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Hardwick JL, Ahern BJ, Franklin SH. Stakeholder perceptions of thoroughbred yearling sales endoscopy in Australia: can we do better? Aust Vet J 2024; 102:353-361. [PMID: 38590275 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify thoroughbred industry stakeholders' views on the yearling sales endoscopy in Australia. DESIGN Semi-structured qualitative group interviews with equine veterinarians, thoroughbred breeders and yearling purchasers. METHODS Twenty-nine experienced thoroughbred industry stakeholders participated in online focus groups: (1) equine veterinarians involved in yearling endoscopy; (2) thoroughbred breeders; and (3) yearling buyers. The focus groups were audio and video recorded and digital whiteboards were available. Data was transcribed, live-coded and analysed thematically. RESULTS The main themes identified included the uncertainty surrounding the relationship between yearling laryngeal function and future performance, especially the significance of yearlings with grade 3 out of 5 laryngeal function; interobserver variability in the laryngeal function grade assigned by veterinarians to the same endoscopic exam; and the presence of intra-horse variability in laryngeal function over different time points. DISCUSSION Stakeholders raised multiple concerns about the current yearling sales endoscopy process in Australia. Recommendations to address these concerns include further investigation into the race performance of yearlings identified with grade 3 laryngeal function; training of veterinarians to reduce inter-observer variability; and the need to determine the most appropriate grading system to use in yearlings. Future research should evaluate the significance of intra-horse variability in a yearling population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Hardwick
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - B J Ahern
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Equine Specialist Hospital, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - S H Franklin
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
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Grzeskowiak R, Schumacher J, Omidi O, Bowers K, Cassone LMC, Abedi R, Hespel AM, Mulon PY, Anderson DE. Enhancing prosthesis stability at the cricoid cartilage in equine laryngoplasty using 3-D-printed laryngeal clamps: An ex vivo model study. Vet Surg 2024. [PMID: 38840447 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.14115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess a three-dimensional (3-D)-printed laryngeal clamp (LC) designed to enhance the anchoring of laryngeal prostheses at the cricoid cartilage. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo biomechanical study. SAMPLE POPULATION A total of 22 equine larynges. METHODS Two experimental groups included larynges with standard prosthetic laryngoplasty (PL; n = 10) and larynges with prosthetic laryngoplasty modified with laryngeal clamps (PLLC; n = 10). All constructs underwent 3000 cycles of tension loading and a single tension to failure. Recorded biomechanical parameters included maximum load, actuator displacement, and construct failure. Finite element analysis (FEA) was performed on one PL and one PLLC construct. RESULTS The maximum load at single tension to failure was 183.7 ± 46.8 N for the PL construct and 292.7 ± 82.3 N for the PLLC construct (p = .003). Actuator displacement at 30 N was 1.7 ± 0.5 mm and 2.7 ± 0.7 mm for the PL and PLLC constructs, respectively (p = .011). The cause of PL constructs failure was mostly tearing through the cartilage whereas the PLLC constructs failed through fracture of the cricoid cartilage (p = .000). FEA revealed an 11-fold reduction in the maximum equivalent plastic strain, a four-fold reduction in maximum compressive stress, and a two-fold increase in the volume of engaged cartilage in PLLC constructs. CONCLUSION The PLLC constructs demonstrated superior performance in biomechanical testing and FEA compared to standard PL constructs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The use of 3-D-printed laryngeal clamps may enhance the outcomes of laryngoplasty in horses. In vivo studies are necessary to determine the feasibility of performing laryngoplasty using the laryngeal clamp in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remigiusz Grzeskowiak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jim Schumacher
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Omid Omidi
- Tickle College of Engineering, Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kristin Bowers
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lynne M C Cassone
- College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Reza Abedi
