1
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Katz LM, Gough K, McGivney CL, McGivney B, Sides RH, Hill EW, Bayly WM. Comparison of ventilatory and oxygen consumption measurements of yearling Thoroughbred colts and fillies exercising unridden on an all-weather track. Vet J 2023; 300-302:106041. [PMID: 37931872 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Sex effects on ventilatory and oxygen consumption (V̇O2) measurements during exercise have been identified in humans. This study's aim was to evaluate the hypothesis that there are sex effects on ventilatory and V̇O2 measurements in exercising, untrained yearling Thoroughbreds (Tb). Forty-one Tbs (16 colts, 25 fillies; 19.8 ± 1.4 months old) were recruited. Physiological, ventilatory and exercise data were gathered from horses exercising unridden at high intensity on an all-weather track from a global positioning-heart rate unit and a portable ergospirometry system. Data were analysed with an unpaired Student's t-test and the Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple testing (P ≤ 0.05 significant). Mean bodyweight (BW, P = 0.002) and wither height (P = 0.04) were greater for colts than fillies. There were no differences in physiological and exercise data and absolute peak V̇O2 between groups. However, fillies had a higher mass specific peak V̇O2 (P = 0.03) than colts (121.5 ± 21.6 mL/kg.min vs. 111.9 ± 27.4 mL/kg.min). The peak breathing frequency was greater for fillies (P < 0.001) while the peak inspiratory (P < 0.001) and expiratory air flow (P < 0.001), peak expiratory tidal volume (VTE; P < 0.001) and peak minute ventilation (V̇E; P = 0.01) were greater for colts; there were no differences for peak VTE and V̇E when adjusted for BW. Differences in BW explain the differences in mass specific peak V̇O2 between groups. Given their morphological differences, it is likely that lung volumes and airway diameters are smaller for fillies, resulting in greater resistance and lower air flows and volumes. Further research is required to investigate the ventilatory differences and how they may change with maturation and impact performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Katz
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland.
| | - K Gough
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - C L McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - B McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - R H Sides
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6610, USA
| | - E W Hill
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - W M Bayly
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6610, USA
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2
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Tozaki T, Kusano K, Ishikawa Y, Kushiro A, Nomura M, Kikuchi M, Kakoi H, Hirota K, Miyake T, Hill EW, Nagata S. A candidate-SNP retrospective cohort study for fracture risk in Japanese Thoroughbred racehorses. Anim Genet 2019; 51:43-50. [PMID: 31612520 DOI: 10.1111/age.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fractures are medical conditions that compromise the athletic potential of horses and/or the safety of jockeys. Therefore, the reduction of fracture risk is an important horse and human welfare issue. The present study used molecular genetic approaches to determine the effect of genetic risk for fracture at four candidate SNPs spanning the myostatin (MSTN) gene on horse chromosome 18. Among the 3706 Japanese Thoroughbred racehorses, 1089 (29.4%) had experienced fractures in their athletic life, indicating the common occurrence of this injury in Thoroughbreds. In the case/control association study, fractures of the carpus (carpal bones and distal radius) were statistically associated with g.65809482T/C (P = 1.17 x 10-8 ), g.65868604G/T (P = 2.66 x 10-9 ), and g.66493737C/T (P = 6.41 x 10-8 ). In the retrospective cohort study using 1710 racehorses born in 2000, the relative risk (RR) was highest for male horses at g.65868604G/T, based on the dominant allele risk model (RR = 2.251, 95% confidence interval 1.407-3.604, P = 0.00041), and for female horses at g.65868604G/T, based on the recessive allele risk model (RR = 2.313, 95% confidence interval 1.380-3.877, P = 0.00163). Considering the association of these SNPs with racing performance traits such as speed, these genotypes may affect the occurrence of carpus fractures in Japanese Thoroughbred racehorses as a consequence of the non-genetic influence of the genotype on the distance and/or intensity of racing and training. The genetic information presented here may contribute to the development of strategic training programs and racing plans for racehorses that improve their health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tozaki
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsurutamachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - K Kusano
- Equine Department, Japan Racing Association, Minato, Tokyo, 106-8401, Japan
| | - Y Ishikawa
- Racehorse Hospital Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Ritto, Shiga, 520-3005, Japan
| | - A Kushiro
- Racehorse Hospital Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Miho, Ibaraki, 300-0493, Japan
| | - M Nomura
- Racehorse Hospital Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Ritto, Shiga, 520-3005, Japan
| | - M Kikuchi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsurutamachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - H Kakoi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsurutamachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - K Hirota
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsurutamachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - T Miyake
- Comparative Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - E W Hill
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland.,Plusvital Ltd, The Highline, Dun Laoghaire Industrial Estate, Pottery Road, Dun Laoghaire, Co Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Nagata
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsurutamachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
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3
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Farries G, Gough KF, Parnell AC, McGivney BA, McGivney CL, McGettigan PA, MacHugh DE, Katz LM, Hill EW. Analysis of genetic variation contributing to measured speed in Thoroughbreds identifies genomic regions involved in the transcriptional response to exercise. Anim Genet 2019; 50:670-685. [PMID: 31508842 DOI: 10.1111/age.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite strong selection for athletic traits in Thoroughbred horses, there is marked variation in speed and aptitude for racing performance within the breed. Using global positioning system monitoring during exercise training, we measured speed variables and temporal changes in speed with age to derive phenotypes for GWAS. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that genetic variation contributes to variation in end-point physiological traits, in this case galloping speed measured during field exercise tests. Standardisation of field-measured phenotypes was attempted by assessing horses exercised on the same gallop track and managed under similar conditions by a single trainer. PCA of six key speed indices captured 73.9% of the variation with principal component 1 (PC1). Verifying the utility of the phenotype, we observed that PC1 (median) in 2-year-old horses was significantly different among elite, non-elite and unraced horses (P < 0.001) and the temporal change with age in PC1 varied among horses with different myostatin (MSTN) g.66493737C>T SNP genotypes. A GWAS for PC1 in 2-year-old horses (n = 122) identified four SNPs reaching the suggestive threshold for association (P < 4.80 × 10-5 ), defining a 1.09 Mb candidate region on ECA8 containing the myosin XVIIIB (MYO18B) gene. In a GWAS for temporal change in PC1 with age (n = 168), five SNPs reached the suggestive threshold for association and defined candidate regions on ECA2 and ECA11. Both regions contained genes that are significantly differentially expressed in equine skeletal muscle in response to acute exercise and training stimuli, including MYO18A. As MYO18A plays a regulatory role in the skeletal muscle response to exercise, the identified genomic variation proximal to the myosin family genes may be important for the regulation of the response to exercise and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Farries
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - K F Gough
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - A C Parnell
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Kildare, W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - B A McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.,Plusvital Ltd, Dun Laoghaire Industrial Estate, Pottery Road, Dublin, A96 KW29, Ireland
| | - C L McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - P A McGettigan
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - D E MacHugh
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - L M Katz
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - E W Hill
