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Jaber FA, Nasr S, Al-Sayed HMA, Al-Otaibi AM, Mohamed HS, Hamdy HM, Abdelnour SA, Fouad W. Effect of dietary supplementation of macadamia oil on the growth, immune function, physio-biochemical components and thyroid activity of growing rabbits. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 38956882 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The current research aimed to assess the effects of dietary macadamia oil (MO) on carcass traits, growth performance, physio-biochemical components, immune function, thyroid hormones and inflammation markers of growing rabbits. A total of 96 growing rabbits were randomly distributed into four treatments, with 24 rabbits in each group. The rabbits were fed a basal diet (control group) or a diet supplemented with MO at 0.5 (MO0.5), 1 (MO1.0) and 2 (MO2.0) mL/kg of diet for eight weeks. The daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio showed a quadratic improvement with increasing levels of MO, and the optimal dose was 1.25 mL/kg of diet. Increasing levels of MO also had a quadratic effect on hepatic and renal functions. Dose-response curves revealed that the optimal doses of MO were 1.50, 1.75 and 1.25 mL/kg of diet for total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and creatinine respectively. A quadratic relationship was observed between the increased levels of MO and tumour necrosis factor-α (p = 0.038), interleukin-6 (p = 0.014) and immunoglobulins (p = 0.016 and IgM p = 0.026). Additionally, a linear relationship was observed between the increment in MO levels and both nitric oxide (p = 0.040) and interleukin-4 (p = 0.001). The activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase showed a linear increase with increasing dietary MO content, while xanthine oxidase showed a linear decrease. Total antioxidant capacity showed quadratic improvement (p = 0.035) with the dietary treatment, with the optimal dose observed at 1.25 mL/kg of diet. The inclusion of MO in the diet had a linear effect on the activity of thyroxine (p = 0.001). Therefore, supplementation of MO at a dose of 1 or 1.5 mL/kg of diet in growing rabbits' diets can improve growth and carcass traits, sustain thyroid function by supporting immunity, and reduce oxidative/inflammation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima A Jaber
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samia Nasr
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan M A Al-Sayed
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Home Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aljohara M Al-Otaibi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdul Rahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan S Mohamed
- Agricultural Research Center, Animal Production Research Institute, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Haggag M Hamdy
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Faculty of Home Economics, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Sameh A Abdelnour
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Walid Fouad
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley University, New Valley, Egypt
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Shan C, Miao F, Guo G. Ameliorative Effect of Macadamia Nut Protein Peptides on Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice. J Med Food 2024; 27:257-266. [PMID: 38386536 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2023.k.0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to examine the ameliorative effect of macadamia nut protein peptides (MPP) on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury (AILI) in mice, and develop a new strategy for identifying hepatoprotective functional foods. The molecular weight distribution and amino acid composition of MPP were first studied. Forty mice were then randomized into four groups: control group (CON), APAP model group, APAP+MPP low-dose group (APAP+L-MPP), and APAP+MPP high-dose group (APAP+H-MPP). The APAP+L-MPP (320 mg/kg per day) and APAP+H-MPP (640 mg/kg per day) groups received continuous MPP gavage for 2 weeks. A 12 h of APAP (200 mg/kg) gavage resulted in liver damage. Pathological alterations, antioxidant index levels, expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and associated inflammatory factors were determined for each treatment group. The results revealed that the total amino acid content of MPP was 39.58 g/100 g, with Glu, Arg, Asp, Leu, Tyr, and Gly being the major amino acids. The molecular weight range of 0-1000 Da accounted for 73.54%, and 0-500 Da accounted for 62.84% of MPP. MPP ameliorated the pathological morphology and reduced the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase of AILI in mice. MPP significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the liver compared with the APAP group. MPP inhibited the expression of TLR4, NF-κB, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) genes in AILI mice. MPP also inhibited the expression levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-6). Our study concludes that MPP alleviates AILI in mice by enhancing antioxidant capacity and inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB pathway-related gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Shan
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Fujun Miao
- Economic Forest Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, China
| | - Gangjun Guo
- Tropical Agricultural Products Development and Utilization Research Center, Yunnan Institute of Tropical Crops, Jinghong, China