- Tickle College of Engineering, Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Adrien-Maxence Hespel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pierre-Yves Mulon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David E Anderson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Katz LM, Gough K, McGivney CL, McGivney B, Sides RH, Hill EW, Bayly WM. Comparison of ventilatory and oxygen consumption measurements of yearling Thoroughbred colts and fillies exercising unridden on an all-weather track. Vet J 2023; 300-302:106041. [PMID: 37931872 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Sex effects on ventilatory and oxygen consumption (V̇O2) measurements during exercise have been identified in humans. This study's aim was to evaluate the hypothesis that there are sex effects on ventilatory and V̇O2 measurements in exercising, untrained yearling Thoroughbreds (Tb). Forty-one Tbs (16 colts, 25 fillies; 19.8 ± 1.4 months old) were recruited. Physiological, ventilatory and exercise data were gathered from horses exercising unridden at high intensity on an all-weather track from a global positioning-heart rate unit and a portable ergospirometry system. Data were analysed with an unpaired Student's t-test and the Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple testing (P ≤ 0.05 significant). Mean bodyweight (BW, P = 0.002) and wither height (P = 0.04) were greater for colts than fillies. There were no differences in physiological and exercise data and absolute peak V̇O2 between groups. However, fillies had a higher mass specific peak V̇O2 (P = 0.03) than colts (121.5 ± 21.6 mL/kg.min vs. 111.9 ± 27.4 mL/kg.min). The peak breathing frequency was greater for fillies (P < 0.001) while the peak inspiratory (P < 0.001) and expiratory air flow (P < 0.001), peak expiratory tidal volume (VTE; P < 0.001) and peak minute ventilation (V̇E; P = 0.01) were greater for colts; there were no differences for peak VTE and V̇E when adjusted for BW. Differences in BW explain the differences in mass specific peak V̇O2 between groups. Given their morphological differences, it is likely that lung volumes and airway diameters are smaller for fillies, resulting in greater resistance and lower air flows and volumes. Further research is required to investigate the ventilatory differences and how they may change with maturation and impact performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Katz
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland.
| | - K Gough
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - C L McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - B McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - R H Sides
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6610, USA
| | - E W Hill
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - W M Bayly
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6610, USA
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4
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Massie SL, Léguillette R. Upper airway endoscopy in exercising horses: Findings in 164 barrel racing horses with respiratory clinical signs and/or poor performance. Vet J 2023; 300-302:106038. [PMID: 37865154 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Barrel racing involves sprinting through a cloverleaf pattern in under 20 s. The prevalence of upper airway obstructions (UAO) in barrel racers is unknown, thus a retrospective analysis of 164 client-owned horses referred for overground endoscopy (OGE) between 2014 and 2022 was performed. Referring complaints included respiratory noise, cough, epistaxis, behaviour (owner reported stress/anxiety, refusal to enter arena, excessive head shaking), and/or poor performance. Horses performed a standardized exercise test with low and high-speed components. Videoendoscopic recordings were systematically scored by one experienced clinician. Exercising abnormalities included palatal instability (PI), intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (iDDSP), nasopharyngeal collapse (NPC), recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN), ventro-medial luxation of the apex of the corniculate process of the arytenoid (VLAC), medial deviation of the aryepiglottic fold (MDAF), vocal fold collapse (VFC), and cricotracheal ligament collapse. Associations between co-existing UAOs, age and sex were examined (McNemar's test; logistic regression; P < 0.05). During exercise, 24/164 (15%) horses had no UAO. In the remaining 140 horses, 56% had two or more. NPC was observed in 68/140 (49%), PI in 59/140 (42%), iDDSP in 55/140 (39%), VFC in 38/140 (27%), RLN in 27/140 (19%), VLAC in 14/140 (10%), MDAF in 8/140 (6%) and cricotracheal ligament collapse in 8/140 (6%). Nasopharyngeal collapse and RLN were primarily Grade 3 and Grade B, respectively. Associations exist between several co-existing UAOs, but not age or sex. Abnormalities were more frequent at low-speed (55%) than high-speed (22%), highlighting the importance of OGEs at different exercise intensities. Multiple UAOs appear common in barrel racers with clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Massie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N4Z6, Canada
| | - R Léguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N4Z6, Canada.
