1
|
Prescott LF. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning: The early years. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 90:127-134. [PMID: 37683599 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) was marketed in the 1950s as a nonprescription analgesic/antipyretic without any preclinical toxicity studies. It became used increasingly for self-poisoning, particularly in the UK and was belatedly found to cause acute liver damage, which could be fatal. Management of poisoned patients was difficult as maximum abnormalities of liver function were delayed for 3 days or more after an overdose. There was no treatment and the mechanism of hepatotoxicity was not known. The paracetamol half-life was prolonged with liver damage occurring when it exceeded 4 h and the Rumack-Matthew nomogram was an important advance that allowed stratification of patients into separate zones of risk. It is used to guide prognosis and treatment and its predictive value could be increased by combining it with the paracetamol half-life. The problems of a sheep farmer in Australia in the early 1970s led to the discovery of the mechanism of paracetamol hepatotoxicity, and the first effective treatment of overdosage with intravenous (IV) cysteamine. This had unpleasant side effects and administration was difficult. N-acetylcysteine soon became the treatment of choice for paracetamol overdose and given early it was very effective when administered either IV or orally. N-acetylcysteine could cause anaphylactoid reactions, particularly early during IV administration when the concentrations were highest. Simpler and shorter regimes with slower initial rates of infusion have now been introduced with a reduced incidence of these adverse effects. In addition, there has been a move to use larger doses of N-acetylcysteine given over longer periods for patients who are more severely poisoned and those with risk factors. There has been much interest recently in the search for novel biomarkers such as microRNAs, procalcitonin and cyclophilin that promise to have greater specificity and sensitivity than transaminases. Paracetamol-protein adducts predict hepatotoxicity and are specific biomarkers of toxic paracetamol metabolite exposure. Another approach would be measurement of the plasma levels of cysteine and inorganic sulfate. It is 50 years since the first effective treatment for paracetamol poisoning and, apart from liver transplantation, there is still no effective treatment for patients who present late.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie F Prescott
- Emeritus Professor of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dong N, Wang S, Li X, Li W, Gao N, Pang L, Xing J. Prognostic nomogram for the severity of acute organophosphate insecticide self-poisoning: a retrospective observational cohort study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e042765. [PMID: 34031108 PMCID: PMC8149305 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a convenient nomogram for the bedside evaluation of patients with acute organophosphorus poisoning (AOPP). DESIGN This was a retrospective study. SETTING Two independent hospitals in northern China, the First Hospital of Jilin University and the Lequn Hospital of the First Hospital of Jilin University. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1657 consecutive patients admitted for the deliberate oral intake of AOPP within 24 hours from exposure and aged >18 years were enrolled between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2018. The exclusion criteria were: normal range of plasma cholinesterase, exposure to any other type of poisonous drug(s), severe chronic comorbidities including symptomatic heart failure (New York Heart Association III or IV) or any other kidney, liver and pulmonary diseases. Eight hundred and thirty-four patients were included. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE The existence of severely poisoned cases, defined as patients with any of the following complications: cardiac arrest, respiratory failure requiring ventilator support, hypotension or in-hospital death. RESULTS 440 patients from one hospital were included in the study to develop a nomogram of severe AOPP, whereas 394 patients from the other hospital were used for the validation. Associated risk factors were identified by multivariate logistic regression. The nomogram was validated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). A nomogram was developed with age, white cells, albumin, cholinesterase, blood pH and lactic acid levels. The AUC was 0.875 (95% CI 0.837 to 0.913) and 0.855 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.9) in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. The calibration plot for the probability of severe AOPP showed an optimal agreement between the prediction by nomogram and actual observation in both derivation and validation cohorts. CONCLUSION A convenient severity evaluation nomogram for patients with AOPP was developed, which could be used by physicians in making clinical decisions and predicting patients' prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Dong
- Department of Emergency, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shaokun Wang
