated and are involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In fact, monocytes and macrophages play key roles in the inflammatory processes characteristics of SpA. The aim of this review is analysing the characteristics and functional roles of monocytes and macrophages in these diseases, as well as the impact of different current therapies on these cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martínez-Ramos
- Rheumatology & Immuno-Mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (S.M.-R.); (C.R.-V.); (J.M.P.-R.)
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, 36214 Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Rafael-Vidal
- Rheumatology & Immuno-Mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (S.M.-R.); (C.R.-V.); (J.M.P.-R.)
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, 36214 Vigo, Spain
| | - José M. Pego-Reigosa
- Rheumatology & Immuno-Mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (S.M.-R.); (C.R.-V.); (J.M.P.-R.)
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, 36214 Vigo, Spain
| | - Samuel García
- Rheumatology & Immuno-Mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (S.M.-R.); (C.R.-V.); (J.M.P.-R.)
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, 36214 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986-217-463
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8
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Huang Y, Deng W, Pan X, Liu M, Zhong Z, Huang Q, Li T. The relationship between platelet to albumin ratio and disease activity in axial spondyloarthritis patients. Mod Rheumatol 2021; 32:974-979. [PMID: 34918121 DOI: 10.1093/mr/roab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aims to investigate the clinical significance of platelet to albumin ratio (PAR), neutrophil to albumin ratio (NAR), and monocyte to albumin ratio (MAR) in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). METHODS Two hundred and ninety-seven axSpA patients and 71 healthy volunteers were recruited. AxSpA patients were divided into inactive group and active group. Spearman's correlation, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and binary logistic regression analysis were conducted. RESULTS Albumin was lower in axSpA group, while neutrophil, platelet, monocyte, NAR, PAR, and MAR were higher (p < .05). Albumin was negatively correlated with BASDAI and BASFI (p < .05). Platelet, NAR, PAR, MAR, ESR, and CRP were all positively correlated with BASDAI and BASFI (p < .05). Albumin was lower in axSpA of active group, while platelet, NAR, PAR, MAR, ESR, and CRP were higher (p < .05). ROC curve indicated that the AUC of PAR for axSpA of active group was higher than that of other variables. The optimal cut-off value of PAR was 6.354, with Youden index of 0.337, specificity of 55.4%, and sensitivity of 78.4%. Logistic regression analysis result suggested that PAR was an independent indicator for axSpA disease activity. CONCLUSIONS PAR had a high diagnostic value for axSpA of active group. PAR was a novel and reliable indicator for axSpA disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukai Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Weiming Deng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Xia Pan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Zheng Zhong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Qidang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Tianwang Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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Liu L, Yuan Y, Zhang S, Xu J, Zou J. Osteoimmunological insights into the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6090-6100. [PMID: 33559242 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is inflammatory arthritis predominantly affecting the spine, which is involved in the disorders of both immune and skeletal systems. The exact pathogenesis of AS is not fully understood. Osteoimmunology is a new subject of study in inflammatory arthritis, in particular the pathogenic events involved in the cross-regulation of both skeletal and immune systems. In this review, we discuss osteoimmunological and pathological changes of AS in the spine that are characterized by altered osteogenesis and osteolytic bone destruction, accompanied by the changes of the immune system. It was revealed that bone cells like mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblast, and osteoclast in crossing talking with immune cells such as T cells, B cells coregulate to the pathogenesis of AS. Further, an array of cytokines and molecules expressed by both skeletal and immune systems contribute to these complex interplays. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of AS will lay a foundation for the exploration of the potential new treatment to AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Sport and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihua Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jun Zou
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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10