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Tiwari UP, Mandal RK, Neupane KR, Mishra B, Jha R. Starchy and fibrous feedstuffs differ in their in vitro digestibility and fermentation characteristics and differently modulate gut microbiota of swine. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:53. [PMID: 35501888 PMCID: PMC9063073 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative feedstuffs may contribute to reducing feed costs of pig production. But these feedstuffs are typically rich in fiber and resistant starch (RS). Dietary fibers and RS are fermented in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and modulate the microbial community. Certain microbes in the GIT can promote host health, depending on the type of fermentation substrates available. In this study, six alternative feedstuffs (three starchy: Okinawan sweet potato, OSP; yam, and taro, and three fibrous: wheat millrun, WMR; barley brewers grain, BBG; and macadamia nut cake, MNC) were evaluated for their in vitro digestibility and fermentation characteristics and their effects on pig’s hindgut microbial profile. After 2 steps of enzymatic digestion assay, residues were fermented using fresh pig feces as microbial inoculum, and gas production was recorded periodically for 72 h and modeled for fermentation kinetics. After fermentation, the residual liquid phase was analyzed for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), and the solid phase was used to determine the nutrient’s digestibility and microbial community. Results In vitro ileal digestibility of dry matter and gross energy was higher in starchy than fibrous feedstuffs. Total gas and SCFA production were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in starchy feedstuffs than fibrous feedstuffs. Both acetate and propionate production was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in all starchy feedstuffs than BBG and MNC; WMR was in between. Overall alpha diversity was not significantly different within and between starchy and fibrous feedstuffs. Beta diversity (measured using bray Curtis dissimilarity distance) of starchy feedstuffs was significantly different (P < 0.005) than fibrous feedstuffs. Conclusion Starchy feedstuffs acted as a substrate to similar types of microbes, whereas fibrous feedstuffs resulted in a more diverse microbial population. Such alternative feedstuffs may exert comparable beneficial effects, thus may be included in swine diets to improve gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsav P Tiwari
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | | | - Kabi Raj Neupane
- Math and Sciences Division, Leeward community college, Pearl City, HI, 96782, USA
| | - Birendra Mishra
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Rajesh Jha
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
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Macadamia nut cake as an alternative feedstuff for broilers: Effect on growth performance. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Baker JT, Duarte ME, Holanda DM, Kim SW. Friend or Foe? Impacts of Dietary Xylans, Xylooligosaccharides, and Xylanases on Intestinal Health and Growth Performance of Monogastric Animals. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:609. [PMID: 33652614 PMCID: PMC7996850 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses the structural difference and role of xylan, procedures involved in the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS), and their implementation into animal feeds. Xylan is non-starch polysaccharides that share a β-(1-4)-linked xylopyranose backbone as a common feature. Due to the myriad of residues that can be substituted on the polymers within the xylan family, more anti-nutritional factors are associated with certain types of xylan than others. XOS are sugar oligomers extracted from xylan-containing lignocellulosic materials, such as crop residues, wood, and herbaceous biomass, that possess prebiotic effects. XOS can also be produced in the intestine of monogastric animals to some extent when exogenous enzymes, such as xylanase, are added to the feed. Xylanase supplementation is a common practice within both swine and poultry production to reduce intestinal viscosity and improve digestive utilization of nutrients. The efficacy of xylanase supplementation varies widely due a number of factors, one of which being the presence of xylanase inhibitors present in common feedstuffs. The use of prebiotics in animal feeding is gaining popularity as producers look to accelerate growth rate, enhance intestinal health, and improve other production parameters in an attempt to provide a safe and sustainable food product. Available research on the impact of xylan, XOS, as well as xylanase on the growth and health of swine and poultry, is also summarized. The response to xylanase supplementation in swine and poultry feeds is highly variable and whether the benefits are a result of nutrient release from NSP, reduction in digesta viscosity, production of short chain xylooligosaccharides or a combination of these is still in question. XOS supplementation seems to benefit both swine and poultry at various stages of production, as well as varying levels of XOS purity and degree of polymerization; however, further research is needed to elucidate the ideal dosage, purity, and degree of polymerization needed to confer benefits on intestinal health and performance in each respective species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (J.T.B.); (M.E.D.); (D.M.H.)