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.,Plusvital Ltd, Dun Laoghaire Industrial Estate, Pottery Road, Dublin, A96 KW29, Ireland
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McGivney BA, Hernandez B, Katz LM, MacHugh DE, McGovern SP, Parnell AC, Wiencko HL, Hill EW. A genomic prediction model for racecourse starts in the Thoroughbred horse. Anim Genet 2019; 50:347-357. [PMID: 31257665 DOI: 10.1111/age.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Durability traits in Thoroughbred horses are heritable, economically valuable and may affect horse welfare. The aims of this study were to test the hypotheses that (i) durability traits are heritable and (ii) genetic data may be used to predict a horse's potential to have a racecourse start. Heritability for the phenotype 'number of 2- and 3-year-old starts' was estimated to be h m 2 = 0.11 ± 0.02 (n = 4499). A genome-wide association study identified SNP contributions to the trait. The neurotrimin (NTM), opioid-binding protein/cell adhesion molecule like (OPCML) and prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) genes were identified as candidate genes associated with the trait. NTM functions in brain development and has been shown to have been selected during the domestication of the horse. PRCP is an established expression quantitative trait locus involved in the interaction between voluntary exercise and body composition in mice. We hypothesise that variation at these loci contributes to the motivation of the horse to exercise, which may influence its response to the demands of the training and racing environment. A random forest with mixed effects (RFME) model identified a set of SNPs that contributed to 24.7% of the heritable variation in the trait. In an independent validation set (n = 528 horses), the cohort with high genetic potential for a racecourse start had significantly fewer unraced horses (16% unraced) than did low (27% unraced) potential horses and had more favourable race outcomes among those that raced. Therefore, the information from SNPs included in the model may be used to predict horses with a greater chance of a racecourse start.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A McGivney
- Plusvital Ltd, The Highline, Dun Laoghaire Industrial Estate, Dun Laoghaire, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B Hernandez
- Prolego Scientific, Nova UCD, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.,The Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging (TILDA), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - L M Katz
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - D E MacHugh
- UCD Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.,UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - S P McGovern
- Plusvital Ltd, The Highline, Dun Laoghaire Industrial Estate, Dun Laoghaire, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A C Parnell
- Prolego Scientific, Nova UCD, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, Insight Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - H L Wiencko
- Plusvital Ltd, The Highline, Dun Laoghaire Industrial Estate, Dun Laoghaire, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E W Hill
- Plusvital Ltd, The Highline, Dun Laoghaire Industrial Estate, Dun Laoghaire, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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5
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Han H, Wallner B, Rigler D, MacHugh DE, Manglai D, Hill EW. Chinese Mongolian horses may retain early domestic male genetic lineages yet to be discovered. Anim Genet 2019; 50:399-402. [PMID: 31073991 DOI: 10.1111/age.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The Mongolian horse represents one of the most ancient extant horse populations. In this study we determined the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) haplotype distribution in 60 Chinese Mongolian horses representing five distinct populations. Cosmopolitan male lineages were predominant in horses from one improved (Sanhe), one Chinese Mongolian subtype (Baicha Iron Hoof) and one indigenous (Abaga Black) population. In contrast, autochthonous Y chromosome diversity was evident among the two landrace populations (Wushen and Wuzhumuqin), as the majority of their MSY haplotypes were situated at root nodes in a network. Our results also suggest gene flow between Chinese Mongolian and Arabian horses, as an appreciable number of Wuzhumuqin horses carried haplotypes that are typically observed in Arabian horses. Although most horses carried modern haplotypes as a direct result of recent breed improvement, authentic Chinese Mongolian horses retain an ancient signature of paternal lineages that has not previously been described in extant horse populations. Therefore, further characterization of MSY variation in these populations will be important for the discovery of lost diversity in modern domestic horses and also for understanding the evolutionary history of equine paternal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Han
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04V1W8, Ireland
| | - B Wallner
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - D Rigler
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - D E MacHugh
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04V1W8, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04V1W8, Ireland
| | - D Manglai
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - E W Hill
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04V1W8, Ireland
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6
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Hill EW, McGivney BA, Rooney MF, Katz LM, Parnell A, MacHugh DE. The contribution of myostatin (MSTN) and additional modifying genetic loci to race distance aptitude in Thoroughbred horses racing in different geographic regions. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:625-633. [PMID: 30604488 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Race distance aptitude in Thoroughbred horses is highly heritable and is influenced largely by variation at the myostatin gene (MSTN). OBJECTIVES In addition to MSTN, we hypothesised that other modifying loci contribute to best race distance. STUDY DESIGN Using 3006 Thoroughbreds, including 835 'elite' horses, which were >3 years old, had race records and were sampled from Europe/Middle-East, Australia/New Zealand, North America and South Africa, we performed genome-wide association (GWA) tests and separately developed a genomic prediction algorithm to comprehensively catalogue additive genetic variation contributing to best race distance. METHODS 48,896 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes were generated from high-density SNP genotyping arrays. Heritability estimates, tests of GWA and genomic prediction models were derived for the phenotypes: average race distance, best race distance for elite, nonelite and all winning horses. RESULTS Heritability estimates were high ( h m 2 = 0.51, best race distance - elite; h m 2 = 0.42, best race distance - nonelite; h m 2 = 0.40, best race distance - all) and most of the variation was attributed to the MSTN gene. MSTN locus SNPs were the most strongly associated with the trait and included BIEC2-438999 (ECA18:66913090; P = 4.51 × 10-110 , average race distance; P = 2.33 × 10-42 , best race distance - elite). The genomic prediction algorithm enabled the inclusion of variation from all SNPs in a model that partitioned horses into short and long cohorts following assignment of MSTN genotype. Additional genes with minor contributions to best race distance were identified. MAIN LIMITATIONS The nongenetic influence of owner/trainer decisions on placement of horses in suitable races could not be controlled. CONCLUSIONS MSTN is the single most important genetic contributor to best race distance in the Thoroughbred. Employment of genetic prediction models will lead to more accurate placing of horses in races that are best suited to their inherited genetic potential for distance aptitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Hill
- Plusvital Ltd, Dun Laoghaire, Co. Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B A McGivney
- Plusvital Ltd, Dun Laoghaire, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - M F Rooney
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L M Katz
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Parnell
- UCD Insight Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D E MacHugh
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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McGivney CL, Sweeney J, Gough KF, Hill EW, Katz LM. Serial evaluation of resting and exercising overground endoscopic examination results in young Thoroughbreds with no treatment intervention. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:192-197. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. L. McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin Ireland
| | - J. Sweeney
- UCD School of Business University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin Ireland
| | - K. F. Gough
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin Ireland
