Relationships between social support and depression, and quality of life of the elderly in a rural community in Malaysia

Social Support as a Correlate of Depression and Quality of Life Among Nigerian Older Adults: a Cross-Sectional Study

Reduced social support has been associated with presence of depression and reduced quality of life among older adults. The relationships may be better understood by exploring the interactions of individual domains among the constructs. This cross-sectional survey involved a consecutive sample of 206 (116 females and 90 males) older adults living in a Southern Nigeria community. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Geriatric Depression Scale, and World Health Organization Quality of Life-OLD Questionnaire, were used to measure social support, depression, and quality of life respectively. Data was analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, mean, standard deviation, multiple regression and Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient, at 0.05 alpha level. Prevalence rate of depression among participants was 45.5%. Social support was perceived to be low by 37.4% of participants with the lowest mean social support score coming from friends domain. Participants' quality of life was generally fairly good (> 60%) with the lowest scores coming from the intimacy domain. Significant correlations between social support domains and each of quality of life (p < 0.05) and depression were respectively positive and negative; but weakest for the friend and strongest for significant others domains. All quality of life domains were significantly correlated with social support except the death and dying domain. All the domains of social support (family and significant other) were significant predictors of depression except the friend domain. Significant others around individual older adults particularly those with depression ought to be educated on the importance of their roles. Stakeholders including healthcare providers may create and support programmes for improved social networking for the older adults in order to enhance their general wellbeing and quality of life.

Exploring the Interplay of Social Support, Depression, and Quality of Life of Community Older Adults Through Structural Equation Modeling

Social support (SS) has been widely recognized to have a protective effect influencing older adults' emotional and psychological well-being. This study aimed to determine the relationships of structural SS and functional SS on depression and quality of life among the community-dwelling older adults in the rural and Asian context. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2324 community older adults aged 60 years and above in Kuala Pilah, Malaysia. Participants were recruited via multistage sampling and interviewed face-to-face. The relationships were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Structural SS was associated with functional SS (β = 0.05). Only functional SS (having a role, knowing what is going on, and having a confidant) was found to be significantly associated with depression (β = -0.07) and quality of life (physical component [β = 0.08], mental component [β = 0.31]). In summary, functional SS and familial SS should be addressed to reduce depression and improve quality of life among older adults. Community initiatives to increase awareness in optimizing social support should be conducted for quality of life among community older adults.

Worry, rumination and negative metacognitive beliefs as moderators of outcomes of Transdiagnostic group cognitive-behavioural therapy in emotional disorders

BACKGROUND

Despite the relevance of cognitive processes such as rumination, worry, negative metacognitive beliefs in emotional disorders, the existing literature about how these cognitive processes moderate the effect of treatment in treatment outcomes is limited. The aim of the present study was to explore the potential moderator effect of baseline cognitive processes-worry, rumination and negative metacognitive beliefs-on the relationship between treatment allocation (transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioural therapy -TD-CBT plus treatment as usual-TAU vs. TAU alone) and treatment outcomes (anxiety and depressive symptoms, quality of life [QoL], and functioning) in primary care patients with emotional disorders.

METHODS

A total of 631 participants completed scales to evaluate worry, rumination, negative metacognitive beliefs, QoL, functioning, and anxiety and depressive symptoms.

RESULTS

Worry and rumination acted as moderators on the effect of treatment for anxiety (b = -1.25, p = .003; b = -0.98, p = .048 respectively) and depressive symptoms (b = -1.21, p = .017; b = -1.34, p = .024 respectively). Individuals with higher baseline levels of worry and rumination obtained a greater reduction in emotional symptoms from the addition TD-CBT to TAU. Negative metacognitive beliefs were not a significant moderator of any treatment outcome.

LIMITATIONS

The study assesses cognitive processes over a relatively short period of time and uses self-reported instruments. In addition, it only includes individuals with mild or moderate anxiety or depressive disorders, which limits generalization to other populations.

CONCLUSIONS

These results underscore the generalization of the TD-CBT to individuals with emotional disorders in primary care with different cognitive profiles, especially those with high levels of worry and rumination.

Social and Health Determinants of Quality of Life of Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Malaysia

Quality of life (QOL) of older adults is a complex issue that requires an understanding of the intersection between socioeconomic and health factors. A poor quality of life (QOL) is frequently reported as sub-optimal among older adults whereby concerted and collective actions are required through an evidence-based approach. Hence, this cross-sectional study aims to determine the social and health predictors of the QOL of a community-dwelling older adult Malaysian population through a quantitative household survey using multi-stage sampling. A total of 698 respondents aged 60 years old and older were recruited and the majority of them had a good quality of life. Risk of depression, disability, living with stroke, low household income, and lack of social network were identified as the predictors of a poor QOL among the community-dwelling older Malaysians. The identified predictors for QOL provided a list of priorities for the development of policies, strategies, programmes, and interventions to enhance the QOL of the community-dwelling older Malaysians. Multisectoral approaches, especially collective efforts from both social and health sectors, are required to address the complexities of the ageing issues.

Factors associated with health-related quality of life among home-dwelling older adults aged 75 or older in Switzerland: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

HRQoL is an indicator of individuals' perception of their overall health, including social and environmental aspects. As a multidimensional concept, HRQoL can be influenced by a multitude of factors. Studies of HRQoL and factors associated with it among home-dwelling older adults have often been limited to inpatient settings or to a sub-population with a chronic disease. Studying HRQoL and its correlating factors among this population, by providing an ecological lens on factors beyond the individual level, can provide a better understanding of the construct and the role of the environment on how they perceive their HRQoL. Thus, we aimed to assess the HRQoL and investigate the correlates of HRQOL among home-dwelling older adults, guided by the levels of the ecological model.

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional population survey conducted in 2019 in Canton Basel-Landschaft, in northwestern Switzerland, and includes a sample of 8786 home-dwelling older adults aged 75 and above. We assessed HRQoL by using the EQ-index and the EQ-VAS. The influence of independent variables at the macro, meso and micro level on HRQoL was tested using Tobit multiple linear regression modelling.