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Scholler D, Zablotski Y, May A. Evaluation of Substance P as a New Stress Parameter in Horses in a Stress Model Involving Four Different Stress Levels. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071142. [PMID: 37048398 PMCID: PMC10093602 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress has a significant impact on equine welfare. There are some studies on the stress response in horses ridden with tight nosebands, but little is known about other stress parameters than cortisol, which potentially could address an emotional component. In this study, blood samples of a total of 74 warmblood horses were used to establish reference values for plasma substance P (SP) concentrations. Moreover, 16 of these warmblood horses were included in a stress model. Four different stress levels (level 1: horses ridden with loose noseband, level 2: tight noseband, level 3: loose noseband and overground endoscope, level 4: tight noseband and overground endoscope) were applied to evaluate SP as a potential stress parameter in horses. Blood samples were taken at rest (t0) and directly after inducing stress (noseband tightening, insertion of endoscope; t1), as well as after 20 min of riding at all gaits (t2). A ridden horse ethogram was applied and showed that horses in the tight noseband group resorted to other stress-related behavioral issues than horses with loose nosebands. Serum cortisol showed a linear increase concurrent with the increase in stress levels with a significant difference between level 1 and level 4 (p = 0.043), proving that stress factors were adequate to evaluate the stress response, whereas SP did not show a correlation with the stress levels. Furthermore, concentrations of SP differed widely between horses but stayed within more narrow limits in the individual horse. As a conclusion, SP might not be a reliable stress parameter in horses in the applied minor stress model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Scholler
- Equine Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Anna May
- Equine Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Upper and Lower Airways Evaluation and Its Relationship with Dynamic Upper Airway Obstruction in Racehorses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121563. [PMID: 35739899 PMCID: PMC9219429 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic upper airway obstructions (DUAO) are common in racehorses, but their pathogenetic mechanisms have not been completely clarified yet. Multiple studies suggest that alterations of the pharyngo-laryngeal region visible at resting endoscopy may be predictive of the onset of DUAO, and the development of DUAO may be associated with pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH), lower airway inflammation (LAI) and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). The present study aims to investigate the possible relationship between the findings of a complete resting evaluation of the upper and lower airways and DUAO. In this retrospective study, 360 racehorses (Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds) referred for poor performance or abnormal respiratory noises were enrolled and underwent a diagnostic protocol including resting and high-speed treadmill endoscopy, cytological examination of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and radiographic assessment of the epiglottis length. In this population, epiglottis flaccidity was associated with dorsal displacement of the soft palate, while no relationship was detected between DUAO and epiglottis length. No associations were detected between DUAO and PLH, LAI or EIPH. In conclusion, it is likely that epiglottis plays a role in upper airway stability, while airways inflammation does not seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of DUAO.
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7
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Ahern BJ, de Klerk K, Hogg LR, Vallance SA, Bertin FR, Franklin SH. Evaluation of postsale endoscopy as a predictor of future racing performance in an Australian thoroughbred yearling population. Aust Vet J 2022; 100:254-260. [PMID: 35191021 PMCID: PMC9305470 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Upper airway endoscopy of thoroughbred (TB) yearlings is commonly used in an attempt to predict laryngeal function (LF) and its impact on future race performance. The aim of this study was to determine if different grading systems and laryngeal grades were correlated with future performance. Materials and Methods Postsale endoscopic recordings were obtained from an Australian TB yearling sale during a four‐year period from 2008 to 2011. Horses were included if they had a diagnostic postsale video endoscopic recording and raced within Australia. Recordings were graded using the Havemeyer system and subsequently recategorised according to the Lane scale and two condensed scales. Performance data were sourced from Racing Australia and comparisons were made between groups. Results A total of 1244 horses met the inclusion criteria. There were no significant differences in sex or sales price between groups. There were no significant differences in the number of starts or wins between groups for any grading system. For the condensed Havemeyer scale, horses with intermediate LF were separated into two groups. Significant differences in earnings were found between ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ (P = 0.02) and ‘intermediate‐low’ and ‘abnormal’ grades (P = 0.03). There were no significant differences between horses with ‘intermediate‐high’ and ‘abnormal’ grades (P = 0.40). No significant differences were found between the two intermediate grades (P = 0.60) or between horses with normal LF and either ‘intermediate‐low’ or ‘intermediate‐high’ grades (P = 0.99). Discussion Resting LF in Australian yearling TBs assessed using a condensed Havemeyer grading scale had some predictive value for future racing performance. This information should be considered when performing yearling endoscopic examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Ahern