| | - E. W. Hill
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin Ireland
| | - L. M. Katz
- UCD, School of Veterinary Medicine University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin Ireland
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8
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McGivney CL, Gough KF, McGivney BA, Farries G, Hill EW, Katz LM. Exploratory factor analysis of signalment and conformational measurements in Thoroughbred horses with and without recurrent laryngeal neuropathy. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:179-184. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. L. McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - K. F. Gough
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - B. A. McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - G. Farries
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - E. W. Hill
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - L. M. Katz
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
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9
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McGivney CL, Sweeney J, Gough KF, Hill EW, Katz LM. Impact of pharyngeal endoscopic tip placement and water flushing interval on upper respiratory tract disorders in horses undergoing overground endoscopy. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:173-178. [PMID: 29981190 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic tip placement in the pharynx and water flushing interval (FI) may affect exercising upper respiratory tract (URT) endoscopic results. OBJECTIVES To determine associations between the endoscopic tip position in the pharynx and automated FI with overground endoscopic (OGE) results. STUDY DESIGN Randomised balanced 2X5 factorial design. METHODS A total of n = 200 horses undergoing OGE were randomly assigned into 10 groups (n = 20/group) of different automated endoscopic FIs (no flushing, 60, 120, 180, 240 s) with the endoscope tip positioned either rostrally (position A) or caudally (position B) in the pharynx. Endoscopic videos were analysed and all URT abnormalities graded using published scales. Disorders with ≤10% prevalence were excluded from the final analysis with only arytenoid asymmetry at exercise (AAex), vocal fold collapse (VFC), palatal dysfunction (PD) and medial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds (MDAF) included. The association of endoscope position and FI with URT disorders was assessed using ordinal regression models with P≤0.05 significant. RESULTS Endoscope tip positioning was significantly associated with PD grading (P = 0.002), with 63/100 horses diagnosed with PD in position A and 45/100 in position B. No other significant direct associations between URT disease and endoscope tip position were identified, although interactions between exercise velocity and endoscope position affected MDAF grade. FI was not directly associated with alterations in disorder grading, although interactions between exercise velocity and FI appeared to affect MDAF grade. MAIN LIMITATIONS The same horse was not evaluated under each test condition potentially resulting in sample bias. Interactions between disorders were not evaluated. The sample size was insufficient to conclusively explore relationships between all factors and disorder grading. CONCLUSIONS Position of the endoscope tip within the pharynx appears to affect grading of PD during OGE examination. Exercise velocity may affect MDAF grade through interactions with endoscope position and FI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Sweeney
- UCD School of Business, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K F Gough
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E W Hill
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L M Katz
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Farries G, McGettigan PA, Gough KF, McGivney BA, MacHugh DE, Katz LM, Hill EW. Genetic contributions to precocity traits in racing Thoroughbreds. Anim Genet 2017; 49:193-204. [PMID: 29230835 DOI: 10.1111/age.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation to early training and racing (i.e. precocity), which is highly variable in racing Thoroughbreds, has implications for the selection and training of horses. We hypothesised that precocity in Thoroughbred racehorses is heritable. Age at first sprint training session (work day), age at first race and age at best race were used as phenotypes to quantify precocity. Using high-density SNP array data, additive SNP heritability (hSNP2) was estimated to be 0.17, 0.14 and 0.17 for the three traits respectively. In genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for age at first race and age at best race, a 1.98-Mb region on equine chromosome 18 (ECA18) was identified. The most significant association was with the myostatin (MSTN) g.66493737C>T SNP (P = 5.46 × 10-12 and P = 1.89 × 10-14 respectively). In addition, two SNPs on ECA1 (g.37770220G>A and g.37770305T>C) within the first intron of the serotonin receptor gene HTR7 were significantly associated with age at first race and age at best race. Although no significant associations were identified for age at first work day, the MSTN:g.66493737C>T SNP was among the top 20 SNPs in the GWAS (P = 3.98 × 10-5 ). Here we have identified variants with potential roles in early adaptation to training. Although there was an overlap in genes associated with precocity and distance aptitude (i.e. MSTN), the HTR7 variants were more strongly associated with precocity than with distance. Because HTR7 is closely related to the HTR1A gene, previously implicated in tractability in young Thoroughbreds, this suggests that behavioural traits may influence precocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Farries
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - P A McGettigan
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - K F Gough
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - B A McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.,Plusvital Ltd., Dun Laoghaire Industrial Estate, Pottery Road, Dublin, A96 KW29, Ireland
| | - D E MacHugh
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - L M Katz
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - E W Hill
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.,Plusvital Ltd., Dun Laoghaire Industrial Estate, Pottery Road, Dublin, A96 KW29, Ireland
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Barr S, Hill EW, Bayat A. Functional biocompatibility testing of silicone breast implants and a novel classification system based on surface roughness. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 75:75-81. [PMID: 28697402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing numbers of women undergo breast implantation for cosmetic and reconstructive purposes. Contracture of the fibrous capsule, which encases the implant leads to significant pain and reoperation. Texture, wettability and the cellular reaction to implant surfaces are poorly understood determinants of implant biocompatibility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in-vitro characteristics of a range of commercial available implants using a macrophage based assay of implant biocompatibility and a quantitative assessment of wettability and texture. METHODS Thirteen commercially available surfaces were subjected to wettability and texture characterisation using scanning and laser confocal microscopy. THP-1 macrophages were cultured on their surfaces and assessed using Integrin αV immunocytochemistry, SEM and RT-PCR for the expression of TNF-Alpha, IL-6, IL-10 and a cytokine array for the production of TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-1RA and IL1β; important indicators of inflammation and macrophage polarization. RESULTS Textured surfaces can be accurately sub-categorized dependent upon roughness and re-entrant features into four main types (macro, micro, meso and nano-textured surfaces). Significant (P < 0.0001) differences in implant hydrophobicity and texture exist. Certain surfaces promoted poor macrophage polarization and an innate potential to foster a proinflammatory response. A subgroup analysis showed that texture had a variable effect on markers of inflammation in these surfaces. CONCLUSIONS We propose a classification of implant surfaces based on roughness and present a macrophage based assay of breast implant biocompatibility with a quantitative assessment of implant wettability and texture. The breast implant surface-cell interaction is variable and sufficient to alter healing response and capsular contracture fate in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barr
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Department of Computer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - E W Hill
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - A Bayat
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Bioengineering Research Group, School of Materials, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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McGivney CL, Sweeney J, David F, O'Leary JM, Hill EW, Katz LM. Intra- and interobserver reliability estimates for identification and grading of upper respiratory tract abnormalities recorded in horses at rest and during overground endoscopy. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:433-437. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. L. McGivney