RESULTS

We found that having a better socio-economic status as denoted by higher income, having supplementary insurance and a higher level of education were all associated with a better HRQoL among home-dwelling older adults. Furthermore, being engaged in social activities was also related to an improved HRQoL. On the other hand, older age, female gender, presence of multimorbidity and polypharmacy as well as social isolation and loneliness were found to all have a negative impact on HRQoL.

CONCLUSIONS

Understanding factors related to HRQoL by using an ecological lens can help identify factors beyond the individual level that impact the HRQoL of home-dwelling older adults. Our study emphasises the importance of social determinants of health and potential disparities that exists, encouraging policymakers to focus on policies to reduce socio-economic disparities using a life-course approach, which consequently could also impact HRQoL in later stages of life.

The association between personal social capital and health-related quality of life among Chinese older people: A cross-sectional study

Background

Lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL) can result in adverse effects on the health of older people. This study aims to explore the relationship between personal social capital (PSC) and HRQoL among Chinese elderly people from rural-and-urban perspective.

Materials and methods

4,802 samples were included from China's health-related quality of life Survey for Older Adults 2018 (CHRQLS-OA 2018). The PSC, including bonding and bridging social capital (BOC and BRC), was measured by the Chinese version of the Personal Social Capital Scale (PSCS-16). The HRQoL was evaluated by the European Five Dimensions Questionnaire (EQ-5D-3L). Linear and Tobit regression models were conducted to examine the relationship between PSC and HRQoL.

Results

The BOC and BRC of rural older people were significantly lower than those of urban older people. Pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression were the most significant health problems affecting the older samples. In the five dimensions, the proportion of rural older people with problems was higher than that of urban older people. Among rural older people, BOC was significantly related to self-rated health and EQ-5D utility index (p < 0.05); while BRC was insignificantly associated with self-rated health (p > 0.05) but related to EQ-5D utility index (p < 0.05). Both BOC and BRC were significantly correlated with self-rated health and EQ-5D utility index (p < 0.05) among urban older people.

Conclusion

Our study reveals older people's worrying PSC and HRQoL status. The relationship between PSC and HRQoL suggested that more social support and care of intimates should be encouraged to increase the PSC of older people, especially rural older people.

Assessing Quality of Life with Community Dwelling Elderly Adults: A Mass Survey in Taiwan

BACKGROUND

With the growing life expectancy for older adults, this study aims to examine the correlation among sociodemographic characteristics and the combined effect of QoL-related domains including physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental factors with the overall QoL level of older adults in Taiwan.

METHODS

The WHOQOL-BREF Taiwanese Version questionnaire was adopted and conducted using a randomized telephone interview system from community household elders. In total, 1078 participants aged 65 years and older were recruited. A multiple regression model was used to examine the statistical significance between the overall QoL score as the dependent variable and the sociodemographic characteristics, and 26 items of QoL-related questionnaires as the independent variables.

RESULTS

Categories including female, aged 85 years and above, higher education level, and better financial situation had significantly higher overall QoL level. Except the physical health domain and six items, the correlations among all other domains and their including items of questionnaires with overall QoL level were significant.

CONCLUSION

The Taiwanese WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire can be used to examine the overall QoL level of elders in Taiwan. Nevertheless, the robust systems of universal health care and long-term care in Taiwan may have led to the no significance of the six items.

Predictors for quality of life among older adults with depressive disorders: A prospective 3-month follow-up cohort study

PURPOSE

The study aimed to investigate the predictive factors for quality of life among subjects with late-life depression.

DESIGN AND METHODS

Data including depressive symptoms assessed by the Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression (HAMD), geriatric depression scale (GDS), perceived stress scale (PSS), multidimensional scale for perceived social support, and the EQ-5D scale were collected at baseline and at 3-month follow-up from 264 participants.

FINDINGS

After controlling for covariates, time, GDS, PSS, HAMD, and living alone were confirmed predictors for change of EQ-5D scores.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

Perceived stress is important, and intervention to reduce stress especially in early treatment of depressive disorder should be encouraged.

Suicidal Behavior Among Elderly Inpatients: its Relation to Functional Disability and Pain

Background

Suicidal behavior (SB) among elderly inpatients has exhibited a growing global drift. This study aimed to establish the prevalence of SB among elderly inpatients and identify the relationship between SB and depression and functional disability.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 136 randomly selected elderly inpatients aged 60 years and older who were hospitalized in a tertiary referral center in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The study utilized the following scales as the assessment tools: The Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (CSSRS), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.), the Modified Barthel Index (Shah version) (MBI), and visual analog scale.

Results

The rates of current major depressive disorder (MDD), recurrent MDD, passive suicidal ideation (SI), and active SI were 24.3%, 8.8%, 27.9%, and 5.9%, respectively. Depressed elderly had 6 to 17 times higher risk of developing passive or active SI. “Wish to be dead,” ie, passive SI was associated with admission to oncology or surgical ward and the presence of current MDD. The findings of the study revealed that active SI was associated with being over 80 years old (p = 0.027), being single (p = 0.042), admission to the oncology ward (p = 0.012) or orthopedic ward (p = 0.032), having positive GDS (p = 0.049), and the presence of current MDD (p = 0.019) or recurrent MDD (p = 0.010). According to the study findings, no association has been observed between passive and active SI and level of independence and acute pain.

Conclusion

The risk of depressed elderly inpatients having passive and active SI is high. Hence, screening for depression and SI is crucial for prompt treatment and management.

Depressive symptoms, social support, and health-related quality of life: A community-based study in Shanghai, China

BACKGROUND

Depressive symptoms erode both physical and mental aspects of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Social support (SS) may improve HRQoL through its direct effects or buffering effects. The association among depressive symptoms, SS, and HRQoL has been studied in specific groups, but research in the general adult population remains limited. This study examined the association among depressive symptoms, SS, and HRQoL, including exploring whether SS (including its three dimensions: subjective SS, objective SS and support utilization) mediated or moderated the relationship between depressive symptoms and HRQoL among community-based adults.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional survey in six communities in Shanghai, China, and 1642 adult participants with complete information on depressive symptoms and/or SS, and HRQoL were included. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate the association among depressive symptoms, SS, and HRQoL. In addition, we explored the mediating and moderating role of SS in the relationship between depressive symptoms and HRQoL.