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Akhtari M, Zargar SJ, Vojdanian M, Ashraf-Ganjouei A, Javinani A, Hamzeh E, Rezaiemanesh A, Jamshidi A, Mahmoudi M. P2 receptors mRNA expression profiles in macrophages from ankylosing spondylitis patients and healthy individuals. Int J Rheum Dis 2019; 23:350-357. [PMID: 31884692 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a multifactorial rheumatic disease which mainly involves the axial skeleton. Macrophages and extracellular nucleotides have been shown to contribute to the inflammation process in autoimmune diseases. Membrane-bound purinergic P2 receptors might be involved in the modulation of immune cells in AS. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of P2 receptors in the macrophages of AS patients and healthy controls. METHODS Twenty-three AS patients and 23 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were included in our study. Whole blood-separated monocytes of study participants were stimulated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor for 7 days and differentiated to macrophages. Monocyte and macrophage markers were analyzed by flow cytometry. SYBR green real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the relative expression levels of P2RX1 , P2RX2 , P2RX3 , P2RX4 , P2RX5 , P2RX6 , P2RX7 , P2RY1 , P2RY2 , P2RY4 , P2RY6 , P2RY11 , P2RY12 , P2RY13 , P2RY14 , and PANX1 genes. RESULTS P2RY13 and P2RY6 genes had the highest expression levels in macrophages among P2RY genes. P2RY1 mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated (-1.75 fold) and P2RY14 was up-regulated (2.6 fold) in macrophages of AS patients compared to healthy individuals. P2RX4 gene had the highest expression in monocyte-derived macrophages, followed by P2RX7 and P2RX1 genes. There was no significant difference in P2X receptor mRNA expression level between macrophages of AS patients and healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that AS patients show altered expression levels of P2 receptor genes. Moreover, these changes might be associated with disease activity and patients' status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Akhtari
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Zargar
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Vojdanian
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ashraf-Ganjouei
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Javinani
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Hamzeh
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Rezaiemanesh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Jamshidi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Macrophage M1/M2 polarization and rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:102397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Menegatti S, Bianchi E, Rogge L. Anti-TNF Therapy in Spondyloarthritis and Related Diseases, Impact on the Immune System and Prediction of Treatment Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:382. [PMID: 30941119 PMCID: PMC6434926 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), such as spondyloarthritis (SpA), psoriasis, Crohn's disease (CD), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remain challenging illnesses. They often strike at a young age and cause lifelong morbidity, representing a considerable burden for the affected individuals and society. Pioneering studies have revealed the presence of a TNF-dependent proinflammatory cytokine cascade in several IMIDs, and the introduction of anti-TNF therapy 20 years ago has proven effective to reduce inflammation and clinical symptoms in RA, SpA, and other IMID, providing unprecedented clinical benefits and a valid alternative in case of failure or intolerable adverse effects of conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs, for RA) or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, for SpA). However, our understanding of how TNF inhibitors (TNFi) affect the immune system in patients is limited. This question is relevant because anti-TNF therapy has been associated with infectious complications. Furthermore, clinical efficacy of TNFi is limited by a high rate of non-responsiveness (30–40%) in RA, SpA, and other IMID, exposing a substantial fraction of patients to side-effects without clinical benefit. Despite the extensive use of TNFi, it is still not possible to determine which patients will respond to TNFi before treatment initiation. The recent introduction of antibodies blocking IL-17 has expanded the therapeutic options for SpA, as well as psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. It is therefore essential to develop tools to guide treatment decisions for patients affected by SpA and other IMID, both to optimize clinical care and contain health care costs. After a brief overview of the biology of TNF, its receptors and currently used TNFi in the clinics, we summarize the progress that has been made to increase our understanding of the action of TNFi on the immune system in patients. We then summarize efforts dedicated to identify biomarkers that can predict treatment responses to TNFi and we conclude with a section dedicated to the recently introduced inhibitors of IL-17A and IL-23 in SpA and related diseases. The focus of this review is on SpA, however, we also refer to RA on topics for which only limited information is available on SpA in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Menegatti
- Immunoregulation Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut Pasteur/AP-HP Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Elisabetta Bianchi
- Immunoregulation Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut Pasteur/AP-HP Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Lars Rogge
- Immunoregulation Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut Pasteur/AP-HP Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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13
