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Elsaid FH, Hussein AM, Eid EA, Ammar OA, Khalil AA. Effect of intermittent fasting on adriamycin-induced nephropathy: Possible underlying mechanisms. Tissue Cell 2024; 88:102360. [PMID: 38489913 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intermittent fasting (IF) has been shown to induce a well-organized adaptive defense against stress inside the cells, which increases the production of anti-oxidant defenses, repair of DNA, biogenesis of mitochondria, and genes that combat inflammation. So, the goal of the current investigation was to identify the effects of IF on rats with adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephropathy and any potential underlying mechanisms. METHODS Four groups of 40 mature Sprague-Dawley male rats were allocated as follow; control, fasting, ADR, and ADR plus fasting. After 8 weeks of ADR administration urine, blood samples and kidneys were taken for assessment of serum creatinine (Cr), BUN, urinary proteins, indicators of oxidative damage (malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and Catalase (CAT) levels), histopathological examinations, immunohistochemical examinations for caspase-3, Sirt1, aquaporin2 (AQP2) and real time PCR for antioxidant genes; Nrf2, HO-1 in kidney tissues. RESULTS IF significantly improved serum creatinine, BUN and urinary protein excretion, oxidative stress (low MDA with high CAT and GSH), in addition to morphological damage to the renal tubules and glomeruli as well as caspase-3 production during apoptosis. Moreover, IF stimulates significantly the expression of Sirt1 and Nrf2/HO-1 and AQP2. CONCLUSION AQP2, Sirt1, Nrf2/HO-1 signaling may be upregulated and activated by IF, which alleviates ADR nephropathy. Enhancing endogenous antioxidants, reducing apoptosis and tubulointerstitial damage, and maintaining the glomerular membrane's integrity are other goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathy H Elsaid
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz M Hussein
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed A Eid
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Omar A Ammar
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Applied Health Science and Technology, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Ali Ali Khalil
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt
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2
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Berlanga-Acosta J, Cibrian D, Valiente-Mustelier J, Suárez-Alba J, García-Ojalvo A, Falcón-Cama V, Jiang B, Wang L, Guillén-Nieto G. Growth hormone releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) prevents doxorubicin-induced myocardial and extra-myocardial damages by activating prosurvival mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1402138. [PMID: 38873418 PMCID: PMC11169835 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1402138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a fatal myocardial condition with ventricular structural changes and functional deficits, leading to systolic dysfunction and heart failure (HF). DCM is a frequent complication in oncologic patients receiving Doxorubicin (Dox). Dox is a highly cardiotoxic drug, whereas its damaging spectrum affects most of the organs by multiple pathogenic cascades. Experimentally reproduced DCM/HF through Dox administrations has shed light on the pathogenic drivers of cardiotoxicity. Growth hormone (GH) releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) is a GH secretagogue with expanding and promising cardioprotective pharmacological properties. Here we examined whether GHRP-6 administration concomitant to Dox prevented the onset of DCM/HF and multiple organs damages in otherwise healthy rats. Methods: Myocardial changes were sequentially evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography. Autopsy was conducted at the end of the administration period when ventricular dilation was established. Semiquantitative histopathologic study included heart and other internal organs samples. Myocardial tissue fragments were also addressed for electron microscopy study, and characterization of the transcriptional expression ratio between Bcl-2 and Bax. Serum samples were destined for REDOX system balance assessment. Results and discussion: GHRP-6 administration in parallel to Dox prevented myocardial fibers consumption and ventricular dilation, accounting for an effective preservation of the LV systolic function. GHRP-6 also attenuated extracardiac toxicity preserving epithelial organs integrity, inhibiting interstitial fibrosis, and ultimately reducing morbidity and mortality. Mechanistically, GHRP-6 proved to sustain cellular antioxidant defense, upregulate prosurvival gene Bcl-2, and preserve cardiomyocyte mitochondrial integrity. These evidences contribute to pave potential avenues for the clinical use of GHRP-6 in Dox-treated subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danay Cibrian
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Playa, Cuba
| | | | | | | | | | - Baohong Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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3