RESULTS

More depressive symptoms were associated with lower physical HRQoL (B = -0.64, p < .001) and lower mental HRQoL (B = -0.83, p < .001). SS (B = 0.07, p = .02), specifically subjective SS (B = 0.09, p = .03), was positively related to mental HRQoL. After adjusting for covariates, we found no evidence for a mediating role of SS in the relationship between depressive symptoms and HRQoL, while SS (subjective SS and objective SS) moderated the association between depressive symptoms and mental HRQoL.

LIMITATIONS

Due to the low voluntary participation rate of employees, participants represented approximately 50% of the individuals approached, thus limiting the generalizability of our findings. Data collected through self-report scales could lead to information bias.

CONCLUSIONS

SS does not appear to underlie the relationship between depressive symptoms and HRQoL. However, interventions to increase SS (in particular, subjective SS and objective SS) should be studied to determine whether they may be beneficial in alleviating the adverse impact of depressive symptoms on mental HRQoL.

Relationships Between Childhood Health Experience and Depression Among Older People: Evidence From China

The assessment of childhood health experience helps to identify the risk of depression among older people. Poor childhood experience is generally associated with depression in adulthood. However, whether such association can be extended to older people' life remains unclear. The history of parental mental health was obtained from 2014 CHARLS Wave 3 (Life History Survey) data while other data from 2011 CHARLS Wave 1 baseline data. The study involves 4,306 respondents. The depression was assessed by the Chinese version of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scales (CES-D) using logistic regression model. More than 40% of older people suffered from depression, 25% of whom experienced poor childhood self-reported health. Nearly 20% of their mothers and more than 10% of their fathers had a history of poor mental health. Poor childhood health experiences have shown to be associated with higher odds of depression (good self-reported health OR: 0.732, p = 0.000, 95% CI: 0.633-0.847; poor mother's mental health OR: 1.391, p = 0.001, 95% CI: 1.138-1.699; poor father's mental health OR: 1.457, p = 0.003, 95% CI: 1.141-1.862). There is a high rate of depression among the older adults in China. In China, older people with poor childhood health experiences are more likely to suffer from depression.

Health-Related Quality of Life among Rural-Urban Migrants Living in Dhaka Slums: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Bangladesh

BACKGROUND

The study aimed to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its associated factors among urban slum dwellers who migrated from different rural parts of Bangladesh.

METHODS

The present study analyzed data from a Migration and Mobility Determinants on Health survey and was conducted in 2017 among 935 migrant slum dwellers of Dhaka city (North & South) and Gazipur City Corporations, as a part of the icddr,b's Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (UHDSS). The face-to-face interviews were conducted with the adult population by using a semi-structured questionnaire that included variables related to socio-demographics, migration, occupation, and HRQoL (SF-12). Bivariate and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to determine the factors associated with HRQoL.

RESULTS

The mean (±SD) scores of physical component summary (PCS), and mental component summary (MCS) were 57.40 ± 22.73 and 60.77 ± 22.51, respectively. As per multiple regression analysis, lower PCS scores were associated with having older age, being female, and not having any job. Mean MCS scores were significantly lower among participants who reported having older age, not having any job, not working/ less working hours (≤8 h/day), as well as increased work-related stress in the current urban slum.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings suggest that available urban social protection programs should include a comprehensive social safety net for the improvement of the slum infrastructure as well as proper health care and risk mitigation plans at workplaces.

Factors Influencing the Quality of Life of Empty Nesters: Empirical Evidence from Southwest China

Quality of life is a widely accepted concept based on the notion that people’s lives have been subject to rapid development and industrialization. This study aims to explore the impact of different factors on the quality of life of empty nesters in Southwest China. The main factors explored are resilience and social supports (SS), highlighted here from different perspectives. Moreover, the correlations between other variables and quality of life are shown here. This study experimented with a hierarchical multiple regression model from survey data with 3583 valid responses. It argued that both resilience and social supports, including family members and friends, are significantly correlated with the Chinese empty nesters’ quality of life. Family support and friend support play a significant mediating role in the association between resilience and quality of life. However, neither government nor nongovernmental support significantly influences the quality of life. Therefore, the hypothetical recommendations of this study have been partially confirmed. The findings of this study provide a more comprehensive understanding of the overall mental and physical health of Chinese empty nesters.

Experiences of falling and depression: Results from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing

OBJECTIVE

This study estimates the association between fall experiences during the last two years and risk of depression.

METHODS

Data from 9,355 subjects of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing from 2006 to 2016 were included with baseline at 2006. To analyze the association between fall experiences during the last two years and depression, a generalized estimating equation (GEE) model and chi-square tests were used.

RESULTS

At baseline 2006, the odds ratio (OR) of depressive symptoms in those with fall experiences was 1.36 times higher (p < .0001) than those with non-fall experience. In those 64 years or younger and 65 years or older, the OR of depressive symptoms in fall experience was 1.45 times higher (p =0.003) and 1.34 times higher (p =0.000) than those with non-fall experience, respectively. In males and females, the OR of depressive symptoms in those with fall experience was 1.47 times higher (p 0.008) and 1.34 times higher (p =0.000) than those with non-fall experience, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Fall experiences during the last two years are associated with depressive symptoms. Therefore, self-reported screening for fall experiences might aid in population-based prevention strategies for depressive symptoms.