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Fogel O, Bugge Tinggaard A, Fagny M, Sigrist N, Roche E, Leclere L, Deleuze JF, Batteux F, Dougados M, Miceli-Richard C, Tost J. Deregulation of microRNA expression in monocytes and CD4 + T lymphocytes from patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:51. [PMID: 30755244 PMCID: PMC6373047 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-1829-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (MiRs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. This study is the first to investigate miR expression profiles in purified CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD14+ monocytes from patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) using a high-throughput qPCR approach. Methods A total of 81 axSpA patients fulfilling the 2009 ASAS classification criteria, and 55 controls were recruited from October 2014 to July 2017. CD14+ monocytes and CD4+ T lymphocytes were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. MiR expression was investigated by qPCR using the Exiqon Human MiRnome panel I analyzing 372 miRNAs. Differentially expressed miRNAs identified in the discovery cohort were validated in the replication cohort. Results We found a major difference in miR expression patterns between T lymphocytes and monocytes regardless of the patient or control status. Comparing disease-specific differentially expressed miRs, 13 miRs were found consistently deregulated in CD14+ cells in both cohorts with miR-361-3p, miR-223-3p, miR-484, and miR-16-5p being the most differentially expressed. In CD4+ T cells, 11 miRs were differentially expressed between patients and controls with miR-16-1-3p, miR-28-5p, miR-199a-5p, and miR-126-3p were the most strongly upregulated miRs among patients. These miRs are involved in disease relevant pathways such as inflammation, intestinal permeability or bone formation. Mir-146a-5p levels correlated inversely with the degree of inflammation in axSpA patients. Conclusions We demonstrate a consistent deregulation of miRs in both monocytes and CD4+ T cells from axSpA patients, which could contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease with potential interest from a therapeutic perspective. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-019-1829-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Fogel
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA - Institut de Biologie François Jacob, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, France.,Department of Rheumatology - Hôpital Cochin. Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Bugge Tinggaard
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA - Institut de Biologie François Jacob, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, France.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maud Fagny
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA - Institut de Biologie François Jacob, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, France
| | - Nelly Sigrist
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA - Institut de Biologie François Jacob, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, France
| | - Elodie Roche
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA - Institut de Biologie François Jacob, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, France
| | - Laurence Leclere
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA - Institut de Biologie François Jacob, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA - Institut de Biologie François Jacob, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, France
| | | | - Maxime Dougados
- Department of Rheumatology - Hôpital Cochin. Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte AP-HP/ Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Immunoregulation Unit, Paris, France.,INSERM (U1153) : Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Miceli-Richard
- Department of Rheumatology - Hôpital Cochin. Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte AP-HP/ Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Immunoregulation Unit, Paris, France
| | - Jörg Tost
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA - Institut de Biologie François Jacob, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, France.
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14
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Bhattacharya S, Yadav A, Aggarwal A. Evidence for M2 macrophage activation in patients with enthesitis-related arthritis category of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2019; 38:1715-1719. [PMID: 30734215 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-018-04408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, an increase in CD163+ macrophages in ileal biopsies from ankylosing spondylitis patients and an increase in intermediate monocytes in enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) have been reported. Thus, we studied sCD163 levels as M2 macrophage marker in serum and synovial fluid (SF) of ERA children and CD163 expression on monocyte subsets. Serum samples from ERA patients and healthy controls (HC) were assayed for sCD163 (ELISA). Serum and SF from ERA patients were analyzed when available from same patient (paired samples). In 10 patients, the CD163 expression level was analyzed on monocyte subsets by flow cytometry. Results are expressed as median (interquartile range (IQR)). Sera from 85 patients, SF from 32 ERA patients, and serum from 46 HC were analyzed. The average age at inclusion was 16 ± 3.24 years and age at onset was 11.2 ± 2.79 years. Seventy-nine of them were boys and HLA-B27 was positive in 64/80 patients. The median serum sCD163 levels were higher in patients [1080 (1305.2) ng/ml] than HC [780 (812.5) ng/ml; p < 0.001]. The SF levels [9000 (1250) ng/ml] were much higher than serum [3800 (3287.66) ng/ml; p < 0.001]. Disease activity data was available in 56 patients. Mean tender joint count was 2 (3), swollen joint count was 2 (2), ESR was 70 (65) mm and CRP was 7.1 (8.9) mg/dl. Serum sCD163 levels correlated with SF but not with disease activity. Intermediate monocytes (CD14+CD16+) from ERA patients had higher CD163 expression than HC. Elevated sCD163 levels in ERA patient's sera and even higher levels in paired SF suggest towards activation of alternatively activated macrophages in ERA. Lack of correlation with activity may suggest that they have an immune-regulatory role in ERA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Bhattacharya
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Akhilesh Yadav
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Amita Aggarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India.