- Department of Emergency, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xingliang Li
- Department of Emergency, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Emergency, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Nan Gao
- Third Clinical Hospital of Changchun Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Li Pang
- Department of Emergency, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jihong Xing
- Department of Emergency, Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mégarbane B, Oberlin M, Alvarez JC, Balen F, Beaune S, Bédry R, Chauvin A, Claudet I, Danel V, Debaty G, Delahaye A, Deye N, Gaulier JM, Grossenbacher F, Hantson P, Jacobs F, Jaffal K, Labadie M, Labat L, Langrand J, Lapostolle F, Le Conte P, Maignan M, Nisse P, Sauder P, Tournoud C, Vodovar D, Voicu S, Claret PG, Cerf C. Management of pharmaceutical and recreational drug poisoning. Ann Intensive Care 2020; 10:157. [PMID: 33226502 PMCID: PMC7683636 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-00762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poisoning is one of the leading causes of admission to the emergency department and intensive care unit. A large number of epidemiological changes have occurred over the last years such as the exponential growth of new synthetic psychoactive substances. Major progress has also been made in analytical screening and assays, enabling the clinicians to rapidly obtain a definite diagnosis. METHODS A committee composed of 30 experts from five scientific societies, the Société de Réanimation de Langue Française (SRLF), the Société Française de Médecine d'Urgence (SFMU), the Société de Toxicologie Clinique (STC), the Société Française de Toxicologie Analytique (SFTA) and the Groupe Francophone de Réanimation et d'Urgences Pédiatriques (GFRUP) evaluated eight fields: (1) severity assessment and initial triage; (2) diagnostic approach and role of toxicological analyses; (3) supportive care; (4) decontamination; (5) elimination enhancement; (6) place of antidotes; (7) specificities related to recreational drug poisoning; and (8) characteristics of cardiotoxicant poisoning. Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome (PICO) questions were reviewed and updated as needed, and evidence profiles were generated. Analysis of the literature and formulation of recommendations were then conducted according to the GRADE® methodology. RESULTS The SRLF-SFMU guideline panel provided 41 statements concerning the management of pharmaceutical and recreational drug poisoning. Ethanol and chemical poisoning were excluded from the scope of these recommendations. After two rounds of discussion and various amendments, a strong consensus was reached for all recommendations. Six of these recommendations had a high level of evidence (GRADE 1±) and six had a low level of evidence (GRADE 2±). Twenty-nine recommendations were in the form of expert opinion recommendations due to the low evidences in the literature. CONCLUSIONS The experts reached a substantial consensus for several strong recommendations for optimal management of pharmaceutical and recreational drug poisoning, mainly regarding the conditions and effectiveness of naloxone and N-acetylcystein as antidotes to treat opioid and acetaminophen poisoning, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mégarbane
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Federation of Toxicology, Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP, INSERM MURS-1144, University of Paris, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, Paris, 75010 France
| | - Mathieu Oberlin
- Emergency Department, HuManiS Laboratory (EA7308), University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Claude Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Inserm U-1173, FHU Sepsis, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris-Saclay University, Garches, France
| | - Frederic Balen
- Emergency Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Beaune
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, INSERM UMRS-1144, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Régis Bédry
- Hospital Secure Unit, Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anthony Chauvin
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Claudet
- Pediatric Emergency Department Children’s Hospital CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Danel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Debaty
- 5525, University Grenoble Alps/CNRS/CHU de Grenoble Alpes/TIMC-IMAG UMR, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Nicolas Deye
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Federation of Toxicology, Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP, INSERM U942, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaulier
- Laboratory of Toxicology, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de L’Environnement Chimique Sur La Santé Humaine, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Philippe Hantson
- Intensive Care Department, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Jacobs
- Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, Antoine Béclère Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris-Sud University, Clamart, France
| | - Karim Jaffal