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Equine Specialist Hospital, Gatton, Queensland, 4343
| | - K de Klerk
- Hawkesbury Equine Veterinary Centre, 226 Hawkesbury Valley Way, Clarendon, New South Wales, 2756, Australia
| | - L R Hogg
- Kangaroo Island Veterinary Clinic, 252 Playford Highway, Kingscote, Kangaroo Island, South Australia, 5223, Australia
| | - S A Vallance
- Advantage Equine, Ascot Vale, Victoria, 3032, Australia
| | - F R Bertin
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Equine Specialist Hospital, Gatton, Queensland, 4343
| | - S H Franklin
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
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8
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Burns JJ, MacMillan KM. Poor performance due to epiglottic retroversion in a Standardbred trotter. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Burns
- Department of Health Management Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown Canada
| | - K. M. MacMillan
- Department of Health Management Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown Canada
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9
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Cercone M, Brown BN, Stahl EC, Mitchell LM, Fortier LA, Mohammed HO, Ducharme NG. An Exploratory Study into the Implantation of Arytenoid Cartilage Scaffold in the Horse. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 27:165-176. [PMID: 32539568 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory function in the horse can be severely compromised by arytenoid chondritis, or arytenoid chondropathy, a pathologic condition leading to deformity and dysfunction of the affected cartilage. Current treatment in cases unresponsive to medical management is removal of the cartilage, which can improve the airway obstruction, but predisposes the patient to other complications like tracheal penetration of oropharyngeal content and dynamic collapse of the now unsupported soft tissue lateral to the cartilage. A tissue engineering approach to reconstructing the arytenoid cartilage would represent a significant advantage in the management of arytenoid chondritis. In this study, we explored if decellularized matrix could potentially be incorporated into the high motion environment of the arytenoid cartilages of horses. Equine arytenoid cartilages were decellularized and a portion of the resultant acellular scaffolds was implanted in a full-thickness defect created in the arytenoids of eight horses. The implantation was performed bilaterally in each horse, with one side randomly selected to receive an implant seeded with autologous bone marrow-derived nucleated cells (BMNCs). Arytenoids structure and function were monitored up to 4 months. In vivo assessments included laryngeal ultrasound, and laryngeal endoscopy at rest and during exercise on a high-speed treadmill. Histologic evaluation of the arytenoids was performed postmortem. Implantation of the cartilaginous graft had no adverse effect on laryngeal respiratory function or swallowing, despite induction of a transient granuloma on the medial aspect of the arytenoids. Ultrasonographic monitoring detected a postoperative increase in the thickness and cross-sectional area of the arytenoid body that receded faster in the arytenoids not seeded with BMNCs. The explanted tissue showed epithelialization of the mucosal surface, integration of the implant into the native arytenoid, with minimal adverse cellular reaction. Remodeling of the scaffold material was evident by 2 months after implantation. Preseeding the scaffold with BMNCs increased the rate of scaffold degradation and incorporation. Replacement of arytenoid portion with a tissue-engineered cartilaginous graft preseeded with BMNCs is surgically feasible in the horse, is well tolerated, and results in appropriate integration within the native tissue, also preventing laryngeal tissue collapse during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cercone
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Bryan N Brown
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Stahl
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa M Mitchell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Lisa A Fortier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Hussni O Mohammed
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Norm G Ducharme
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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10
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Grzeskowiak RM, Schumacher J, Mulon PY, Steiner RC, Cassone L, Anderson DE. Ex-vivo Mechanical Testing of Novel Laryngeal Clamps Used for Laryngeal Advancement Constructs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:139. [PMID: 32226795 PMCID: PMC7081719 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Rostral laryngeal advancement, also known as laryngeal tie-forward, is used to treat horses for intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate and has a morbidity rate of about 6%. We hypothesized that a novel laryngeal clamp would prevent morbidity associated with the sutures tearing through the thyroid cartilage. Larynges (n = 35 horses) were used for ex vivo testing. For uniaxial testing, 15 equine larynges were tested in one of three laryngeal tie-forward constructs [standard laryngeal tie-forward; modified laryngeal tie-forward using a suture-button; and modified laryngeal tie-forward using a laryngeal clamp]. For biaxial testing, 20 larynges were tested in one of two treatment groups: laryngeal tie-forward and laryngeal tie-forward using a laryngeal clamp. Constructs were tested in single cycle-to-failure. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA for uniaxial testing and t-tests for biaxial testing. The laryngeal tie-forward using a laryngeal clamp construct was superior to laryngeal tie-forward and laryngeal tie-forward using a suture-button constructs in resistance to pullout in uniaxial testing. The laryngeal tie-forward using a laryngeal clamp presented a significantly different method of failure than the standard laryngeal tie-forward in the biaxial testing. Failure modes for each construct were primarily by suture failure at the clamp (laryngeal tie-forward using a laryngeal clamp), suture pullout through the thyroid cartilage, or, less commonly, tearing of the cricothyroid ligament (laryngeal tie-forward). In uniaxial testing, the laryngeal tie-forward using a laryngeal clamp failed most commonly due to tearing of the cricothyroid ligament, whereas the standard laryngeal tie-forward and the laryngeal tie-forward using a suture-button failed due to the tearing of the cartilage. The laryngeal clamps provided greater stiffness, load at yield, and tensile stress at yield than did the standard construct. Laryngeal clamps may offer an alternative to standard methods of anchoring the thyroid cartilage when performing the laryngeal tie-forward procedure. Further testing and clinical trials are needed to elucidate the utility of the laryngeal tie-forward using a laryngeal clamp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remigiusz M Grzeskowiak
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - James Schumacher
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Pierre-Yves Mulon
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Richard C Steiner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Lynne Cassone
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David E Anderson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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11
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Brown K, Stefanovski D, Davidson E. Prevalence of adverse events and their effect on completion of high speed treadmill exercise tests at a single institution (2000-2015). Equine Vet J 2019; 52:232-237. [PMID: 31228868 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decline in high speed treadmill (HSTM) exercise testing may be attributed to the rise of over-ground endoscopy and telemetric electrocardiography, in addition to concerns of adverse events during treadmill exercise resulting in injury or inadequate testing. OBJECTIVES To describe adverse events occurring during HSTM exercise tests at a single institution and determine their effect on likelihood of completing diagnostic HSTM exercise testing. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS Pearson's chi-square test was used to determine if a significant difference in frequencies of adverse events existed between complete and incomplete HSTM exercise tests. Two Firth logistic regression models were used to determine likelihood of exercise test completion given the presence of any adverse event, and the likelihood of exercise test completion for each type of adverse event. RESULTS The majority of horses presenting for HSTM evaluation underwent exercise testing (900/1003; 90%). Eight-hundred and seven (90%) exercise tests were completed. Adverse events occurred in 136 (15%) HSTM exercise tests of which 97 (71%) did not impact ability to complete HSTM testing. Adverse events significantly but variably decreased the likelihood of HSTM exercise test completion. Sixty-six percent of incomplete exercise tests were prematurely terminated due to poor performance abnormalities during which diagnosis of poor performance cause(s) was still achieved. MAIN LIMITATIONS Variable personnel recorded data over the study period. Per-test rather than per-horse evaluation does not account for the effect of multiple training and testing episodes performed in the same horse. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the continued usage of HSTM exercise testing for examination of horses with poor performance, with adverse events occurring infrequently. Adverse events reduced the likelihood of completing HSTM exercise testing although not all adverse events affected likelihood of completion similarly. In many cases, a performance limiting problem was identified for horses in which an exercise test was considered incomplete. The Summary is available in Spanish - see Supporting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brown
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - D Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - E Davidson
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Hackett ES, Leise BS. Exercising upper respiratory videoendoscopic findings of 50 competition draught horses with abnormal respiratory noise and/or poor performance. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:370-374. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. S. Hackett
- Department of Clinical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - B. S. Leise
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
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13
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Elliott S, Cheetham J. Meta‐analysis evaluating resting laryngeal endoscopy as a diagnostic tool for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in the equine athlete. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:167-172. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Elliott
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca New York USA
- University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine Athens Georgia USA
| | - J. Cheetham
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca New York USA
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Parente EJ. Upper Airway Conditions Affecting the Equine Athlete. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2018; 34:427-441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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15
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Jackson AE. In this issue - September 2017. Aust Vet J 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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