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Balice G, Boksebeld M, Barrier Q, Boccalini S, Kassai-Koupai B, Paret N, Grenet G. Mushroom Poisoning-Related Cardiac Toxicity: A Case Report and Systematic Review. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:265. [PMID: 38922159 PMCID: PMC11209194 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We encountered a case of mushroom intoxication complicated by "toxic-like" myocarditis. Because of the lack of systematized knowledge on this subject, we performed a systematic review of the literature on cardiac toxicity in mushroom poisoning (MP). The aim of this study was to identify and describe the severity, the causal relationship, and the mushroom species involved in other reported cardiac events associated with MP. We included 39 studies in our review. We found 106 cases of cardiac events associated with MP, including 18 deaths. A wide variety of cardiac manifestations were reported, ranging from the simple elevation of cardiac enzymes (n = 61) to ventricular tachycardia (n = 14), acute heart failure (n = 18), and myocarditis (n = 7). Causal relationship between cardiac manifestations and mushroom poisoning was assessed for 42 patients, applying the algorithm validated by the French Toxicovigilance Coordination Committee. Twenty-three cases (54.8%) had a "possible" causal relationship, eight cases (19%) a "probable" relationship, and ten cases (23.8%) a "very probable" relationship. Several fungal genera were involved in reported cases, including Amanita but also rarer ones like Russula and Tricholoma. In conclusion, we showed that cases of cardiac toxicity following MP have been documented in the existing literature, and for some of them, we assessed a strong causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Balice
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Pharmacotoxicologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; (M.B.); (B.K.-K.); (N.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Maxime Boksebeld
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Pharmacotoxicologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; (M.B.); (B.K.-K.); (N.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Quentin Barrier
- Fédération de Cardiologie Médicale, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Sara Boccalini
- Service de Radiologie Cardiovasculaire et Thoracique, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Behrouz Kassai-Koupai
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Pharmacotoxicologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; (M.B.); (B.K.-K.); (N.P.); (G.G.)
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Lyon (CIC1407 INSERM), Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nathalie Paret
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Pharmacotoxicologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; (M.B.); (B.K.-K.); (N.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Guillaume Grenet
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Pharmacotoxicologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; (M.B.); (B.K.-K.); (N.P.); (G.G.)
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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Ceasovschih A, Șorodoc V, Covantsev S, Balta A, Uzokov J, Kaiser SE, Almaghraby A, Lionte C, Stătescu C, Sascău RA, Onofrei V, Haliga RE, Stoica A, Bologa C, Ailoaei Ș, Şener YZ, Kounis NG, Șorodoc L. Electrocardiogram Features in Non-Cardiac Diseases: From Mechanisms to Practical Aspects. J Multidiscip Healthc 2024; 17:1695-1719. [PMID: 38659633 PMCID: PMC11041971 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s445549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the noteworthy advancements and the introduction of new technologies in diagnostic tools for cardiovascular disorders, the electrocardiogram (ECG) remains a reliable, easily accessible, and affordable tool to use. In addition to its crucial role in cardiac emergencies, ECG can be considered a very useful ancillary tool for the diagnosis of many non-cardiac diseases as well. In this narrative review, we aimed to explore the potential contributions of ECG for the diagnosis of non-cardiac diseases such as stroke, migraine, pancreatitis, Kounis syndrome, hypothermia, esophageal disorders, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary diseases, electrolyte disturbances, anemia, coronavirus disease 2019, different intoxications and pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Ceasovschih
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, “Sf. Spiridon” Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania
| | - Victorița Șorodoc
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, “Sf. Spiridon” Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania
| | - Serghei Covantsev
- Department of Research and Clinical Development, Botkin Hospital, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Balta
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, “Sf. Spiridon” Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania
| | - Jamol Uzokov
- Department of Cardiology, Republican Specialized Scientific Practical Medical Center of Therapy and Medical Rehabilitation, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Sergio E Kaiser
- Discipline of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Abdallah Almaghraby
- Department of Cardiology, Ibrahim Bin Hamad Obaidallah Hospital, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Cătălina Lionte
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, “Sf. Spiridon” Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristian Stătescu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- Department of Cardiology, “Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu” Cardiovascular Diseases Institute, Iasi, Romania
| | - Radu A Sascău
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- Department of Cardiology, “Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu” Cardiovascular Diseases Institute, Iasi, Romania
| | - Viviana Onofrei
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- Department of Cardiology, “Sf. Spiridon” Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania
| | - Raluca Ecaterina Haliga
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, “Sf. Spiridon” Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Stoica
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, “Sf. Spiridon” Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Bologa
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, “Sf. Spiridon” Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ștefan Ailoaei
- Department of Cardiology, “Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu” Cardiovascular Diseases Institute, Iasi, Romania
| | - Yusuf Ziya Şener
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Nicholas G Kounis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Laurențiu Șorodoc
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, “Sf. Spiridon” Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania
