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Bender K, Saavedra K, Milligan T, Littman DM, Becker-Hafnor T, Dunbar AZ, Boyett M, Holloway B, Morris K. How mutual aid proliferation developed solidarity and sense of collective responsibility in the early months of COVID-19. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 73:431-445. [PMID: 37975206 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Although mutual aid organizing is a social movement practice long sustained by queer/trans people, immigrants, people of color, and disability communities, among other communities pushed to the margins of society, with the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, and subsequent government failures in addressing unmet needs, mutual aid proliferated into new (and more socially privileged) communities in the United States and across the world. Amidst this landscape of extraordinary and unique crises, our study sought to understand the benefits experienced by those engaged in mutual aid in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the state of Colorado, United States. Our team conducted semistructured individual interviews with 25 individuals participating in mutual aid through groups organized on social media or through intentional communities. We found that participants, who engaged in mutual aid in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, built empathy, a sense of nonjudgement, and critical consciousness as they created common ground as humans. Participants also found mutual aid engagement to provide nourishing support, to hold pain among more people, and, simply to "feel good." We discuss the potential implications of these benefits for sustaining mutual aid movements through the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the United States and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Bender
- Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Kate Saavedra
- Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Tara Milligan
- Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Annie Zean Dunbar
- Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Madi Boyett
- Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Brendon Holloway
- Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Karaya Morris
- Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Karami F, Nikbakht Nasrabadi A, Torabizadeh C, Mazaheri M, Sayadi L. The challenges of voluntary care provision for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A qualitative study of the public volunteers' experiences. Health Expect 2024; 27:e13998. [PMID: 38403902 PMCID: PMC10895072 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a remarkable increase in public volunteering for the care of hospitalized patients. They faced challenges during their voluntary care provision. This study aimed at exploring public volunteers' experiences of the challenges of the voluntary care provision to hospitalized patients with COVID-19. METHODS A descriptive qualitative study with an inductive content analysis method was conducted, 2022-2023. Eighteen public volunteers providing care to hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were purposefully selected among 10 hospitals, specialized in COVID-19 care in Tehran and Shiraz, Iran. Data were collected over 7 months through in-depth semistructured interviews and concurrently analyzed using conventional content analysis methods. FINDINGS The challenges of voluntary care provision to hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were illustrated in five main categories, each with two subcategories. The categories included structural challenges, interpersonal conflicts, financial constraints, covert participation and the deteriorating condition of care provision. The subcategories comprised lack of volunteer recruitment bases, ineffective organization of voluntary activities, pervasive distrust, heightened risk of clinical errors, conflicts between volunteer commitments and primary occupation, lack of financial support, lack of family support, isolation by friends, mental trauma and physical exhaustion. CONCLUSION Public volunteers encounter diverse challenges while providing care to hospitalized patients with COVID-19, which negatively impacts their motivation to serve. By addressing these challenges, we can create a more supportive environment for volunteers and enhance the quality of care provided to patients during public health emergencies. Identifying such challenges can assist healthcare managers and policymakers develop effective strategies to mitigate mounting difficulties and enhance volunteer services, thereby improving the overall quality of care provided to patients during public health crises. PATIENT CONTRIBUTIONS Participants were identified and recruited after the study objectives were explained in person to the managers. The participants were approached and interviewed by one author. Participation was voluntary and the participants did not receive any financial compensation for their time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Karami
- Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and MidwiferyTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Alireza Nikbakht Nasrabadi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and MidwiferyTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Camellia Torabizadeh
- Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing, Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, School of Nursing and MidwiferyShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Monir Mazaheri
- Department of Nursing SciencesSophiahemmet UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Leila Sayadi
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Centre, School of Nursing and MidwiferyTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Weziak-Bialowolska D, Bialowolski P. Helping and Volunteering During COVID-19: Associations With Well-Being and Psychological Distress. Am J Prev Med 2024; 66:645-654. [PMID: 37993015 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salutogenic effects of volunteering and helping activities have been well recognized in the pre-COVID-19 era. This study examines associations between helping others as well as additional volunteer activities during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and 6 psychological distress and well-being outcomes one year later. METHODS Longitudinal data collected between 2019 and 2021 were used. Analyses were based on data from 42,005 middle-aged and older adults from 27 European countries who participated in the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and two SHARE Corona Surveys. Prospective associations were examined using generalized estimating equations. A series of secondary analyses and the sensitivity of the associations to unmeasured confounding provided evidence for the robustness of results. All analyses were conducted in December 2022. RESULTS Helping others outside one's home in the first wave of COVID-19 was associated with subsequent increased risks of depression and anxiety. It was concurrently associated with an increased probability of an uplifting, hope, and happiness-inducing experience. Engagement in volunteer activities conducted in addition to helping was found to be prospectively associated with higher probability of an uplifting experience, but not with depression and anxiety. These associations were independent of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, personality traits, prior quality of life and health history as well as pre-COVID-19 engagement in altruistic activities. CONCLUSIONS Helping and volunteering during the COVID-19 pandemic likely led to positive experiences. However, a negative impact on psychological distress of the same activities was also noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Weziak-Bialowolska
- Centre for Evaluation and Analysis of Public Policies, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; Human Flourishing Program, Harvard Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Piotr Bialowolski
- Human Flourishing Program, Harvard Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Economics, Kozminski University, Warsaw, Poland
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Agudelo-Hernández F, Rojas-Andrade R. Design and validation of a scale of core components of community interventions in mental health. Int J Health Plann Manage 2024; 39:36-47. [PMID: 37796724 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To develop and validate an instrument to identify the core components of community strategies for mental health, especially mutual aid groups: The Mutual Aid Scale . METHODS 135 community strategies leaders participated in the study. The core components are active agency, coping strategies, recognition, and management of emotions, problem-solving strategies, supportive interaction, trust, self-identity construction, and strengthening of social networks. With these components a scale was designed. Content validity was carried out in addition to an exploratory factor analysis. RESULTS Two dimensions resulted, strengthening of agency capacity and Coping strategies, and the internal consistency of both factors was acceptable, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.722 and 0.727, respectively. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) statistic was used with a score of 0.831 and the Barlett Sphericity Test, with a significant value of 265.175. CONCLUSION This scale identifies the components of community interventions for mental health and can contribute to a better implementation of these strategies. It also articulates autonomous community processes with strategies developed in health services.