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Nozu T, Miyagishi S, Ishioh M, Takakusaki K, Okumura T. Phlorizin attenuates postoperative gastric ileus in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14659. [PMID: 37574874 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative ileus (POI) is a major complication of abdominal surgery (AS). Impaired gut barrier mediated via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor is involved in the development of POI. Phlorizin is a nonselective inhibitor of sodium-linked glucose transporters (SGLTs) and is known to improve lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced impaired gut barrier. This study aimed to clarify our hypothesis that AS-induced gastric ileus is mediated via TLR4 and IL-1 signaling, and phlorizin improves the ileus. METHODS AS consisted of a celiotomy and manipulation of the cecum for 1 min. Gastric emptying (GE) in 20 min with liquid meal was determined 3 h after the surgery in rats. The effect of subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of LPS (1 mg kg-1 ) was also determined 3 h postinjection. KEY RESULTS AS delayed GE, which was blocked by TAK-242, an inhibitor of TLR4 signaling and anakinra, an IL-1 receptor antagonist. LPS delayed GE, which was also mediated via TLR4 and IL-1 receptor. Phlorizin (80 mg kg-1 , s.c.) significantly improved delayed GE induced by both AS and LPS. However, intragastrical (i.g.) administration of phlorizin did not alter it. As gut mainly expresses SGLT1, SGLT2 may not be inhibited by i.g. phlorizin. The effect of phlorizin was blocked by ghrelin receptor antagonist in the LPS model. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES AS-induced gastric ileus is mediated via TLR4 and IL-1 signaling, which is simulated by LPS. Phlorizin improves the gastric ileus via activation of ghrelin signaling, possibly by inhibition of SGLT2. Phlorizin may be useful for the treatment of POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Nozu
- Department of Regional Medicine and Education, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Center for Medical Education, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Saori Miyagishi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Masatomo Ishioh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takakusaki
- Department of Physiology, Division of Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Okumura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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4
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Alherz FA, Negm WA, El-Masry TA, Elmorshedy KE, El-Kadem AH. The potential beneficial role of Ginkgetin in doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity: Elucidating the underlying claim. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115010. [PMID: 37343436 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent for various tumors treatment; apart from its chemotherapeutic activity, the traditional usage of DOX has been limited by its adverse effects on multiple organs, mainly hepatotoxicity. The molecular mechanisms underlying DOX hepatotoxicity are mainly due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducing oxidative stress, diminishing antioxidant enzymes, apoptosis, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop a therapy that minimizes DOX hepatotoxicity and widens its use in various types of cancers without fear of its serious hepatotoxicity. Ginkgetin (GINK), a natural biflavonoid, exhibits diverse actions, including promising free radical scavenging, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. So, this study's objectives were to determine whether GINK could mitigate DOX's hepatotoxic effects and look into a putative hepatoprotective molecular pathway. Mice were divided into five groups: Normal control, control GINK 100, Untreated DOX group, and DOX groups treated with GINK (50 and 100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally daily for four days before DOX administration and an additional three days afterward. GINK 100 pretreatment showed marked protection from DOX hepatotoxicity and also attenuation of histopathological structural alterations. These outcomes were corroborated biochemically by a considerable decrease in alanine aminotransferases, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase levels. GINK significantly augmented silent information regulator 1 and nuclear translocation of NF-E2-related factor 2 and repressed the expression and protein levels of forkhead box protein O1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and P53 relative to DOX group. GINK alleviated oxidative stress and induced significant anti-inflammatory effects via suppression of interleukin-6, nuclear factor Kabba B, and iNOS respectively. This study is the first to investigate GINK's potentially beneficial effects in acute DOX hepatotoxicity, possibly exhibiting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects by modulation of Sirt1/FOXO-1/NF-κB Signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemah A Alherz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa A Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
| | - Thanaa A El-Masry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Kadreya E Elmorshedy