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Federation of Toxicology, Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP, INSERM MURS-1144, University of Paris, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, Paris, 75010 France
| | - Magali Labadie
- Poison Control Centre of Bordeaux, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurence Labat
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Federation of Toxicology APHP, Lariboisière Hospital, INSERM UMRS-1144, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Langrand
- Poison Control Center of Paris, Federation of Toxicology, Fernand-Widal-Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP, INSERM UMRS-1144, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Lapostolle
- SAMU 93-UF Recherche-Enseignement-Qualité, Inserm, U942, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Paris-13 University, Bobigny, France
| | - Philippe Le Conte
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Maxime Maignan
- Emergency Department, Grenoble University Hospital, INSERM U1042, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrick Nisse
- Poison Control Centre, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Sauder
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Dominique Vodovar
- Poison Control Center of Paris, Federation of Toxicology, Fernand-Widal-Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP, INSERM UMRS-1144, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Voicu
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Federation of Toxicology, Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP, INSERM MURS-1144, University of Paris, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, Paris, 75010 France
| | - Pierre-Géraud Claret
- Department of Anesthesia Resuscitation Pain Emergency Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Charles Cerf
- Intensive Care Unit, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chiew AL, James LP, Isbister GK, Pickering JW, McArdle K, Chan BSH, Buckley NA. Early acetaminophen-protein adducts predict hepatotoxicity following overdose (ATOM-5). J Hepatol 2020; 72:450-462. [PMID: 31760072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acetaminophen-protein adducts are specific biomarkers of toxic acetaminophen (paracetamol) metabolite exposure. In patients with hepatotoxicity (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] >1,000 U/L), an adduct concentration ≥1.0 nmol/ml is sensitive and specific for identifying cases secondary to acetaminophen. Our aim was to characterise acetaminophen-protein adduct concentrations in patients following acetaminophen overdose and determine if they predict toxicity. METHODS We performed a multicentre prospective observational study, recruiting patients 14 years of age or older with acetaminophen overdose regardless of intent or formulation. Three serum samples were obtained within the first 24 h of presentation and analysed for acetaminophen-protein adducts. Acetaminophen-protein adduct concentrations were compared to ALT and other indicators of toxicity. RESULTS Of the 240 patients who participated, 204 (85%) presented following acute ingestions, with a median ingested dose of 20 g (IQR 10-40), and 228 (95%) were treated with intravenous acetylcysteine at a median time of 6 h (IQR 3.5-10.5) post-ingestion. Thirty-six (15%) patients developed hepatotoxicity, of whom 22 had an ALT ≤1,000 U/L at the time of initial acetaminophen-protein adduct measurement. Those who developed hepatotoxicity had a higher initial acetaminophen-protein adduct concentration compared to those who did not, 1.63 nmol/ml (IQR 0.76-2.02, n = 22) vs. 0.26 nmol/ml (IQR 0.15-0.41; n = 204; p <0.0001), respectively. The AUROC for hepatotoxicity was 0.98 (95% CI 0.96-1.00; n = 226; p <0.0001) with acetaminophen-protein adduct concentration and 0.89 (95% CI 0.82-0.96; n = 219; p <0.0001) with ALT. An acetaminophen-protein adduct concentration of 0.58 nmol/ml was 100% sensitive and 91% specific for identifying patients with an initial ALT ≤1,000 U/L who would develop hepatotoxicity. Adding acetaminophen-protein adduct concentrations to risk prediction models improved prediction of hepatotoxicity to a level similar to that obtained by more complex models. CONCLUSION Acetaminophen-protein adduct concentration on presentation predicted which patients with acetaminophen overdose subsequently developed hepatotoxicity, regardless of time of ingestion. An adduct threshold of 0.58 nmol/L was required for optimal prediction. LAY SUMMARY Acetaminophen poisoning is one of the most common causes of liver injury. This study examined a new biomarker of acetaminophen toxicity, which measures the amount of toxic metabolite exposure called acetaminophen-protein adduct. We found that those who developed liver injury had a higher initial level of acetaminophen-protein adducts than those who did not. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian Toxicology Monitoring (ATOM) Study-Australian Paracetamol Project: ACTRN12612001240831 (ANZCTR) Date of registration: 23/11/2012.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Chiew
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Clinical Toxicology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia; NSW Poisons Information Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia.