Factors associated with the depression among people with disabilities: A cross-sectional study in Chinese communities of Shanghai

Depression has become a growing health issue in the world and is projected to become a leading cause of global burden. However, there is little scientific research on the factors associated with depression in people with disabilities in China. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to explore the prevalence and related factors of depression among people with disabilities in communities in mainland China.Participants with disability certificates were recruited via face-to-face interviews to complete questionnaires. Contents include participants' demographic characteristics, the Modified Barthel Index (MBI), chronic medical history, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9).A total of 1815 participants (M age = 60.35 ± 13.66) whose questionnaires are eligible were finally included. Among them the incidence rate of depressive symptoms was up to 39.9%. Multifactor regression analysis showed that grade I disability (odds ratio (OR) = 1.37, P < .05), impairment activities of daily living (OR = 3.23, P < .001), diabetes (OR = 1.43, P < .05), and hyperlipidemia (OR = 1.59, P < .001) were associated with depression in the disabled. However, intelligence disability is a protective factor of depression (OR = 0.69, P < .05).The data demonstrates that the depression of the disabled should arouse the attention of our society. Furthermore, the interventions to disability degree, impairment activities of daily living, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia may help to improve the mental health of the disabled people.

A comparative benchmark model for SMEs: viable entrepreneur emotional intelligence

Purpose

Besides small- and medium-sized enterprises' (SMEs) constraints, there is a lack of critical observations of the human capital model naturally inspiring themselves from within. Therefore this paper exposes the factors of emotional intelligence (EI) that make entrepreneurs gain sustainable competitiveness.

Design/methodology/approach

A data of self-administered survey from 397 SMEs in Malaysia was investigated using regression analysis.

Findings

The results reveal factors of EI comprised of self-confidence, self-innovation, self-inspiration and self-vision that have significant positive impacts on entrepreneurial performance. Amazingly, EI contributes almost 30% of the success, where self-vision and self-innovation are the robust EI to strengthen and sustain entrepreneurial performance. In contrast, self-confidence and self-inspiration are generic EI of human capital and easy to be applied by rivals.

Research limitations/implications

The study provides a comparative benchmark model for SMEs, managers and entrepreneurs inspiring themselves from within that they can emulate and attain the same success. SMEs can obtain success by investing and culturing EI factors within themselves.

Practical implications

The study provides a comparative benchmark model for SMEs and managers inspiring themselves from within and expands the theory of heterogeneous SMEs and the human capital to sustainable business and competitiveness. SMEs can obtain success through capitalizing human capital attributes within themselves.

Originality/value

The study is the first providing the viable model for SMEs or entrepreneurs leading themselves from within, to their action, behaviour, decision and achievement or the performance mechanism with a benchmark model of entrepreneur EI as a booster.

Effect of Laughter Therapy on Depression and Quality of Life of the Elderly Living in Nursing Homes

BACKGROUND

Mental disorders are common among the elderly with serious symptoms of depression and social isolation. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of laughter therapy (LT) on depression and quality of life (QOL) of the elderly living in Abadeh nursing homes.

METHODS

This is a controlled semi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test design. Ninety eligible ones of the elderly living in the Abadeh nursing homes and from July to September 2017, entered the study. Some of the criteria for entering the study include being over 60 years old, orientation, not having blindness and deafness, lack of physical and mental problems. After determining the intervention and control groups, the scale of depression and QOL was administered to the subjects and their scores were collected in the pre-test.

RESULTS

Most of the study samples were in the intervention (35.55%) and control (37.77%) group in the age range of 60-69 years. In both intervention and control groups, respectively, 31.11% and 68.88% elderly were males and females. The mean scores of depression in the intervention group after LT (M = 2.57) were lower than those before the intervention (M = 6.87) [CI = -5.58-(-3.02)] and also the results of independent t-test showed a statistically significant difference before and after the intervention between the two groups (P < 0.001). The mean score of dimensions of QOL after LT was higher than that before in the intervention and there was a statistically significant difference in all dimensions with paired t-test (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Since the implementation of this programme could improve the mental status and QOL of the elderly, this method of therapy can be used as an alternative or complementary model to enhance the health of the elderly.

Relationship Between Quality of Life and Social Support in Parents of Children with Congenital Anorectal Malformations in China

PURPOSE

This study aimed to explore the quality of life (QOL) and social support of parents of children with congenital anorectal malformation (ARM), and to examine the relationship between them.

DESIGN AND METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted at Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital of China from January to June of 2018. A total of 108 parents participated in this survey. QOL and social support were accessed using the short version of the World Health Organization's Quality of Life Instrument (WHOQOL-BREF) and the Social Support Rate Scale (SSRS), respectively. Analyses were performed with multivariate linear regression and canonical correlation.

RESULTS

The parents' scores in the physical, psychological, and environmental domains were lower than those in the general population in China. Gender, monthly income, combined malformation, objective support, subjective support and utilization of support were the major influencing factors of QOL. A canonical correlation analysis indicated social support was positively correlated with QOL, and subjective support, psychological domain had the largest standardized factor loading in social support and QOL.

CONCLUSIONS

The QOL of parents of ARM patients was not optimistic. More attention needs to be paid to increasing social support for the parents of ARM to enhance their QOL.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

For government, increasing funds and resources to invest in the establishment and improvement of the social support network is necessary. For doctors and nurses, providing better medical and psychological services to patients and their parents is essential.

Improvement of social support in empty-nest elderly: results from an intervention study based on the Self-Mutual-Group model

BACKGROUND

China has the world's largest elderly population and an increasing number of empty-nest elderly. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Self-Mutual-Group model on social support of the empty-nest elderly, thus providing reference for improving their quality of life.

METHODS

A intervention study was conducted between October 2016 and May 2017 at six communities in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China. A total of 350 empty-nest elderly aged 60-88 years were randomly assigned in the intervention group (n = 167) with a 7-month SMG-based intervention or to a control group (n = 183) with no intervention. The social support of the participating elderly (n = 350) was assessed by the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) at the baseline and 7 months later, respectively.

RESULTS

A 7-month follow-up showed an increasing mean scores of SSRS, objective support, subjective support and support utilization of the intervention group, and reached statistical significance (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The Self-Mutual-Group model was considered to be a positive intervention and was effective in increasing social support among the empty-nest elderly. Furthermore, future research should extend the intervention period and introduce multi-point measurement to better evaluate the intervention process and outcomes.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Study on the 'SMG' Health Management Model Based on Community Organization Theory among empty-nest elderly (ChiCTR1800015884).