- School of Agriculture and Food Science; University College Dublin; Belfield, Dublin Ireland
| | - J. Sweeney
- School of Business; University College Dublin; Belfield, Dublin Ireland
| | - F. David
- Bjerke Dyrehospital En Rikstotoklinikk; Økern Torgv; Oslo Norway
| | - J. M. O'Leary
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Belfield, Dublin Ireland
| | - E. W. Hill
- School of Agriculture and Food Science; University College Dublin; Belfield, Dublin Ireland
| | - L. M. Katz
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Belfield, Dublin Ireland
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Hill
- College of Urban Affairs, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
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14
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Abstract
The relationship between labor-market conditions which are expected to exist in the United States in the year 2000 and current primary and secondary public education policy is examined in this paper. The role of educational attainment in the development of the economy is outlined and a policy model of the functions of publicly supported primary and secondary education is presented. The educational policy implications for the future structure of the US labor market are examined in the context of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Hill
- Levin College of Urban Affairs, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - H M Rock
- Department of Education, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Hill EW, Gu J, McGivney BA, MacHugh DE. Targets of selection in the Thoroughbred genome contain exercise-relevant gene SNPs associated with elite racecourse performance. Anim Genet 2015; 41 Suppl 2:56-63. [PMID: 21070277 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Athletic performance is influenced by a complex interplay among the environment and a suite of genes, which contributes to system-wide structure and function. In a panel of elite and non-elite Thoroughbred horses (n=148), we genotyped 68 SNPs in 17 putative exercise-relevant genes chosen from a genome scan for selection. We performed a series of case-control and quantitative association tests for relationships with racecourse performance. Thirteen SNPs in nine genes were significantly (P<0.05) associated with a performance phenotype. We selected five SNPs in four genes (ACSS1, ACN9, COX4I1, PDK4) for validation in an independent sample set of elite and non-elite Thoroughbreds (n=130). Two SNPs in the PDK4 gene were validated (P<0.01) for associations with elite racing performance. When all samples were considered together (n=278), the PDK4_ 38973231 SNP was strongly associated (P<0.0005) with elite racing performance. Individuals with the A:A and A:G genotypes had a 16.2-16.6 lb advantage over G:G individuals in terms of handicap rating. Re-sequencing of the PDK4 gene and further genotyping will be required to identify the causative variant that is likely influencing exercise-induced variation in expression of the gene. Notwithstanding, this information may be employed as a marker for the selection of racehorses with the genetic potential for superior racing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Hill
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Fonseca RG, Kenny DA, Hill EW, Katz LM. The relationship between body composition, training and race performance in a group of Thoroughbred flat racehorses. Equine Vet J 2013; 45:552-7. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. G. Fonseca
- Section of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - D. A. Kenny
- Section of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food Science; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - E. W. Hill
- Section of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food Science; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - L. M. Katz
- Section of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
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17
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Orr N, Hill EW, Gu J, Govindarajan P, Conroy J, van Grevenhof EM, Ducro BJ, van Arendonk JAM, Knaap JH, van Weeren PR, MacHugh DE, Ennis S, Brama PAJ. Genome-wide association study of osteochondrosis in the tarsocrural joint of Dutch Warmblood horses identifies susceptibility loci on chromosomes 3 and 10. Anim Genet 2012; 44:408-12. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - E. W. Hill
- Animal Genomics Laboratory; School of Agriculture and Food Science; University College Dublin; Dublin; Ireland
| | - J. Gu
- Animal Genomics Laboratory; School of Agriculture and Food Science; University College Dublin; Dublin; Ireland
| | - P. Govindarajan
- Animal Genomics Laboratory; School of Agriculture and Food Science; University College Dublin; Dublin; Ireland
| | - J. Conroy
- School of Medicine & Medical Science; University College Dublin; Dublin; Ireland
| | - E. M. van Grevenhof
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen; The Netherlands
| | - B. J. Ducro
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen; The Netherlands
| | - J. A. M van Arendonk
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen; The Netherlands
| | - J. H. Knaap
- Royal Dutch Sporthorse (KWPN); Harderwijk; The Netherlands
| | - P. R. van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - D. E. MacHugh
- Animal Genomics Laboratory; School of Agriculture and Food Science; University College Dublin; Dublin; Ireland
| | - S. Ennis
- School of Medicine & Medical Science; University College Dublin; Dublin; Ireland
| | - P. A. J. Brama
- Section of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin; Ireland
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Bower MA, Whitten M, Nisbet RER, Spencer M, Dominy KM, Murphy AM, Cassidy R, Barrett E, Hill EW, Binns M. Thoroughbred racehorse mitochondrial DNA demonstrates closer than expected links between maternal genetic history and pedigree records. J Anim Breed Genet 2012; 130:227-35. [PMID: 23679948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2012.01018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The potential future earnings and therefore value of Thoroughbred foals untested in the racing arena are calculated based on the performance of their forebears. Thus, lineage is of key importance. However, previous research indicates that maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) does not correspond to maternal lineage according to recorded pedigree, casting doubt on the voracity of historic pedigrees. We analysed mtDNA of 296 Thoroughbred horses from 33 maternal lineages and identified an interesting trend. Subsequent to the founding of the Thoroughbred breed in the 16th century, well-populated maternal lineages were divided into sub-lineages. Only six in 10 of the Thoroughbreds sampled shared mitochondrial haplotype with other members of their maternal lineage, despite having a common maternal ancestor according to pedigree records. However, nine in 10 Thoroughbreds from the 103 sub-lineages sampled shared mtDNA with horses of their maternal pedigree sub-lineage. Thus, Thoroughbred maternal sub-lineage pedigree represents a more accurate breeding record than previously thought. Errors in pedigrees must have occurred largely, though, not exclusively, at sub-lineage foundation events, probably due to incomplete understanding of modes of inheritance in the past, where maternal sub-lineages were founded from individuals, related, but not by female descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bower
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Moridi M, Masoudi AA, Vaez Torshizi R, Hill EW. Mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequence variation in maternal lineages of Iranian native horses. Anim Genet 2012; 44:209-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2012.02389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Moridi
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agriculture; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - A. A. Masoudi
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agriculture; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - R. Vaez Torshizi
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agriculture; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - E. W. Hill
- Animal Genomics Laboratory; School of Agriculture; Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; College of Life Sciences; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin Ireland