| | - Laura P James
- Arkansas Children's Hospital and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Geoffrey K Isbister
- NSW Poisons Information Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia; Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - John W Pickering
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, and Emergency Department Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kylie McArdle
- NSW Poisons Information Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia; Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Betty S H Chan
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia; NSW Poisons Information Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; NSW Poisons Information Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
When taken in the recommended dosage, acetaminophen is a safe and effective analgesic and antipyretic agent. Its wide availability and easy accessibility make accidental or intentional overdose, leading to hepatotoxicity, a common occurrence. To prevent morbidity and mortality, prompt recognition of acetaminophen toxicity is essential. This article covers the stages of acetaminophen toxicity, recommended treatments, and NP considerations, including patient education recommendations.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bacle A, Pronier C, Gilardi H, Polard E, Potin S, Scailteux LM. Hepatotoxicity risk factors and acetaminophen dose adjustment, do prescribers give this issue adequate consideration? A French university hospital study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 75:1143-1151. [PMID: 30972451 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-019-02674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen is recognised worldwide. Unfavourable prognoses relating to overdose include liver transplantation and/or death. Several hepatotoxicity risk factors (HRFs) should motivate the adjustment of acetaminophen daily intake (to < 4 g/day): advanced age, weight < 50 kg, malnutrition, chronic alcoholism, chronic hepatitis B and C and HIV infection, severe chronic renal failure and hepatocellular insufficiency. METHOD Over a 7-day period in Rennes University Hospital in December 2017, using DxCare® software, with an odds ratio estimation, we analysed all acetaminophen prescriptions, to assess to what extent the presence of HRFs altered the prescribers' choice of acetaminophen dose (< 4 g/day versus 4 g/day). RESULTS Among 1842 patients, considering only the first acetaminophen prescription, 73.7% were on 4 g/day. Almost half this population had at least 1 HRF. Whereas around 80% of the prescriptions in the < 4 g/day group were for patients with at least 1 HFR, only 53% of the prescriptions in the 4 g/day group concerned patients without HFRs (p < 0.001). Age > 75 and low weight were associated with the prescriber's choice of dose. Neither chronic alcoholism nor hepatocellular insufficiency influenced the acetaminophen doses prescribed. CONCLUSION Considering the widespread use of acetaminophen and its favourable safety profile compared with other analgesic drugs, it appears urgent to remind prescribers of the maximum daily dose recommendations for acetaminophen for patients with HRFs, especially those with chronic alcoholism and hepatocellular insufficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Bacle
- Pharmacy Department, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Charlotte Pronier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France.,Virology Department, CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | | | - Elisabeth Polard
- Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology Centre, Pharmacology Department, CHU Rennes, 2, rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35000, Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, REPERES ([Pharmacoepidemiology and Heath Services Research]) - EA 7449, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Potin
- Pharmacy Department, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Lucie-Marie Scailteux
- Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology Centre, Pharmacology Department, CHU Rennes, 2, rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35000, Rennes, France. .,Univ Rennes, REPERES ([Pharmacoepidemiology and Heath Services Research]) - EA 7449, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nilsson JLÅ, Blomgren A, Nilsson UJ, Högestätt ED, Grundemar L. N,N'-Bis(2-mercaptoethyl)isophthalamide Binds Electrophilic Paracetamol Metabolites and Prevents Paracetamol-Induced Liver Toxicity. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123:589-593. [PMID: 29908097 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Paracetamol overdosing may cause liver injury including fulminant liver failure due to generation of the toxic metabolites, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) and p-benzoquinone (p-BQ). Herein, the chelating agent, N,N'-Bis(2-mercaptoethyl)isophthalamide (NBMI), was examined for its potential ability to entrap NAPQI and p-BQ and to prevent paracetamol-induced liver injury. Both NBMI and the conventional paracetamol antidote N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were investigated with regard to their abilities to scavenge the NAPQI and p-BQ in a Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1-dependent screening assay. Stoichiometric evaluations indicated that NBMI was able to entrap these metabolites more efficiently than NAC. Furthermore, oral administration of either NBMI (680 mg/kg) or NAC (680 mg/kg) prevented the development of the characteristic liver necrosis and elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase in a mouse model for paracetamol-induced liver injury. In summary, these results show that NBMI is able to entrap the toxic metabolites NAPQI and p-BQ and to prevent paracetamol-induced liver injury in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan L Å Nilsson
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomgren
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf J Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Edward D Högestätt
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Grundemar