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15
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Batko B, Schramm-Luc A, Skiba DS, Mikolajczyk TP, Siedlinski M. TNF-α Inhibitors Decrease Classical CD14 hiCD16- Monocyte Subsets in Highly Active, Conventional Treatment Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020291. [PMID: 30642076 PMCID: PMC6358965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are pivotal cells in inflammatory joint diseases. We aimed to determine the effect of TNF-α inhibitors (TNFi) on peripheral blood monocyte subpopulations and their activation in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with high disease activity. To address this, we studied 50 (32 AS, 18 RA) patients with highly active disease with no prior history of TNFi use who were recruited and assigned to TNFi or placebo treatment for 12 weeks. Cytometric and clinical assessment was determined at baseline, four, and 12 weeks after initiation of TNFi treatment. We observed that treatment with TNFi led to a significant decrease in CD14hiCD16- monocytes in comparison to placebo, while circulating CD14dimCD16+ monocytes significantly increased. The TNFi-induced monocyte subset shifts were similar in RA and AS patients. While the percentage of CD14dimCD16+ monocytes increased, expression of CD11b and CD11c integrins on their surface was significantly reduced by TNFi. Additionally, CD45RA+ cells were more frequent. The shift towards nonclassical CD14dimCD16+ monocytes in peripheral blood due to TNFi treatment was seen in both AS and RA. This may reflect reduced recruitment of these cells to sites of inflammation due to lower inflammatory burden, which is associated with decreased disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Batko
- Department of Rheumatology, J. Dietl Specialist Hospital, 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Agata Schramm-Luc
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Dominik S Skiba
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Tomasz P Mikolajczyk
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Mateusz Siedlinski
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
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16
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Bhattacharya S, Aggarwal A. M2 macrophages and their role in rheumatic diseases. Rheumatol Int 2018; 39:769-780. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-018-4120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Krajewska-Włodarczyk M, Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Placek W, Osowski A, Engelgardt P, Wojtkiewicz J. Role of Stem Cells in Pathophysiology and Therapy of Spondyloarthropathies-New Therapeutic Possibilities? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010080. [PMID: 29283375 PMCID: PMC5796030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made recently in understanding the complex pathogenesis and treatment of spondyloarthropathies (SpA). Currently, along with traditional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), TNF-α, IL-12/23 and IL-17 are available for treatment of such diseases as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Although they adequately control inflammatory symptoms, they do not affect the abnormal bone formation processes associated with SpA. However, the traditional therapeutic approach does not cover the regenerative treatment of damaged tissues. In this regards, stem cells may offer a promising, safe and effective therapeutic option. The aim of this paper is to present the role of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) in pathogenesis of SpA and to highlight the opportunities for using stem cells in regenerative processes and in the treatment of inflammatory changes in articular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krajewska-Włodarczyk
- Department of Rheumatology, Municipal Hospital in Olsztyn, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Owczarczyk-Saczonek
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Waldemar Placek
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Adam Osowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Piotr Engelgardt
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
- Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
- Foundation for Nerve Cell Regeneration, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
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