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Eivers SS, McGivney BA, Gu J, MacHugh DE, Katz LM, Hill EW. PGC-1α encoded by the PPARGC1A gene regulates oxidative energy metabolism in equine skeletal muscle during exercise. Anim Genet 2011; 43:153-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Hill EW, Eivers SS, McGivney BA, Fonseca RG, Gu J, Smith NA, Browne JA, MacHugh DE, Katz LM. Moderate and high intensity sprint exercise induce differential responses in COX4I2 and PDK4 gene expression in Thoroughbred horse skeletal muscle. Equine Vet J 2011:576-81. [PMID: 21059063 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The role of molecular signalling pathways in the phenotypic adaptation of skeletal muscle to different exercise stimuli in the Thoroughbred horse has not been reported previously. OBJECTIVE To examine CKM, COX4I1, COX4I2 and PDK4 gene expression following high intensity sprint and moderate intensity treadmill exercise stimuli in skeletal muscle of Thoroughbred horses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two groups of trained 3-year-old Thoroughbred horses participated. Group A (n = 6 females, n = 3 males) participated in an incremental step test (moderate intensity) to fatigue or HR(max) on a Sato high speed treadmill (distance = 5418.67 m ± 343.21). Group B (n = 8 females) participated in routine 'work' (sprint) on an all-weather gallop (distance = 812.83 m ± 12.53). Biopsy samples were obtained from the gluteus medius pre-exercise (T(0)), immediately post exercise (T(1)) and 4 h post exercise (T(2)). For physiological relevance venous blood samples were collected to measure plasma lactate and creatine kinase concentrations. Changes in mRNA expression were determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR for creatine kinase muscle (CKM), cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV isoform 1 (COX4I1), cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV isoform 2 (COX4I2) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4 (PDK4) genes. Statistical significance (α < 0.05) was determined using Student's t tests. RESULTS COX4I2 mRNA expression decreased significantly in Group A and remained unchanged in Group B between T(0) vs. T(2) (-1.7-fold, P = 0.017; -1.0-fold, P = 0.859). PDK4 mRNA expression increased significantly in Group B but not in Group A between T(0) vs. T(1) (3.8-fold, P = 0.039; 1.4-fold, P = 0.591). There were no significant changes in the expression in CKM or COX4I1 mRNA abundance in either group. CONCLUSIONS Different exercise protocols elicit variable transcriptional responses in key exercise relevant genes in equine skeletal muscle due to variation in metabolic demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Hill
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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22
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Fonseca RG, Kenny DA, Hill EW, Katz LM. The association of various speed indices to training responses in Thoroughbred flat racehorses measured with a global positioning and heart rate monitoring system. Equine Vet J 2011:51-7. [PMID: 21058982 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Fitness assessment can be challenging. The use of global positioning systems (GPS) with heart rate (HR) monitors has been promising; however, evaluation of speed parameters during training has not been reported. OBJECTIVES To evaluate speed indices during training in Thoroughbreds using a GPS-HR monitor. METHODS Thoroughbreds (n = 102) were assessed during training with data collected each work day (WD; sprinting). Speed indices evaluated included maximal velocity (V(max)), duration at V(max) (V(maxt)), acceleration rate (m/s(2)) from 800 m to V(max) (Acc800-V(max)), the distance (m) 6 (V(maxD6)) and 12 (V(maxD12)) s before (acceleration [a]) and after (deceleration [d]) V(max) and the deceleration rate from V(max) to the finish (V(maxDFd)). Blood for plasma lactate ([LA]) and creatine kinase ([CK]) measurements were taken before (T(0)), 5 mins (T(1)) and 6 h after exercise (T(2)). WD accumulation, jockey, gallop condition, horse gender, age, total distance covered (DistT), maximum HR (HR(max)), velocity at 200 beats/min (V(200)) and velocity at maximum HR (VHR(max)) for each WD were evaluated for associations with [LA], [CK], speed indices and racing performance. Data were analysed by repeated measures ANOVA with P < 0.05 significant. RESULTS No speed parameter clearly changed with training. Gallop condition affected V(max), V(maxt) and all distances covered with V(max) and distances increasing and V(maxt) decreasing as gallop surface became firmer. Jockey influenced V(max), V(maxD6a) and all decelerations, while DistT was inversely associated with Acc800-V(max), HR(max) and V(200) and positively associated with V(max), all accelerations and decelerations. [LA] at T(1) was positively associated with DistT and V(maxDFd). CONCLUSIONS Speed parameters did not change with training but were affected by jockey, gallop condition and exercise distance. This information may help to modify training to maximise fitness, minimise injury and choose distances best suited for individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Fonseca
- Sections of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Tozaki T, Hill EW, Hirota K, Kakoi H, Gawahara H, Miyake T, Sugita S, Hasegawa T, Ishida N, Nakano Y, Kurosawa M. A cohort study of racing performance in Japanese Thoroughbred racehorses using genome information on ECA18. Anim Genet 2011; 43:42-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Orr N, Back W, Gu J, Leegwater P, Govindarajan P, Conroy J, Ducro B, Van Arendonk JAM, MacHugh DE, Ennis S, Hill EW, Brama PAJ. Genome-wide SNP association-based localization of a dwarfism gene in Friesian dwarf horses. Anim Genet 2010; 41 Suppl 2:2-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bower MA, Campana MG, Whitten M, Edwards CJ, Jones H, Barrett E, Cassidy R, Nisbet RER, Hill EW, Howe CJ, Binns M. The cosmopolitan maternal heritage of the Thoroughbred racehorse breed shows a significant contribution from British and Irish native mares. Biol Lett 2010; 7:316-20. [PMID: 20926431 PMCID: PMC3061175 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2010.0800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The paternal origins of Thoroughbred racehorses trace back to a handful of Middle Eastern stallions, imported to the British Isles during the seventeenth century. Yet, few details of the foundation mares were recorded, in many cases not even their names (several different maternal lineages trace back to ‘A Royal Mare’). This has fuelled intense speculation over their origins. We examined mitochondrial DNA from 1929 horses to determine the origin of Thoroughbred foundation mares. There is no evidence to support exclusive Arab maternal origins as some historical records have suggested, or a significant importation of Oriental mares (the term used in historic records to refer to Middle East and western Asian breeds including Arab, Akhal-Teke, Barb and Caspian). Instead, we show that Thoroughbred foundation mares had a cosmopolitan European heritage with a far greater contribution from British and Irish Native mares than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bower
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Kyriacos U, Scheepers LD, Hill EW, Jordan S. Clinical skills required of ophthalmic nurse practitioners in tertiary level public hospitals in the Western Cape Province. Curationis 2010; 32:22-9. [PMID: 20225741 DOI: 10.4102/curationis.v32i3.1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND South Africa has a 32-year history of training ophthalmic nurse practitioners (ONPs). The role and required skills and competencies of ONPs are not well documented in the international literature and are also absent from South African publications, including South African Nursing Council publications. AIM This study aims to inform curriculum development and human resource planning by reporting on the clinical skills expected of ONPs by members of multidisciplinary ophthalmology teams. METHOD A limited survey was undertaken in the ophthalmology wards and outpatient departments of three tertiary level hospitals in the Western Cape Province. A researcher-designed structured self-completion questionnaire was distributed to 30 ophthalmology practitioners: doctors, nurses and technicians. Respondents were asked to indicate the expected clinical skills of ONPs. FINDINGS All questionnaires were completed. All respondents favoured ONPs taking histories and performing emergency eye irrigations. There was less support for more complex procedures, such as B-scans. One-third of respondents did not expect ONPs to have skills in eight key areas, including examination of the anterior chamber angle for glaucoma. No statistically significant differences were found between responses of doctors and nurses, with one exception: more nurses (15/18) than doctors (4/10) had confidence in the ONP undertaking basic eye examinations for ocular motility (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.035). CONCLUSION In the study settings, ONPs are not using their specialist skills to the full. Not all practitioners were receptive to ONPs using the skills that they had acquired during their postgraduate diploma, threatening the educational effectiveness of this initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kyriacos
- Division of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Cape Town.