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Achterbergh R, Lammers LA, Kuijsten L, Klümpen HJ, Mathôt RAA, Romijn JA. Effects of nutritional status on acetaminophen measurement and exposure. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018; 57:42-49. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1487563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Achterbergh
- Departments of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L. A. Lammers
- Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L. Kuijsten
- Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H. J. Klümpen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R. A. A. Mathôt
- Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. A. Romijn
- Departments of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marks DJB, Dargan PI, Archer JRH, Davies CL, Dines AM, Wood DM, Greene SL. Outcomes from massive paracetamol overdose: a retrospective observational study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83:1263-1272. [PMID: 28002875 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
LINKED ARTICLE This article is commented on by Bateman DN and Dear JW. Should we treat very large paracetamol overdose differently? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83: 1163-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13279 AIMS: Treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose with acetylcysteine is standardized, with dose determined only by patient weight. The validity of this approach for massive overdoses has been questioned. We systematically compared outcomes in massive and non-massive overdoses, to guide whether alternative treatment strategies should be considered, and whether the ratio between measured timed paracetamol concentrations (APAPpl ) and treatment nomogram thresholds at those time points (APAPt ) provides a useful assessment tool. METHODS This is a retrospective observational study of all patients (n = 545) between 2005 and 2013 admitted to a tertiary care toxicology service with acute non-staggered paracetamol overdose. Massive overdoses were defined as extrapolated 4-h plasma paracetamol concentrations >250 mg l-1 , or reported ingestions ≥30 g. Outcomes (liver injury, coagulopathy and kidney injury) were assessed in relation to reported dose and APAPpl :APAPt ratio (based on a treatment line through 100 mg l-1 at 4 h), and time to acetylcysteine. RESULTS Ingestions of ≥30 g paracetamol correlated with higher peak serum aminotransferase (r = 0.212, P < 0.0001) and creatinine (r = 0.138, P = 0.002) concentrations. Acute liver injury, hepatotoxicity and coagulopathy were more frequent with APAPpl :APAPt ≥ 3 with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of 9.19 (5.04-16.68), 35.95 (8.80-158.1) and 8.34 (4.43-15.84), respectively (P < 0.0001). Heightened risk persisted in patients receiving acetylcysteine within 8 h of overdose. CONCLUSION Patients presenting following massive paracetamol overdose are at higher risk of organ injury, even when acetylcysteine is administered early. Enhanced therapeutic strategies should be considered in those who have an APAPpl :APAPt ≥ 3. Novel biomarkers of incipient liver injury and abbreviated acetylcysteine regimens require validation in this patient cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J B Marks
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul I Dargan
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John R H Archer
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte L Davies
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alison M Dines
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - David M Wood
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Shaun L Greene
- Austin Toxicology Service and Victorian Poisons Information Centre, Austin Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vliegenthart A, Kimmitt RA, Seymour JH, Homer NZ, Clarke JI, Eddleston M, Gray A, Wood DM, Dargan PI, Cooper JG, Antoine DJ, Webb DJ, Lewis SC, Bateman DN, Dear JW. Circulating acetaminophen metabolites are toxicokinetic biomarkers of acute liver injury. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 101:531-540. [PMID: 27770431 PMCID: PMC6099202 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (paracetamol-APAP) is the most common cause of drug-induced liver injury in the Western world. Reactive metabolite production by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP-metabolites) causes hepatotoxicity. We explored the toxicokinetics of human circulating APAP metabolites following overdose. Plasma from patients treated with acetylcysteine (NAC) for a single APAP overdose was analyzed from discovery (n = 116) and validation (n = 150) patient cohorts. In the discovery cohort, patients who developed acute liver injury (ALI) had higher CYP-metabolites than those without ALI. Receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis demonstrated that at hospital presentation CYP-metabolites were more sensitive/specific for ALI than alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and APAP concentration (optimal CYP-metabolite receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC-AUC): 0.91 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83-0.98); ALT ROC-AUC: 0.67 (0.50-0.84); APAP ROC-AUC: 0.50 (0.33-0.67)). This enhanced sensitivity/specificity was replicated in the validation cohort. Circulating CYP-metabolites stratify patients by risk of liver injury prior to starting NAC. With development, APAP metabolites have potential utility in stratified trials and for refinement of clinical decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adb Vliegenthart
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - R A Kimmitt
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - J H Seymour
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - N Z Homer
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - J I Clarke
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Eddleston
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Gray
- Emergency Medicine Research Group, Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D M Wood
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,King's College London, London, UK
| | - P I Dargan
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,King's College London, London, UK