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Bower M, Donohoe-Bales A, Nguyen AQH, Smout S, Boyle J, Barrett E, Partridge SR, Mandoh M, Simmons M, Valanju R, Yan F, Ou C, Meas D, Guo K, Mautner D, Al Hadaya I, Rose D, Teesson M. Mental health and wellbeing outcomes of youth participation: A scoping review protocol. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293006. [PMID: 37847717 PMCID: PMC10581453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing recognition that young people should be given opportunities to participate in the decisions that affect their lives, such as advisory groups, representative councils, advocacy or activism. Positive youth development theory and sociopolitical development theory propose pathways through which youth participation can influence mental health and wellbeing outcomes. However, there is limited empirical research synthesising the impact of participation on youth mental health and/or wellbeing, or the characteristics of activities that are associated with better or worse mental health and/or wellbeing outcomes. This scoping review seeks to address this gap by investigating the scope and nature of evidence detailing how youth participation initiatives can influence mental health and/or wellbeing outcomes for participants. To be eligible, literature must describe youth (aged 15-24) in participation activities and the impact of this engagement on participant mental health and/or wellbeing outcomes. A systematic scoping review of peer-reviewed and grey literature will be conducted using Scopus, PsycINFO, Embase, Medline and grey literature databases. The scoping review will apply established methodology by Arksey and O'Malley, Levac and colleagues and the Joanna Briggs Institute. Title, abstract, and full text screening will be completed by two reviewers, data will be extracted by one reviewer. Findings will be reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), including a qualitative summary of the characteristics of youth participation and their influence on youth mental health outcomes. Youth advisory group members will be invited to deliver governance on the project from the outset; participate in, and contribute to, all stages of the review process; reflect on their own experiences of participation; and co-author the resulting publication. This scoping review will provide essential knowledge on how participation activities can be better designed to maximise beneficial psychosocial outcomes for involved youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlee Bower
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amarina Donohoe-Bales
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andre Quan Ho Nguyen
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scarlett Smout
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia Boyle
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emma Barrett
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie R. Partridge
- Engagement and Codesign Hub, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mariam Mandoh
- Engagement and Codesign Hub, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Magenta Simmons
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Radhika Valanju
- Youth Mental Health Advisory Team (YMHAT), Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fulin Yan
- Youth Mental Health Advisory Team (YMHAT), Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cheryl Ou
- Youth Mental Health Advisory Team (YMHAT), Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Danica Meas
- Youth Mental Health Advisory Team (YMHAT), Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kailin Guo
- Youth Mental Health Advisory Team (YMHAT), Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dominik Mautner
- Youth Mental Health Advisory Team (YMHAT), Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Imeelya Al Hadaya
- Youth Mental Health Advisory Team (YMHAT), Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dominique Rose
- Youth Mental Health Advisory Team (YMHAT), Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maree Teesson
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Cocking C, Vestergren S, Ntontis E, Luzynska K. 'All together now': Facilitators and barriers to engagement in mutual aid during the first UK COVID-19 lockdown. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283080. [PMID: 37043513 PMCID: PMC10096193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite undeniable hardship, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic also saw an outpour of community solidarity and mutual aid towards those in need. This study explored why people participated in mutual aid during the pandemic as well as the factors that contributed to continued involvement and/or its decline. We conducted remote interviews with 17 people in South-east England who had been involved in volunteering and local community mutual aid support groups during the first UK lockdown from March to May 2020. Using thematic analysis, we identified two themes: 1) The emergence of social groups and their psychosocial effects, and 2) Enduring connections and barriers to continued participation. Participants often reported an emergent shared identity, preferring the localised nature of these groups and the associated mutual nature of support. They also reported intentions to continue providing such support, should the need arise again, and any barriers to continued involvement in mutual aid were better explained by structural and systemic issues, rather than individual motivational factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Cocking
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Vestergren
- School of Psychology, Keele University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Ntontis
- School of Psychology and Counselling, The Open University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Luzynska
- School of Psychology and Counselling, The Open University, London, United Kingdom