Does Food Insecurity Contribute towards Depression? A Cross-Sectional Study among the Urban Elderly in Malaysia

With the aging of the population worldwide, there is an increasing concern for the mental health status as well as physical health. Depression is a common mental health problem among the elderly populations. Since the elderly are susceptible to food insecurity, this cross-sectional study is aimed to determine an association between food insecurity and depression among elderly people. A total of 220 elderly people- aged 60 years and above, residing in the Petaling district of Selangor, were included in this study. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to obtain the pertinent information on demographic background, food security status (six items USDA FSSM), functional status (IADL, EMS), psychosocial status (LSNS-6), and depression status (GDS-15). Binary logistic regression was used to assess the factors that were associated with depression. The median age of the elderly sample was 65.5 years. The prevalence of depression and food insecurity that was recorded were 13.2% and 19.5%, respectively. Social isolation (AOR = 5.882, 95% CI: 2.221, 15.576), food insecurity (AOR = 3.539, 95% CI: 1.350, 9.279), and unsafe mobility (AOR= 3.729, 95% CI: 1.302, 10.683) increased the odds of depression. In conclusion, social isolation, food insecurity, and unsafe mobility are factors associated with depression among the elderly people. Plans such as health interventions as well as grocery and financial aid among the qualifying elderly are suggested to improve this depression and food insecurity.

Association of Formal and Informal Social Support With Health-Related Quality of Life Among Chinese Rural Elders

Objectives: To explore the association of formal and informal social support with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among Chinese rural elders and further investigate the influence of quantity and quality of social support on their HRQOL. Methods: The sample of 4189 Chinese rural elders over 60 years old was acquired from the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The HRQOL was evaluated by EQ-5D-3L questionnaire. The social support assessment was mainly based on the social support rating scale (SSRS), and Tobit regression analysis was used to explore the impact of social support on HRQOL. Results: The average EQ-5D index score (0 to 1) of the Chinese rural elders was 0.78 ± 0.16. Participants who were male or with better education were found to have higher scores. Those elders living alone, suffering from chronic diseases or disabled acquired lower scores. As for formal social support, higher medical or pension insurance and more social activities statistically significantly possessed higher scores. As for informal social support, higher number of offspring had a significant association with lower scores, while more contact with children and financial support from family were shown to be statistically significantly associated with higher scores after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. The quality of social support is more important than its quantity. An interesting finding was that the EQ-5D index scores did not support the Chinese traditional belief that ‘the more children, the more blessings’. Conclusions: The EQ-5D index scores of the rural elders in China is above the median level based on the scores of EQ-5D. Social support is significantly associated with elderly peoples’ quality of life. The results would be significant for accurately improving the life quality of Chinese rural elders from the perspective of social support.

Resilience and quality of life among empty nesters in China: the mediating role of the source of support

This study aims to explore the correlations among resilience, social support, and quality of life (QOL) in empty nesters to comprehend whether various sources of social support indirectly affected the correlation between resilience and QOL. We used hierarchical multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling method in this study. Resilience and support from both family members and friends significantly correlated with the QOL. Besides, both types of support played vital roles in the mediating effects on the correlation between resilience and QOL among empty nesters residing in China. Hence, the hypothesis proposed was confirmed partially. Furthermore, this study offers a comprehensive understanding of overall mental and physical health among empty nesters.

The Role of Adverse Childhood Experience on Depression Symptom, Prevalence, and Severity among School Going Adolescents

METHODS

A cross-sectional school-based study was employed. Five hundred forty-six secondary school students were selected using multistage sampling technique from 5 selected secondary schools. We obtained retrospective information on adverse childhood experiences of adolescents by ACEs, self-reported 10-item questionnaire, and current depression prevalence and severity by PHQ-9. Multivariate linear regression models were used to estimate child depression severity by retrospective ACE count.

RESULTS

Among the 546 adolescents who participated in this study, 285 (50.7%) of the participants answered yes to at least one or more questions among the total 10 questions of ACEs. Experiences of ACEs increased the risk for depressive symptoms, with unstandardized β = 1.123 (β = 1.123, 95% CI (0.872, 1.373). We found a strong, dose-response relationship between the ACE score and the probability of lifetime and recent depressive disorders (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

The number of ACEs has a graded relationship to both the prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms. These results suggest that exposure to ACEs is associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms up to decades after their occurrence. Early recognition of childhood abuse and appropriate intervention may thus play an important role in the prevention of depressive disorders throughout the life span.

Cognitive frailty among Malaysian older adults: baseline findings from the LRGS TUA cohort study

PURPOSE

This study was aimed at determining the presence of cognitive frailty and its associated factors among community-dwelling older adults from the "LRGS-Towards Useful Aging (TUA)" longitudinal study.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The available data related to cognitive frailty among a sub-sample of older adults aged 60 years and above (n=815) from two states in Malaysia were analysed. In the LRGS-TUA study, a comprehensive interview-based questionnaire was administered to obtain the socio-demographic information of the participants, followed by assessments to examine the cognitive function, functional status, dietary intake, lifestyle, psychosocial status and biomarkers associated with cognitive frailty. The factors associated with cognitive frailty were assessed using a bivariate logistic regression (BLR).

RESULTS

The majority of the older adults were categorized as robust (68.4%), followed by cognitively pre-frail (37.4%) and cognitively frail (2.2%). The data on the cognitively frail and pre-frail groups were combined for comparison with the robust group. A hierarchical BLR indicated that advancing age (OR=1.04, 95% CI:1.01-1.08, p<0.05) and depression (OR=1.49, 95% CI:1.34-1.65, p<0.001) scored lower on the Activity of Daily Living (ADL) scale (OR=0.98, 95% CI:0.96-0.99, p<0.05), while low social support (OR=0.98, 95% CI:0.97-0.99, p<0.05) and low niacin intake (OR=0.94, 95% CI:0.89-0.99, p<0.05) were found to be significant factors for cognitive frailty. Higher oxidative stress (MDA) and lower telomerase activity were also associated with cognitive frailty (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Older age, a lower niacin intake, lack of social support, depression and lower functional status were identified as significant factors associated with cognitive frailty among older Malaysian adults. MDA and telomerase activity can be used as potential biomarkers for the identification of cognitive frailty.