| | - J G Cooper
- Emergency Department, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | - D J Antoine
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - D J Webb
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - S C Lewis
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D N Bateman
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - J W Dear
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chiew AL, Isbister GK, Duffull SB, Buckley NA. Evidence for the changing regimens of acetylcysteine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 81:471-81. [PMID: 26387650 PMCID: PMC4767192 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracetamol overdose prior to the introduction of acetylcysteine was associated with significant morbidity. Acetylcysteine is now the mainstay of treatment for paracetamol poisoning and has effectively reduced rates of hepatotoxicity and death. The current three-bag intravenous regimen with an initial high loading dose was empirically derived four decades ago and has not changed since. This regimen is associated with a high rate of adverse effects due mainly to the high initial peak acetylcysteine concentration. Furthermore, there are concerns that the acetylcysteine concentration is not adequate for 'massive' overdoses and that the dose and duration may need to be altered. Various novel regimens have been proposed, looking to address these issues. Many of these modified regimens aim to decrease the rate of adverse reactions by slowing the loading dose and thereby decrease the peak concentration. We used a published population pharmacokinetic model of acetylcysteine to simulate these modified regimens. We determined mean peak and 20 h acetylcysteine concentrations and area under the under the plasma concentration-time curve to compare these regimens. Those regimens that resulted in a lower peak acetylcysteine concentration have been shown in studies to have a lower rate of adverse events. However, these studies were too small to show whether they are as effective as the traditional regimen. Further research is still needed to determine the optimum dose and duration of acetylcysteine that results in the fewest side-effects and treatment failures. Indeed, a more patient-tailored approach might be required, whereby the dose and duration are altered depending on the paracetamol dose ingested or paracetamol concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Chiew
- Clinical and Experimental Toxicology Unit, Department of Emergency Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffrey K Isbister
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas A Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kane AE, Huizer-Pajkos A, Mach J, McKenzie C, Mitchell SJ, de Cabo R, Jones B, Cogger V, Le Couteur DG, Hilmer SN. N-Acetyl cysteine does not prevent liver toxicity from chronic low-dose plus subacute high-dose paracetamol exposure in young or old mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 30:263-75. [PMID: 26821200 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Paracetamol is an analgesic commonly used by people of all ages, which is well documented to cause severe hepatotoxicity with acute overexposures. The risk of hepatotoxicity from nonacute paracetamol exposures is less extensively studied, and this is the exposure most common in older adults. Evidence on the effectiveness of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) for nonacute paracetamol exposures, in any age group, is lacking. This study aimed to examine the effect of long-term exposure to therapeutic doses of paracetamol and subacute paracetamol overexposure, in young and old mice, and to investigate whether NAC was effective at preventing paracetamol hepatotoxicity induced by these exposures. Young and old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a paracetamol-containing (1.33 g/kg food) or control diet for 6 weeks. Mice were then dosed orally eight times over 3 days with additional paracetamol (250 mg/kg) or saline, followed by either one or two doses of oral NAC (1200 mg/kg) or saline. Chronic low-dose paracetamol exposure did not cause hepatotoxicity in young or old mice, measured by serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation, and confirmed by histology and a DNA fragmentation assay. Subacute paracetamol exposure caused significant hepatotoxicity in young and old mice, measured by biochemistry (ALT) and histology. Neither a single nor double dose of NAC protected against this toxicity from subacute paracetamol in young or old mice. This finding has important clinical implications for treating toxicity due to different paracetamol exposure types in patients of all ages, and implies a need to develop new treatments for subacute paracetamol toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Elizabeth Kane
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Reserve Rd, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Rd, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Aniko Huizer-Pajkos
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Reserve Rd, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Rd, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - John Mach
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Reserve Rd, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Rd, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Catriona McKenzie
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah Jayne Mitchell
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brett Jones
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Reserve Rd, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Rd, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Victoria Cogger
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Education and Research on Ageing and ANZAC Research Institute, Hospital Rd, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Education and Research on Ageing and ANZAC Research Institute, Hospital Rd, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah Nicole Hilmer
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Reserve Rd, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Rd, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|