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3
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Qin Z, Luo L, Ge L. Electrocardiogram of a patient with mushroom poisoning-induced myocarditis. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2023; 28:e13011. [PMID: 36264032 PMCID: PMC10023886 DOI: 10.1111/anec.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A patient presented to our hospital with myocarditis caused by mushroom poisoning. The early ECG changes in this patient were very similar to the ECG of hyperacute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction or hyperkalemia, but further tests eliminated these options. The patient was fully treated by timely hemodialysis treatment, confirming the diagnosis of mushroom poisoning-induced myocarditis. Although not specific to mushroom poisoning myocarditis, our experience shows that the observed ECG changes. Our findings have the potential to help diagnose and manage this potentially fatal disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoan Qin
- Department of CardiologyThe First People's Hospital of Changde CityChangdeChina
| | - Li Luo
- Department of CardiologyThe First People's Hospital of Changde CityChangdeChina
| | - Liangqing Ge
- Department of CardiologyThe First People's Hospital of Changde CityChangdeChina
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4
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Kessler A, Mowaswes M, Brin A, Qaadan A, Sarig I, Lipey A, Romain M, Sviri-Sarussi S, Salameh S, Abutbul A. Successful Treatment of Near Fatal Cardiogenic Shock Following Toxic Mushroom Ingestion. JACC Case Rep 2022; 4:1292-1296. [PMID: 36406924 PMCID: PMC9666744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2022.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial injury and hemodynamic compromise following toxic mushroom ingestion is rare. Here we present a case of cardiogenic shock after Amanita proxima ingestion, presenting with severe hemodynamic collapse necessitating mechanical circulatory support. Prompt identification, multidisciplinary clinical decision making, and timely treatment resulted in an outstanding complete clinical resolution. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Kessler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel,Medical Intensive-Care Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel,Address for correspondence: Dr Asa Kessler, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, PO Box 1200, IL91120, Ein-Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel. @KesslerAsa
| | - Mohammad Mowaswes
- The Heart Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Akiva Brin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abed Qaadan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel,Medical Intensive-Care Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Inon Sarig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel,Medical Intensive-Care Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexander Lipey
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marc Romain
- Medical Intensive-Care Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel,Department of Nephrology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sigal Sviri-Sarussi
- Medical Intensive-Care Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shaden Salameh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avraham Abutbul
- Medical Intensive-Care Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel,Institute of Pulmonology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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5
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Li Y, Qiu Z, Huang L, Cao C. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation combined with sequential blood purification in the treatment of myocardial damage and cardiac arrest caused by mushroom poisoning. Toxicon 2021; 197:65-69. [PMID: 33872678 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mushroom poisoning is a common clinical problem. Severe mushroom poisoning often causes liver and kidney failure. Although severe myocardial damage is rare, the fatality rate is extremely high. This case report describes a 56-year-old male suffered severe myocardial damage, multiple organ dysfunction, circulatory failure, recurrent malignant arrhythmia, and cardiac arrest after the ingestion of wild mushrooms. He was administered venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) combined with hemoperfusion, plasma exchange and continuous renal replacement therapy. The heart rhythm gradually stabilized 3 hours after ECMO surgery. On the 6th day after ECMO, heart function recovered. The patient was then weaned from ECMO, and he ultimately recovered and was discharged. In patients with fatal mushroom poisoning leading to refractory arrhythmia and cardiac arrest, early implementation of VA-ECMO combined with sequential blood purification treatment can improve the prognosis and increase the survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Qiu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Chunshui Cao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
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6
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Arrhythmogenic foods – A growing medical problem. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2020; 30:310-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Li S, Ma QB, Tian C, Ge HX, Liang Y, Guo ZG, Zhang CD, Yao B, Geng JN, Riley F. Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest related to mushroom poisoning: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:2330-2335. [PMID: 31531327 PMCID: PMC6718776 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i16.2330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mushroom exposure is a global health issue. The manifestations of mushroom poisoning (MP) may vary. Some species have been reported as rhabdomyolytic, hallucinogenic, or gastrointestinal poisons. Critical or even fatal MPs are mostly attributable to Amanita phalloides, with the development of severe liver or renal failure. Myocardial injury and even cases mimicking ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have been previously reported, while cardiac arrhythmia or cardiac arrest is not commonly seen.
CASE SUMMARY We report a 68-year-old woman with MP who suffered from delirium, seizure, long QT syndrome on electrocardiogram (ECG), severe cardiac arrhythmias of multiple origins, and cardiac arrest. She was intubated and put on blood perfusion. Her kidney and liver functions were intact; creatine kinase-MB was mildly elevated, and then fell within normal range during her hospital stay. We sent the mushrooms she left for translation elongation factor subunit 1α, ribosomal RNA gene sequence, and internal transcribed spacer sequence analyses. There were four kinds of mushrooms identified, two of which were found to be toxic.