The associations between behavioral-psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and coping strategy, burden of care and personality style among low-income caregivers of patients with dementia

Background

The main aim of this study was to determine the association between Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) and caregiver burden, and the mediating role of coping strategy and personality style of caregivers to patients with dementia (PWD).

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted among 202 caregivers to PWD in home-based settings. Recruited caregivers were administered questionnaires regarding BPSD which was measured using Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPI-Q), caregiver burden using Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), Brief COPE for coping strategies and Big-Five Inventory which measured personality traits.

Results

Majority of the caregivers were female (71.3%), aged 50 and above (55%), single (46%), married (43.6%), working full time (45%) while the rest work part time (22.3%), unemployed (7.4%) and retiree (25.2%), and majority were parents (58.9%) and spouse (18.3%). The duration of caregiving was less than a year (33.7%) while the rest are more than a year. Results demonstrated that the most frequent types of BPSD exhibited by PWD was irritability, followed by apathy and agitation. All of the types of BPSD showed to be significantly correlated to caregiver burden except for anxiety, elation and appetite. Of personality traits, only conscientiousness was found to mediate the relationship between BPSD and caregiver burden (p < .05). Self-distraction, active coping, planning and acceptance were the coping strategies that demonstrated to have mediation effect on the relationship between BPSD and caregiver burden.

Conclusion

Presentation of BPSD is correlated to caregiver burden which is partially mediated by coping strategies and personality styles.

Urinary incontinence among urban and rural community dwelling older women: prevalence, risk factors and quality of life

Background

Urinary incontinence (UI) is known to be more prevalent among women and is associated with decline in quality of life. The aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence, risk factors of urinary incontinence and its impact on quality of life among community dwelling older women living in urban and rural populations.

Methods

This study was conducted based on secondary data analysed from the third phase of the longitudinal study “Neuroprotective Model for Health Longevity among Malaysian Elderly” (LRGS TUA). Stratification of urban and rural study areas were in accordance to that determined by the Department of Statistics. A total of 814 community dwelling older women (53% urban, 47% rural), aged 60 years and above, across four states within Peninsular Malaysia were included in this analysis. Interview-based questionnaires were used to obtain respondents’ sociodemographic details and clinical characteristics. The Timed Up and Go test and Handgrip Strength tests were used to assess physical function. Urinary incontinence was self-reported, and quality of life of those with incontinence was assessed using the King’s Health Questionnaire (KHQ).

Results

Prevalence of urinary incontinence was 16% and 23% among older women living in urban and rural areas, respectively. Ethnicity was significantly associated with incontinence among older women in both urban and rural population (p < 0.05). Chronic constipation, functional mobility and muscle strength were associated with UI in participants from rural setting (p < 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that risk of incontinence is lower among Chinese [OR 0.430, 95% C.I: 0.224–0.825, p = 0.011] compared to Malay older women living in urban population. Within the rural population, respondents with chronic constipation [OR: 3.384, 95% C.I: 1.556–7.360, p = 0.002] were found to be at a higher risk of UI. In terms of quality of life, respondents in rural areas experienced more role, physical, social, emotional limitations and sleep disturbance as compared to their urban counterparts (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

UI is more prevalent and had a more profound impact on quality of health among older women in the rural setting. The risk factors of UI were ethnicity and chronic constipation among urban and rural older women respectively. It is important to provide holistic strategies in the prevention and management of UI among older women especially within the rural population.

Attitudes to ageing and their relationship with quality of life in older adults in Turkey

AIM

With the increase in life expectancy, it has become necessary to expand our knowledge of how older individuals perceive their own ageing and how ageing affects their quality of life. The aim of the study was to determine older adults' attitudes towards ageing and the relationship between attitudes and quality of life among community-dwelling older adults in Turkey.

METHODS

This cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted in Zonguldak, Turkey. The sample included 999 community-dwelling older adults, who were selected from five family health centres. The data were collected between April and June 2015 by using the Attitudes to Aging Questionnaire and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Older Adults Module. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to test the predictive value of attitude to ageing on quality of life.

RESULTS

Multiple regression analysis revealed that the subscales of Attitudes to Ageing Questionnaire (psychosocial loss (β = -0.289), physical change (β = 0.296), and psychological growth (β = 0.279)) were statistically significant predictors of quality of life. Attitudes to ageing explained 46.6% of the quality of life among community-dwelling older adults in Turkey (R²  = 0.466).

CONCLUSION

The significant impact of attitudes to ageing on quality of life suggests the need for better recognition of attitudes to ageing in older adults.

The association between depressive symptoms and fall accidents among middle-aged and elderly people in China

Background

Depressive symptoms are a worldwide health problem. However, the research about the effect of depressive symptoms on the fall among the Chinese mid-aged and elderly people is lacking. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the association between depressive symptoms and fall accidents among middle-aged and elderly people in China.

Methods

This study was conducted based on 12,527 sets of data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS). The 2011 depressive symptoms data and the 2013 fall data were chosen for this study. The depressive symptom-related data was assessed by the Chinese version of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scales (CES-D). Individuals were divided into subgroups according to gender (male or female), age (45–59, middle-aged or ≥ 60, elderly people), and residence (rural or urban). The odds ratios (ORs) were compared between subgroups using multivariable logistic regression analysis method.

Results

The adjusted OR value (OR = 1.19 [95% CI 1.07–1.33]) shows there is a significant association between depressive symptoms and subsequent fall accidents. The ORs of the female, elderly people, rural, and urban subgroups are 1.31 (95% CI 1.11–1.55), 1.24 (95% CI 1.08–1.43), 1.17 (95% CI 1.02–1.33), and 1.25 (95% CI 1.04–1.49), respectively, which reveals that this association is also statistically significant in these subgroups.

Conclusions

This study shows that there is a significant association between depressive symptoms and their subsequent fall accidents among the Chinese middle-aged and elderly people.