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27
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Wade CM, Giulotto E, Sigurdsson S, Zoli M, Gnerre S, Imsland F, Lear TL, Adelson DL, Bailey E, Bellone RR, Blöcker H, Distl O, Edgar RC, Garber M, Leeb T, Mauceli E, MacLeod JN, Penedo MCT, Raison JM, Sharpe T, Vogel J, Andersson L, Antczak DF, Biagi T, Binns MM, Chowdhary BP, Coleman SJ, Della Valle G, Fryc S, Guérin G, Hasegawa T, Hill EW, Jurka J, Kiialainen A, Lindgren G, Liu J, Magnani E, Mickelson JR, Murray J, Nergadze SG, Onofrio R, Pedroni S, Piras MF, Raudsepp T, Rocchi M, Røed KH, Ryder OA, Searle S, Skow L, Swinburne JE, Syvänen AC, Tozaki T, Valberg SJ, Vaudin M, White JR, Zody MC, Lander ES, Lindblad-Toh K. Genome sequence, comparative analysis, and population genetics of the domestic horse. Science 2009; 326:865-7. [PMID: 19892987 DOI: 10.1126/science.1178158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report a high-quality draft sequence of the genome of the horse (Equus caballus). The genome is relatively repetitive but has little segmental duplication. Chromosomes appear to have undergone few historical rearrangements: 53% of equine chromosomes show conserved synteny to a single human chromosome. Equine chromosome 11 is shown to have an evolutionary new centromere devoid of centromeric satellite DNA, suggesting that centromeric function may arise before satellite repeat accumulation. Linkage disequilibrium, showing the influences of early domestication of large herds of female horses, is intermediate in length between dog and human, and there is long-range haplotype sharing among breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Wade
- Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Ponomarenko LA, Yang R, Mohiuddin TM, Katsnelson MI, Novoselov KS, Morozov SV, Zhukov AA, Schedin F, Hill EW, Geim AK. Effect of a high-kappa environment on charge carrier mobility in graphene. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:206603. [PMID: 19519058 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.206603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It is widely assumed that the dominant source of scattering in graphene is charged impurities in a substrate. We have tested this conjecture by studying graphene placed on various substrates and in high-kappa media. Unexpectedly, we have found no significant changes in carrier mobility either for different substrates or by using glycerol, ethanol, and water as a top dielectric layer. This suggests that Coulomb impurities are not the scattering mechanism that limits the mean free path attainable for graphene on a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Ponomarenko
- Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Ponomarenko
- Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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30
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Schedin F, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Hill EW, Blake P, Katsnelson MI, Novoselov KS. Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene. Nat Mater 2007; 6:652-5. [PMID: 17660825 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2777] [Impact Index Per Article: 163.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate aim of any detection method is to achieve such a level of sensitivity that individual quanta of a measured entity can be resolved. In the case of chemical sensors, the quantum is one atom or molecule. Such resolution has so far been beyond the reach of any detection technique, including solid-state gas sensors hailed for their exceptional sensitivity. The fundamental reason limiting the resolution of such sensors is fluctuations due to thermal motion of charges and defects, which lead to intrinsic noise exceeding the sought-after signal from individual molecules, usually by many orders of magnitude. Here, we show that micrometre-size sensors made from graphene are capable of detecting individual events when a gas molecule attaches to or detaches from graphene's surface. The adsorbed molecules change the local carrier concentration in graphene one by one electron, which leads to step-like changes in resistance. The achieved sensitivity is due to the fact that graphene is an exceptionally low-noise material electronically, which makes it a promising candidate not only for chemical detectors but also for other applications where local probes sensitive to external charge, magnetic field or mechanical strain are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schedin
- Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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McGahern AM, Edwards CJ, Bower MA, Heffernan A, Park SDE, Brophy PO, Bradley DG, MacHugh DE, Hill EW. Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity in extant Irish horse populations and in ancient horses. Anim Genet 2006; 37:498-502. [PMID: 16978181 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Equine mitochondrial DNA sequence variation was investigated in three indigenous Irish horse populations (Irish Draught Horse, Kerry Bog Pony and Connemara Pony) and, for context, in 69 other horse populations. There was no evidence of Irish Draught Horse or Connemara Pony sequence clustering, although the majority of Irish Draught Horse sequences (47%) were assigned to haplogroup D. Conversely, 31% of the Kerry Bog Pony sequences were assigned to the rare haplogroup E. In addition to the extant population analyses, ancient DNA sequences were generated from three out of four Irish archaeological specimens, all of which were assigned to haplogroup A.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M McGahern
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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McGahern A, Bower MAM, Edwards CJ, Brophy PO, Sulimova G, Zakharov I, Vizuete-Forster M, Levine M, Li S, MacHugh DE, Hill EW. Evidence for biogeographic patterning of mitochondrial DNA sequences in Eastern horse populations. Anim Genet 2006; 37:494-7. [PMID: 16978180 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Equine mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogeny reconstruction reveals a complex pattern of variation unlike that seen in other large domesticates. It is likely that this pattern reflects a process of multiple and repeated, although not necessarily independent, domestication events. Until now, no clear geographic affiliation of clades has been apparent. In this study, amova analyses have revealed a significant non-random distribution of the diversity among equine populations when seven newly sequenced Eurasian populations were examined in the context of previously published sequences. The association of Eastern mtDNA types in haplogroup F was highly significant using Fisher's exact test of independence (P = 0.00000). For the first time, clear biogeographic partitioning has been detected in equine mtDNA sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McGahern
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Meade KG, Hill EW, Buckley F, MacHugh DE. Convenient detection of single nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes in the bovine growth hormone gene using amplification-created restriction sites. Anim Genet 2005; 36:175-7. [PMID: 15771738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K G Meade
- Department of Animal Science and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Agri-Food and the Environment, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Dubonos SV, Hill EW, Grigorieva IV. Subatomic movements of a domain wall in the Peierls potential. Nature 2003; 426:812-6. [PMID: 14685231 DOI: 10.1038/nature02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2003] [Accepted: 10/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The discrete nature of crystal lattices plays a role in virtually every material property. But it is only when the size of entities hosted by a crystal becomes comparable to the lattice period--as occurs for dislocations, vortices in superconductors and domain walls--that this discreteness is manifest explicitly. The associated phenomena are usually described in terms of a background Peierls 'atomic washboard' energy potential, which was first introduced for the case of dislocation motion in the 1940s. This concept has subsequently been invoked in many situations to describe certain features in the bulk behaviour of materials, but has to date eluded direct detection and experimental scrutiny at a microscopic level. Here we report observations of the motion of a single magnetic domain wall at the scale of the individual peaks and troughs of the atomic energy landscape. Our experiments reveal that domain walls can become trapped between crystalline planes, and that they propagate by distinct jumps that match the lattice periodicity. The jumps between valleys are found to involve unusual dynamics that shed light on the microscopic processes underlying domain-wall propagation. Such observations offer a means for probing experimentally the physics of topological defects in discrete lattices--a field rich in phenomena that have been subject to extensive theoretical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Novoselov