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Impact of ionizing radiation on cake from Brazilian macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia) after oil extraction. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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The role of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides of xylan and mannan in gut health of monogastric animals. J Nutr Sci 2020; 9:e21. [PMID: 32595966 PMCID: PMC7303790 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2020.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from its role as a digestive and absorptive organ, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a vital immune organ that encompasses roughly 70 % of the total immune cells of the body. As such, the physical, chemical and nutrient composition of the diet influences overall GI function, effectively as an immune organ. With the improvement in feed technology, agro-industrial co-products that are high in fibre have been widely used as a feed ingredient in the diets of pigs and poultry. Arabinoxylan (AX) and mannan are the most abundant hemicellulosic polysaccharides present in cereal grain and co-product ingredients used in the livestock industry. When monogastric animals consume diets containing high amounts of AX and mannans, stimulation of GI immune cells may occur. This involves the activation of several cellular and molecular pathways of the immune system and requires a considerable amount of energy and nutrients to be expended by the animal, which may ultimately influence overall health and growth performance of animals. Therefore, a better understanding of the role of AX and mannan in immune modulation will be helpful in modulating untoward GI immune responses, thereby minimising nutrient and energy expenditure toward this effort. This review will summarise pertinent research on the role of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides containing AX and mannans in immune modulation in order to preserve gut integrity.
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Key Words
- A:X, arabinose:xylose
- AX, arabinoxylan
- Arabinoxylan
- CLTD, carbohydrate recognition domain
- DC, dendritic cells
- GGM, galactoglucomannan
- GH, glycosidic hydrolase
- GI, gastrointestinal
- Immune modulation
- MBL, mannose-binding lectin
- MOS, mannan oligosaccharide
- MR, mannose receptor
- Mannan
- Oligosaccharides
- PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- Polysaccharides
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- XOS, xylo-oligosaccharide
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Tiwari UP, Singh AK, Jha R. Fermentation characteristics of resistant starch, arabinoxylan, and β-glucan and their effects on the gut microbial ecology of pigs: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2019; 5:217-226. [PMID: 31528722 PMCID: PMC6737498 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fibers (DF) contain an abundant amount of energy, although the mammalian genome does not encode most of the enzymes required to degrade them. However, a mutual dependence is developed between the host and symbiotic microbes, which has the potential to extract the energy present in these DF. Dietary fibers escape digestion in the foregut and are fermented in the hindgut, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) that alter the microbial ecology in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs. Most of the carbohydrates are fermented in the proximal part, allowing protein fermentation in the distal part, resulting in colonic diseases. The structures of resistant starch (RS), arabinoxylan (AX), and β-glucan (βG) are complex; hence, makes their way into the hindgut where these are fermented and provide energy substrates for the colonic epithelial cells. Different microbes have different preferences of binding to different substrates. The RS, AX and βG act as a unique substrate for the microbes and modify the relative composition of the gut microbial community. The granule dimension and surface area of each substrate are different, which influences the penetration capacity of microbes. Arabinose and xylan are 2 different hemicelluloses, but arabinose is substituted on the xylan backbone and occurs in the form of AX. Fermentation of xylan produces butyrate primarily in the small intestine, whereas arabinose produces butyrate in the large intestine. Types of RS and forms of βG also exert beneficial effects by producing different metabolites and modulating the intestinal microbiota. Therefore, it is important to have information of different types of RS, AX and βG and their roles in microbial modulation to get the optimum benefits of fiber fermentation in the gut. This review provides relevant information on the similarities and differences that exist in the way RS, AX, and βG are fermented, and their positive and negative effects on SCFA production and gut microbial ecology of pigs. These insights will help nutritionists to develop dietary strategies that can modulate specific SCFA production and promote beneficial microbiota in the GIT of swine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajesh Jha
- Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HI 96822, USA