Prevalence of depressive symptoms and its associated factors in older adults: a cross-sectional study in Kathmandu, Nepal

OBJECTIVE

Globally, depression is one of the most prevalent and burdensome conditions in older adults. However, there are few population-based studies of depression in older adults in developing countries. In this paper, we examine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and explore possible contributory risk factors in older adults living in Nepal.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted in two semi-urban communities in Kathmandu, Nepal. Depression was assessed using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale in 303 participants, aged 60 years and over. Multivariate logistic regression was then used to assess associations between potential risk factors and depression.

RESULTS

More than half of the participants (n = 175, 60.6%) had significant depressive symptomatology, with 27.7% having scores suggesting mild depression. Illiteracy (aOR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.08-3.75), physical immobility (aOR = 5.62, 95% CI: 1.76-17.99), the presence of physical health problems (aOR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.03-3.77), not having any time spent with family members (aOR = 3.55, 95% CI: 1.29-9.76) and not being considered in family decision-making (aOR = 4.02, 95% CI: 2.01-8.04) were significantly associated with depression in older adults.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of depression was significant in older adults. There are clear associations of depression with demographic, social support and physical well-being factors in this population. Strategies that increase awareness in the community along with the health and social care interventions are needed to address the likely drivers of depression in older adults.

Moderating effect of intrinsic religiosity on the relationship between depression and cognitive function among community-dwelling older adults

OBJECTIVES

Research has found that depression in later life is associated with cognitive impairment. Thus, the mechanism to reduce the effect of depression on cognitive function is warranted. In this paper, we intend to examine whether intrinsic religiosity mediates the association between depression and cognitive function.

METHOD

The study included 2322 nationally representative community-dwelling elderly in Malaysia, randomly selected through a multi-stage proportional cluster random sampling from Peninsular Malaysia. The elderly were surveyed on socio-demographic information, cognitive function, depression and intrinsic religiosity. A four-step moderated hierarchical regression analysis was employed to test the moderating effect. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (version 15.0).

RESULTS

Bivariate analyses showed that both depression and intrinsic religiosity had significant relationships with cognitive function. In addition, four-step moderated hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the intrinsic religiosity moderated the association between depression and cognitive function, after controlling for selected socio-demographic characteristics.

CONCLUSION

Intrinsic religiosity might reduce the negative effect of depression on cognitive function. Professionals who are working with depressed older adults should seek ways to improve their intrinsic religiosity as one of the strategies to prevent cognitive impairment.

Predicting cognitive function of the Malaysian elderly: a structural equation modelling approach

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to identify the predictors of elderly's cognitive function based on biopsychosocial and cognitive reserve perspectives.

METHOD

The study included 2322 community-dwelling elderly in Malaysia, randomly selected through a multi-stage proportional cluster random sampling from Peninsular Malaysia. The elderly were surveyed on socio-demographic information, biomarkers, psychosocial status, disability, and cognitive function. A biopsychosocial model of cognitive function was developed to test variables' predictive power on cognitive function. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (version 15.0) in conjunction with Analysis of Moment Structures Graphics (AMOS 7.0).

RESULTS

The estimated theoretical model fitted the data well. Psychosocial stress and metabolic syndrome (MetS) negatively predicted cognitive function and psychosocial stress appeared as a main predictor. Socio-demographic characteristics, except gender, also had significant effects on cognitive function. However, disability failed to predict cognitive function.

CONCLUSION

Several factors together may predict cognitive function in the Malaysian elderly population, and the variance accounted for it is large enough to be considered substantial. Key factor associated with the elderly's cognitive function seems to be psychosocial well-being. Thus, psychosocial well-being should be included in the elderly assessment, apart from medical conditions, both in clinical and community setting.

Association between social support and health-related quality of life among Chinese rural elders in nursing homes: the mediating role of resilience

PURPOSE

This study aims to confirm the relationship between social support and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among rural Chinese elders in nursing homes, and to examine the mediating role of resilience in the impact of social support on HRQOL.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey of 205 elders aged 60 and above was conducted in five rural public nursing homes. Sociodemographic characteristics, the SF-36 questionnaire, and information about social support and resilience were collected. The researchers administered the questionnaires to the participants in a face-to-face setting. Descriptive analysis and a correlation matrix were used to indicate characteristics of the participants and bivariate correlations, respectively. The mediation analyses, composed of regression analysis and PROCESS analysis, were preformed to test both direct and indirect effects of social support on HRQOL, namely the mediating role of resilience.

RESULTS

Social support was positively related to HRQOL (β = 0.303, p < 0.001) among Chinese rural elders in nursing homes. The mediating role of resilience in the relationship between social support and HRQOL was confirmed (a*b bootstrapped 95% confidence interval = [0.098, 0.257]), which revealed that social support had an indirect effect on HRQOL through resilience.

CONCLUSIONS

Resilience partially mediates the relationship between social support and HRQOL. The mediation model provides a better understanding of how social support and resilience work together to affect HRQOL, and it could guide the interventions in health care for promoting HRQOL among Chinese rural elders in nursing homes.

Social support network, mental health and quality of life: a cross-sectional study in primary care

The objective of this study was to identify the association between emotional distress and social support networks with quality of life in primary care patients. This was a cross-sectional study involving 1,466 patients in the cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2009/2010. The General Health Questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the brief version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument were used. The Social Support Network Index classified patients with the highest and lowest index as socially integrated or isolated. A bivariate analysis and four multiple linear regressions were conducted for each quality of life outcome. The means scores for the physical, psychological, social relations, and environment domains were, respectively, 64.7; 64.2; 68.5 and 49.1. In the multivariate analysis, the psychological domain was negatively associated with isolation, whereas the social relations and environment domains were positively associated with integration. Integration and isolation proved to be important factors for those in emotional distress as they minimize or maximize negative effects on quality of life.