- Department of Physics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Hill EW, Bradley DG, Al-Barody M, Ertugrul O, Splan RK, Zakharov I, Cunningham EP. History and integrity of thoroughbred dam lines revealed in equine mtDNA variation. Anim Genet 2002; 33:287-94. [PMID: 12139508 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop sequences (381 bp) from 100 thoroughbreds in 19 of the most common matrilineal female families were used to reconstruct a founder female population for the thoroughbred ( approximately 1650-1750 AD). Seventeen haplotypes were found to have contributed to the 19 female lineages. In order to place the reconstructed founder population in wider historical context, we examined, using both single strand conformation polymorphism and direct sequence analysis, variation in a 343 bp mtDNA fragment in that population and 13 other horse populations of disparate provenance. Interpopulation diversity analyses revealed no significant difference in variation between the thoroughbred founder population and the 13 other diverse horse populations and suggested a non-random partitioning of diversity among geographically diverse horse populations. Within thoroughbreds, almost half of the female families, which are each considered from pedigrees to have matrilines converging to one of >30 historically recognized female ancestors, contained sequences which were inconsistent with common descent. Examination of the anomalies in the context of pedigree records suggests the majority might be best explained as confusion of mares at the foundation stages, although some could have some bearing on more recent (19th century - 1980) lineages. We have used this combination of molecular and historical information to identify some of the founder dams and to make new interpretations about the early history of the thoroughbred.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Hill
- Department of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Bradley JS, Ansell GB, Hill EW. Homogeneous carbon monoxide hydrogenation on multiple sites: a dissociative pathway to oxygenates. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00518a055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Reviews the basic assumptions and insights of Daniel Day Williams' process theology as they relate to his understanding of the human predicament and his concept of deliverance and suggests implications for contemporary pastoral care.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Hill
- Department of Family and Child Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1491, USA
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Abstract
Presents a collaborative pastoral care and counseling supervisory model based on constructivism and attachment theories. Addresses issues concerning cognition, learning theory, and anxiety. Identifies the stages in the supervisory process. Discusses ways in which cognitive, emotional, and social development are linked to attachment theory and places this in the context of supervision in pastoral counseling. Reflects on the theological relevance of attachment theory utilizing the biblical parable of the prodigal son.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Hill
- Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Family and Child Sciences, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1491, USA
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Abstract
Conceptualizes forgiveness and repentance from a discovery process paradigm and examines various contexts for understanding and facilitating the forgiveness/repentance process. Suggests a "body/mind/spirit" connection with implications for pastoral care and counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Hill
- Florida State University, Department of Family and Child Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1491, USA
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Hill EW, Darling CA. Using the family ecosystem model to enhance pastoral care and counseling. J Pastoral Care 2001; 55:247-57. [PMID: 11565476 DOI: 10.1177/002234090105500303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Argues that with individual, family, and world issues becoming increasingly complicated, those involved in pastoral care can benefit from using a comprehensive ecological approach to understanding and helping those in need. Suggests that the "family ecosystem model" that emphasizes interactions among individuals/families and their multifaceted environments, including their natural, human-constructed, and human-behavioral environments, can be used to incorporate a holistic view of these diverse issues. Explains and illustrates this approach to family concerns often encountered by pastoral caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Hill
- Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Family and Child Sciences, 225-B Sandels Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1491, USA
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Helgason A, Sigureth ardóttir S, Nicholson J, Sykes B, Hill EW, Bradley DG, Bosnes V, Gulcher JR, Ward R, Stefánsson K. Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic ancestry in the male settlers of Iceland. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:697-717. [PMID: 10931763 PMCID: PMC1287529 DOI: 10.1086/303046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2000] [Accepted: 07/14/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We present findings based on a study of Y-chromosome diallelic and microsatellite variation in 181 Icelanders, 233 Scandinavians, and 283 Gaels from Ireland and Scotland. All but one of the Icelandic Y chromosomes belong to haplogroup 1 (41.4%), haplogroup 2 (34.2%), or haplogroup 3 (23.8%). We present phylogenetic networks of Icelandic Y-chromosome variation, using haplotypes constructed from seven diallelic markers and eight microsatellite markers, and we propose two new clades. We also report, for the first time, the phylogenetic context of the microsatellite marker DYS385 in Europe. A comparison of haplotypes based on six diallelic loci and five microsatellite loci indicates that some Icelandic haplogroup-1 chromosomes are likely to have a Gaelic origin, whereas for most Icelandic haplogroup-2 and -3 chromosomes, a Scandinavian origin is probable. The data suggest that 20%-25% of Icelandic founding males had Gaelic ancestry, with the remainder having Norse ancestry. The closer relationship with the Scandinavian Y-chromosome pool is supported by the results of analyses of genetic distances and lineage sharing. These findings contrast with results based on mtDNA data, which indicate closer matrilineal links with populations of the British Isles. This supports the model, put forward by some historians, that the majority of females in the Icelandic founding population had Gaelic ancestry, whereas the majority of males had Scandinavian ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Helgason
- Institute of Biological Anthropology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6QS, United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Hill
- Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Mullis
- Department of Family and Child Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306, USA