CONCLUSION This is the first time that we found cardiac toxicity caused by Panaeolus subbalteatus and Conocybe lactea, which were believed to be toxic to the liver, kidney, and brain. We suggest that intensive monitoring and ECG follow-up are essential to diagnose prolonged QT interval and different forms of tachycardia in MP patients, even without the development of severe liver or renal failure. The mechanisms need to be further investigated and clarified based on animal experiments and molecular signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qing-Bian Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ci Tian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hong-Xia Ge
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Liang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Guo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Cheng-Duo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bei Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jia-Ning Geng
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fran Riley
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11219, United States
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8
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Il'in IB, Tsokolov AV, Yumaev RK. [The histopathological features of the severe intoxication with amatoxin (toxin contained in Amanita phalloides mushrooms)]. Sud Med Ekspert 2019; 62:58-60. [PMID: 31407708 DOI: 10.17116/sudmed20196204158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Eating mushrooms known to contain amatoxin is fraught with serious complications. The analysis of the relevant literature publications revealed no article with the description of the histological picture of the internal organs in the subjects intoxicated with amatoxin. It is known, however, that such poisoning is associated with the severe irreversible injuries to all intracellular protein structures the character of which depends on time. Specifically, acute amatoxin intoxication produces the well apparent clinical picture within 6 days after intake of the poison. It is characterized by acute renal and hepatic insufficiency in the combination with the injury to the conducting system of heart and the myocrardium itself. Thereafter, the disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) syndrome developed accompanied by the signs of progressive tissue hypoxia that ended in death on day 9. The histological study has demonstrated necrotic foci in the liver and oedematous hepatic stroma. Kidneys underwent multiple hemorrhages, necrosis of convoluted tubules and well apparent hydropic protein dystrophy of their epithelium. The adrenal glands showed up signs of necrosis and hemorrhage. It is concluded that poisoning with mushrooms (amatoxin) should be regarded as the most probable cause of the condition requiring differential diagnostics between acute gastroenteritis and renal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Il'in
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, the 1409
| | | | - R Kh Yumaev
- Naval Clinical Hospital, Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, Kaliningrad, Russia, 236009 ,The 111 ,Main State Centre of Forensic Medical and Criminalistic Expertises, Branch #1, Ministry of Defence of the Russia, Kaliningrad, Russia, 236009
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9
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Govorushko S, Rezaee R, Dumanov J, Tsatsakis A. Poisoning associated with the use of mushrooms: A review of the global pattern and main characteristics. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 128:267-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Bollenbach A, Tsikas D. Pharmacological activation of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) activity by inorganic nitrate and DDAH inhibition by N G-hydroxy-L-arginine, N ω,N ω-dimethyl-L-citrulline and N ω,N ω-dimethyl-N δ-hydroxy-L-citrulline: results and overview. Amino Acids 2018; 51:483-494. [PMID: 30536052 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) are endogenous inhibitors of nitric oxide (NO) synthase. SDMA is excreted in the urine without major metabolization. About 10% of daily produced ADMA are excreted unchanged in the urine. The major elimination route of ADMA (about 90%) involves its hydrolysis to dimethylamine (DMA) and L-citrulline by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) and excretion of DMA in the urine. High circulating and low excretory concentrations of ADMA are considered risk factors. Experimentally, DDAH activity can be inhibited by SH-specific agents such as inorganic and organic mercury compounds, and by S-nitrosothiols which block the SH group of a particular cysteine moiety of DDAH that is essential for its hydrolytic activity. Alternatively, DDAH activity can be inhibited by organic compounds that compete with the substrate ADMA for DDAH. Arginine analogs that contain substituents on guanidine nitrogen atom(s) (NG) represent a class of DDAH inhibitors. In the present study, we investigated the effects of physiological and natural amino acid derivatives of L-arginine and L-citrulline as well as of nitrate and nitrite, the major circulating and excretory metabolites of NO and NO donating drugs. Here, we report for the first time that the physiological NG-hydroxy-L-arginine, an isolable intermediate in NO synthesis, inhibits recombinant DDAH-1 activity (IC50 ≈ 100 µM). Two plant L-citrulline derivatives, i.e., Nω,Nω-dimethyl-L-citrulline and Nω,Nω-dimethyl-Nδ-hydroxy-L-citrulline (connatin), were found to inhibit almost completely hepatic DDAH activity in vitro in rat homogenate at a concentration of 100 µM each. At pharmacological concentrations (i.e., 1 mM), inorganic nitrate, but not inorganic nitrite, was found to increase rat liver DDAH activity. In urine of 18 patients with Becker's muscular dystrophy, nitrate was found to correlate closely with DMA (Spearman, r = 0.73, p = 0.002). In summary, NG-hydroxy-L-arginine, Nω,Nω-dimethyl-L-citrulline and Nω,Nω-dimethyl-Nδ-hydroxy-L-citrulline are novel inhibitors of DDAH activity. This article provides an overview of amino acid-based DDAH inhibitors and discusses potential underlying inhibition mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bollenbach
- Institute of Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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