Relationships between Sleep Problems and Psychiatric Comorbidities among China's Wenchuan Earthquake Survivors Remaining in Temporary Housing Camps

Earthquake survivors are a diverse population. This study focused on a special group of earthquake survivors, who had still stayed in temporary housing camps for about 2 years after China's Wenchuan Earthquake rather than those who moved back to rebuild their lives or immigrated to large cities to seek new lives. The research goals were to (1) assess their sleep problems as well as their PTSD, depression and anxiety and (2) examine the relationship between different dimensions of sleep quality and PTSD, depression, and anxiety among these survivors. Three-hundred and eighty seven earthquake survivors who remained in temporary housing camps and had sleep problems were recruited 17-27 months after Wenchuan Earthquake. Four standardized instruments-The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version, Self-rating Depression Scale, Self-rating Anxiety Scale, and face-to-face one-on-one structured interviews were used to assess these survivors' sleep quality, PTSD, depression, and anxiety. It was found that (1) 83.20% of these survivors reported having sleep problems, and 79.33% of them considered insomnia as the most common sleep problem; (2) 12.14% suffered PTSD, 36.43% experienced depression, and 38.24% had anxiety; (3) sleep disturbance, sleep medication use, and subjective sleep quality were significantly related to PTSD; (4) habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, sleep medication use, and daytime dysfunction were significantly related to depression; and (5) sleep disturbance, sleep medication use, and daytime dysfunction were significantly related to anxiety. Clinic implications of the study are discussed.

Predictors of quality of life among hospitalized geriatric patients with diabetes mellitus upon discharge

Purpose

Diabetes mellitus is prevalent among older adults, and affects their quality of life. Furthermore, the number is growing as the elderly population increases. Thus, this study aims to explore the predictors of quality of life among hospitalized geriatric patients with diabetes mellitus upon discharge in Malaysia.

Methods

A total of 110 hospitalized geriatric patients aged 60 years and older were selected using convenience sampling method in a cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic data and medical history were obtained from the medical records. Questionnaires were used during the in-person semistructured interviews, which were conducted in the wards. Linear regression analyses were used to determine the predictors of each domain of quality of life.

Results

Multiple regression analysis showed that activities of daily living, depression, and appetite were the determinants of physical health domain of quality of life (R²=0.633, F(3, 67)=38.462; P<0.001), whereas depression and instrumental activities of daily living contributed to 55.8% of the variability in psychological domain (R²=0.558, F(2, 68)=42.953; P<0.001). Social support and cognitive status were the determinants of social relationship (R²=0.539, F(2, 68)=39.763; P<0.001) and also for the environmental domain of the quality of life (R²=0.496, F(2, 68)=33.403; P<0.001).

Conclusion

The findings indicated different predictors for each domain in the quality of life among hospitalized geriatric patients with diabetes mellitus. Nutritional, functional, and psychological aspects should be incorporated into rehabilitation support programs prior to discharge in order to improve patients’ quality of life.

Anxiety, depression, perceived social support and quality of life in Malaysian breast cancer patients: a 1-year prospective study

Background

Depression and anxiety are common psychiatric morbidity among breast cancer patient. There is a lack of study examining the correlation between depression, anxiety and quality of life (QoL) with perceived social support (PSS) among breast cancer patients. This study aims to study the level of depression, anxiety, QoL and PSS among Malaysian breast cancer women over a period of 12 months and their associations at baseline, 6 and 12 months.

Methods

It is a 12 months prospective cohort study. Two hundred and twenty one female patients were included in the study. They were assessed at the time of diagnosis, 6 months and 12 month using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (QLQ–C30), Version 3.0 of the EORTC Study Group and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The information of age, ethnicity, types of treatment, and staging of cancer were collected.

Results

The HADS anxiety and depression subscales scores of the subjects were relatively low. The level of anxiety reduced significantly at 6 and 12 months (Baseline – 6 months, p = 0.002; Baseline - 12 months, p < 0.001). There were no changes in the level of depression over the study period. The global status of QoL and MSPSS scores were relatively high. Correlation between the global status of QoL and MSPSS for the study subjects was positive (Spearman’s rho = 0.31–0.36). Global status of QoL and MSPSS scores were negatively correlated with anxiety and depression.

Conclusion

Malaysian breast cancer women had relatively better QoL with lower level of anxiety and depression. Perceived social support was an important factor for better QoL and low level of psychological distress. It reflects the importance of attention on activities that enhance and maintain the social support system for breast cancer patients.

Gender Difference in Relationship between Health-Related Quality of Life and Work Status

This study investigated the association of employment status with health-related quality of life in adult Koreans, as well as the gender difference in the relationship, using a large, nationally representative sample. Using data from the Korea Health Panel survey, we examined the relationship between quality of life measured by EQ-5D and work status among Korean adults. We also tested whether and how the relationship between quality of life and work status differed by gender. Quality of life among working adults was better than among non-working adults. The gap between the two groups was larger among male than female participants. Further, the gender differential effect was larger in the 41–60-year-old age group than in the 18–40-year-old and 61-or-older groups. Being employed has a positive relation to quality of life among adults. Work status plays a more important role in quality of life for men than for women, especially for the working elderly men than working elderly women.

Flourishing in later life

OBJECTIVE

Flourishing is a relatively new concept in positive psychology that considers hedonic and eudaimonic aspects of well-being. The current study aims to identify the prevalence and socio-demographic and health factors associated with flourishing among older Malaysians.

METHODS

The sample for this study consisting of 2202 community-dwelling older Malaysians was obtained from a national survey entitled "Identifying Psychosocial and Identifying Economic Risk Factor of Cognitive Impairment among Elderly", conducted from May 2013 to April 2014. Data analyses were conducted using the IBM SPSS Version 22.0 and AMOS Version 22.0.

RESULTS

The average age of the respondents was 69.05 (SD=6.24) years. Descriptive results showed that 50.1% of the respondents were flourishing in life, 36.3% were languishing, 8.4% were struggling, and 5.2% were floundering in life. The results of Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that gender, employment status, level of education, having living children, and chronic medical conditions are significantly associated with flourishing. However, age, marital status, living alone, and economic status did not have much impact on flourishing.

CONCLUSION

To the best of our knowledge, the current study is one of the first studies that conceptualizes and assesses flourishing among older adults in Malaysia. The findings from the present study make important contributions to the existing literature on well-being. It is suggested that health and social care professionals working with older adults adopt a comprehensive approach to identify and propel non-flourishing people toward flourishing in life.