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Achukwi MD, Tanya VN, Hill EW, Bradley DG, Meghen C, Sauveroche B, Banser JT, Ndoki JN. Susceptibility of the Namchi and Kapsiki cattle of Cameroon to trypanosome infection. Trop Anim Health Prod 1997; 29:219-26. [PMID: 9493294 DOI: 10.1007/bf02632308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two indigenous Cameroonian taurine cattle breeds (Namchi and Kapsiki) were evaluated for trypanosusceptibility following inoculation with Trypanosoma congolense. The degree of zebu ancestry in the experimental animals was assessed using 6 microsatellite markers which are known to have certain unique alleles which are diagnostic of Bos indicus genetic input. Their response to the infection was compared to that of known trypanotolerant (N'Dama) and trypanosusceptible (Ngaoundere Gudali) cattle. The Namchi and the N'Dama controlled the development and severity of anaemia and parasitaemia better than the Kapsiki and the Gudali. For these parameters, there was no significant difference between the N'Dama and Namachi nor between the Kapsiki and Gudali. Similarly, weight loss showed significant breed variation. The N'Dama lost the least weight and the Kapsiki the most. Zebu introgression in the Namchi was comparable to that in the N'Dama while that of the Kapsiki breed was higher, indicating a high level of cross breeding. From the results, the Namchi are considered trypanotolerant while the Kapsiki are trypanosusceptible. The potential exploitation of the indigenous Namchi cattle is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Achukwi
- Institute of Animal and Veterinary Research, Wakwa Centre, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
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Hill EW, Baillie S. Coping with the stress of pastoral counseling. J Relig Health 1993; 32:121-130. [PMID: 24271365 DOI: 10.1007/bf01008207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Using a stratified random sample of the three membership categories of the American Association of Pastoral Counselors, this study investigated the experience of stress, related to the pastoral counseling profession, among 143 pastoral counselors and 95 of their spouses. In addition, the study examined how pastoral counselors were coping with stress by evaluating self-reported functional and dysfunctional behaviors. The data indicated that pastoral counselors and their spouses did not report high levels of stress related to the pastoral counseling profession. However, significant differences were found by work setting and age for pastoral counselors regarding the level of stress experienced. The data also indicated that pastoral counselors reported using more functional stress reduction behaviors than dysfunctional stress reduction behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Hill
- College of Human Sciences, Department of Family, Child, and Consumer Sciences, The Florida State University in Tallahassee, USA
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Abstract
A justification is offered for using micro-computers and specially-designed programs with severely visually impaired pre-school children. It is argued that this technology optimizes the visual environment for the child and provides immediate feedback about the correctness of his responses to the stimuli displayed on the screen. Some of the problems encountered in such use are described, with examples taken from sessions in which teachers are working with children as young as 2 years of age, using teaching/learning sequences designed to promote and exercise visual perception skills. Among the issues addressed are the nature of the language interactions between child and adult, the effects of altering the complexity of the tasks, and the possible value of formal task analysis as a means of enabling the teacher to pinpoint critical stages in the learning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Bozic
- Research Centre for the Education of the Visually Handicapped, School of Education, University of Birmingham, UK
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47
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Hill EW, Mullen PM. Jungian psychology and pastoral care. J Relig Health 1992; 31:287-295. [PMID: 24271101 DOI: 10.1007/bf00981231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a review of the implications of analytic psychology for pastoral care and the caregiver. Four areas of Jung's thought are examined: (1) his mode of treatment, (2) the process of individuation, (3) his theory of personality types, and (4) his concept of synchronicity. We suggest that Jung's system of thought contains a rich reservoir of insight for the enrichment of pastoral care.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Hill
- Department of Family, Child and Consumer Sciences in the College of Human Sciences at the Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida
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Abstract
This article provides a brief review of the basic principles of social exchange theory with an emphasis on a social exchange model of conflict. The key concepts of justice, reciprocity, and equity comprised in social exchange theory are addressed from a social and theological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Hill
- Department of Family, Child, and Consumer Sciences at Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida
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Rieser JJ, Hill EW, Talor CR, Bradfield A, Rosen S. Visual experience, visual field size, and the development of nonvisual sensitivity to the spatial structure of outdoor neighborhoods explored by walking. J Exp Psychol Gen 1992. [PMID: 1534833 DOI: 10.1037//0096-3445.121.2.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
When places are explored without vision, observers go from temporally sequenced, circuitous inputs available along walks to knowledge of spatial structure (i.e., straight-line distances and directions characterizing the simultaneous arrangement of the objects passed along the way). Studies show that a life history of vision helps develop nonvisual sensitivity, but they are unspecific on the formative experiences or the underlying processes. This study compared judgments of straight-line distances and directions among landmarks in a familiar area of town by partially sighted persons who varied in types and ages of visual impairment. Those with early childhood loss of broad-field vision and those blind from birth performed significantly worse than those with early or late acuity loss and those with late field loss. Broad-field visual experience facilitates perceptual development by providing a basis for proprioceptive and efferent information from locomotion against distances and directions relative to the surrounding environment. Differences in the perception of walking, in turn, cause the observed differences in sensitivity to spatial structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Rieser
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203
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Rieser JJ, Hill EW, Talor CR, Bradfield A, Rosen S. Visual experience, visual field size, and the development of nonvisual sensitivity to the spatial structure of outdoor neighborhoods explored by walking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 121:210-21. [PMID: 1534833 DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.121.2.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
When places are explored without vision, observers go from temporally sequenced, circuitous inputs available along walks to knowledge of spatial structure (i.e., straight-line distances and directions characterizing the simultaneous arrangement of the objects passed along the way). Studies show that a life history of vision helps develop nonvisual sensitivity, but they are unspecific on the formative experiences or the underlying processes. This study compared judgments of straight-line distances and directions among landmarks in a familiar area of town by partially sighted persons who varied in types and ages of visual impairment. Those with early childhood loss of broad-field vision and those blind from birth performed significantly worse than those with early or late acuity loss and those with late field loss. Broad-field visual experience facilitates perceptual development by providing a basis for proprioceptive and efferent information from locomotion against distances and directions relative to the surrounding environment. Differences in the perception of walking, in turn, cause the observed differences in sensitivity to spatial structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Rieser
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203
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