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Nkosi BD, Phenya JSM, Malebana IMM, Muya MC, Motiang MD. Nutrient evaluation and ruminal degradation of dry matter and protein from amarula (Sclerocarya birrea), macadamia (integrifolia) and baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) oilcakes as dietary supplements for ruminants. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1981-1988. [PMID: 31044319 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate availability of feed ingredients significantly contributes to reduced animal production. Nutritional evaluation of feed ingredients for potential use in feed ration is key. Triplicate samples of oil extraction by-products viz.: amarula (Sclerocarya birrea), macadamia (integrifolia) and baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) oilcakes were analysed for proximate, mineral and amino acids content. To determine the in situ rumen degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) from the oilcakes, polyester bags were used to incubate triplicate subsamples of each oilcake in the ventral rumen of each of the three cannulated mid-lactating Holstein cows for 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, or 48 h. Amarula oilcake (AOC) had higher (P < 0.05) CP, ether extract and essential amino acid content than macadamia (MOC) and baobab (BOC) oilcakes. Fibre fractions were higher (P < 0.05) in MOC and BOC than in AOC. While calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) concentrations were high (P < 0.05) in MOC and BOC, phosphorus (P) concentration was high (P < 0.05) in AOC. The effective degradability of DM and water-soluble, rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP were high (P < 0.05) in AOC. Insoluble but degradable fraction of CP was high (P < 0.00) in BOC and effective degradation of CP was high (P < 0.05) in AOC and BOC. The AOC with its high CP, EE and essential AA can be used as both protein and energy source for ruminants. Seemingly, MOC and BOC can be used as supplements for fibre as well as Ca and K in ruminant diets. Hence, these non-conventional oilcakes have the potential to partially replace conventional oilcakes in ruminant diets. Evaluation of growth performance, nitrogen digestion and carcass characteristics in ruminants fed diets containing the AOC, BOC and MOC are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Nkosi
- Division for Animal Nutrition, Animal Production Institute, P/Bag x 2, Irene, 0062, South Africa. .,Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development, University of Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
| | - J S M Phenya
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Unisa, P.O. Box x 392, Pretoria, 0003, South Africa
| | - I M M Malebana
- Division for Animal Nutrition, Animal Production Institute, P/Bag x 2, Irene, 0062, South Africa
| | - M C Muya
- Division for Animal Nutrition, Animal Production Institute, P/Bag x 2, Irene, 0062, South Africa
| | - M D Motiang
- Division for Animal Nutrition, Animal Production Institute, P/Bag x 2, Irene, 0062, South Africa
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Jha R, Fouhse JM, Tiwari UP, Li L, Willing BP. Dietary Fiber and Intestinal Health of Monogastric Animals. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:48. [PMID: 30886850 PMCID: PMC6409295 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal performance, feed efficiency, and overall health are heavily dependent on gut health. Changes in animal production systems and feed regulations away from the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) have necessitated the identification of strategies to optimize gut health in novel and effective ways. Among alternatives to AGP, the inclusion of dietary fibers (DF) in monogastric diets has been attempted with some success. Alternative feedstuffs and coproducts are typically rich in fiber and can be used in the diets to reduce feed costs and optimize gut health. DF are naturally occurring compounds with a diverse composition and are present in all plant-based feedstuffs. DF stimulate the growth of health-promoting gut bacteria, are fermented in the distal small intestine and large intestine to short-chain fatty acids and have beneficial effects on the immune system. Maternal DF supplementation is one novel strategy suggested to have a beneficial programming effect on the microbial and immune development of their offspring. One mechanism by which DF improves gut health is through maintenance of an anaerobic intestinal environment that subsequently prevents facultative anaerobic pathogens from flourishing. Studies with pigs and poultry have shown that fermentation characteristics and their beneficial effects on gut health vary widely based on type, form, and the physico-chemical properties of the DF. Therefore, it is important to have information on the different types of DF and their role in optimizing gut health. This review will provide information and updates on different types of DF used in monogastric nutrition and its contribution to gut health including microbiology, fermentation characteristics, and innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Jha
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Janelle M. Fouhse
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Utsav P. Tiwari
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Linge Li
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Benjamin P. Willing
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Tiwari UP, Chen H, Kim SW, Jha R. Supplemental effect of xylanase and mannanase on nutrient digestibility and gut health of nursery pigs studied using both in vivo and in vitro models. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Berrocoso JD, Yadav S, Jha R. Nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy value of macadamia nut cake for broiler chickens determined by difference and regression methods. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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