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Hopkins N, Ryan C, Portice J, Straßburger VM, Ahluwalia-McMeddes A, Dobai A, Pehrson S, Reicher S. Social identity enactment in a pandemic: Scottish Muslims' experiences of restricted access to communal spaces. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36715002 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensive analysis of social identity cannot simply focus on individuals' cognitive self-definition. Rather it should also theorize the social conditions that affect individuals' opportunities to act in terms of those self-definitions. We argue that the social distancing interventions associated with Covid-19 provide an opportunity to explore the significance of otherwise taken-for-granted social factors which routinely support and sustain individuals' identity enactments. Using qualitative data gathered with 20 members of the Scottish Muslim community (19 diary entries and 20 post-diary interviews), we explore their experiences of restricted access to community-relevant social spaces (e.g., mosques and prayer rooms). Our analysis shows that while these regulations could result in new opportunities for Muslims' religious identity enactments, they also impeded their abilities to act in terms of their religious identification. Addressing such impediments, we develop our understanding of the contextual factors that shape individuals' abilities to enact identity-defining norms and values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna Dobai
- Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Irandoost SF, Sedighi S, Hoseini AS, Ahmadi A, Safari H, Ebadi Fard Azar F, Yoosefi Lebni J. Activities and challenges of volunteers in confrontation with COVID-19: A qualitative study in Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION : IJDRR 2022; 82:103314. [PMID: 36168596 PMCID: PMC9499992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The control and prevention of COVID-19 requires the active and voluntary participation of the people. Because volunteers experience different activities and challenges, the present study aimed to identify the activities and challenges of volunteers in the face of COVID-19. The present study was conducted with a qualitative approach and conventional content analysis method among 35 volunteers in the field of COVID-19 using snowball sampling and semi-structured interviews. Data management was performed using MAXQDA-2018 software and its scrutiny was done by the Graneheim and Lundman analysis method. After analyzing the data, 2 main categories and 15 subcategories were obtained, including 1- Activities (instruction and training; production and distribution of hygiene items; economic aid; psychological and social support for COVID-19 affected people; cooperation with government organizations to implement quarantine; environmental disinfection; cooperation with and support of the medical staff; encouraging and persuading people to participate in voluntary work; attending and cooperating in high-risk centers) and 2- Challenges (fear and worry of getting infected; rejection; being different from other voluntary activities; experience of failure and helplessness; the difficulty of the recruitment and cooperation process; lack of adequate instruction on how to help). Volunteers have played wide and diverse roles in confrontation with COVID-19 and have been able to provide various types of support to government, health and social organizations and the general public in various ways, but due to the special circumstances of the COVID-19 epidemic, they have experienced many challenges at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Fahim Irandoost
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sardar Sedighi
- Health in Disasters and Emergencies, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ava Sadat Hoseini
- Health Education and Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadi
- Educational Technology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Safari
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Javad Yoosefi Lebni
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Ntontis E, Fernandes-Jesus M, Mao G, Dines T, Kane J, Karakaya J, Perach R, Cocking C, McTague M, Schwarz A, Semlyen J, Drury J. Tracking the nature and trajectory of social support in Facebook mutual aid groups during the COVID-19 pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION : IJDRR 2022; 76:103043. [PMID: 35601394 PMCID: PMC9106594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, thousands of mutual aid groups were established on social media and operated as platforms through which people could offer or request social support. Considering the importance of Facebook mutual aid groups during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom but also the lack of empirical research regarding the trajectories and types of social support rendered available through the groups, our aims in this paper are threefold; first, to examine the trajectory of social support-related activity during the period between March-December 2020; second, to compare offers and requests of support during the peaks of the first and second waves; third to provide a rich analysis of the types of social support that were offered or requested through the online mutual aid groups. Quantitative findings suggest that online social support activity declined soon after the peak of the first pandemic wave and, at least in Facebook mutual aid groups, did not reach the levels observed during the first wave. Also, the number of offers of support during the first wave was higher compared to offers during the second wave, and similar was the case for requests for support. Additionally, offers for support were higher compared to requests for support during both the first and second waves. Finally, qualitative analysis showed that people used the Facebook mutual aid groups to offer and request various types of practical, emotional, and informational support. Limitations as well as implications of our study are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Ntontis
- School of Psychology and Counselling, The Open University, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Fernandes-Jesus
- School of Education, Languages and Psychology, York St John University, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Guanlan Mao
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Dines
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, United Kingdom
| | - Jazmin Kane
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Karakaya
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, United Kingdom
| | - Rotem Perach
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cocking
- School of Humanities & Applied Social Sciences, University of Brighton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anna Schwarz
- The World Food Project, Hot Food for Hollingdean, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Semlyen
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
- NR2 Mutual Aid/COVID-19 Community Response, United Kingdom
| | - John Drury
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, United Kingdom
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