- Anatomy and Embryology department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Aya H El-Kadem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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Maiese K. Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:871. [PMID: 37508898 PMCID: PMC10376413 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost three million individuals suffer from multiple sclerosis (MS) throughout the world, a demyelinating disease in the nervous system with increased prevalence over the last five decades, and is now being recognized as one significant etiology of cognitive loss and dementia. Presently, disease modifying therapies can limit the rate of relapse and potentially reduce brain volume loss in patients with MS, but unfortunately cannot prevent disease progression or the onset of cognitive disability. Innovative strategies are therefore required to address areas of inflammation, immune cell activation, and cell survival that involve novel pathways of programmed cell death, mammalian forkhead transcription factors (FoxOs), the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), the silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1), and associated pathways with the apolipoprotein E (APOE-ε4) gene and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). These pathways are intertwined at multiple levels and can involve metabolic oversight with cellular metabolism dependent upon nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Insight into the mechanisms of these pathways can provide new avenues of discovery for the therapeutic treatment of dementia and loss in cognition that occurs during MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New York, NY 10022, USA
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6
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Shati AA, Khalil MA. Acylated ghrelin suppresses doxorubicin-induced testicular damage and improves sperm parameters in rats via activation of Nrf2 and mammalian target of rapamycin. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:1194-1205. [PMID: 37787283 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1756_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Exogenous administration of acylated ghrelin (AG) afforded reproductive protective effect in several animal models but not in those treated with doxorubicin (DOX). This study evaluated the protective effect of AG against DOX-induced testicular damage and impairment in sperm parameters in rats and examined the potential mechanisms of action. Materials and Methods Adult male rats were divided into five groups (n = 8/each) as control, control + AG (40 nmol/kg/day; subcutaneous), DOX (10 mg/kg/day 1; intraperitoneal [i.p.]), DOX + AG, and DOX + AG + brusatol (an Nrf2 inhibitor) (2 mg/kg/every 3 days; i.p.). The treatment regimen continued for 65 days. Results AG prevented testicular damage and apoptosis; increased sperm count, motility, and viability; and reduced the number of abnormal sperms. It also increased their circulatory levels of AG, des-acylated ghrelin (DAG), and AG/DAG ratio and the testicular mRNA levels of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a Concomitantly, AG increased serum and testicular testosterone levels, reduced serum levels of the follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, and upregulated the testicular protein levels of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in DOX-treated rats. In the testes of the control and DOX-treated rats, AG increased the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin and stimulated the levels of glutathione and superoxide dismutase, as well as the nuclear activation of Nrf2. All these effects were completely prevented by co-treatment with brusatol. Conclusion AG replacement therapy could be a novel strategy to prevent reproductive toxicity in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Shati
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Khalil
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, KSA
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7
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Eid RA, Abadi AM, El-Kott AF, Zaki MSA, Abd-Ella EM. The antioxidant effects of coenzyme Q10 on albino rat testicular toxicity and apoptosis triggered by bisphenol A. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:42339-42350. [PMID: 36648721 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24920-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycarbonate plastics for packaging and epoxy resins are both made with the industrial chemical bisphenol A (BPA). This investigation looked at the histological structure, antioxidant enzymes, and albino rats' testis to determine how coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) impacts BPA toxicity. For the experiments, three sets of 18 male adult rats were created: group 1 received no therapy, group 2 acquired BPA, and group 3 got the daily BPA treatment accompanied by coenzyme Q10, 1 h apart. The experimental period ran for 14 days. The biochemical biomarkers catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were altered as a result of BPA exposure. The testicular histological architecture, which is made up of apoptosis, was also exaggerated. Furthermore, rats given BPA and CoQ10 treatment may experience a diminution in these negative BPA effects. These protective properties of CoQ10 may be correlated with the ability to eliminate oxidizing substances that can harm living species. The outcomes might support the hypothesis that CoQ10 prevented oxidative damage and boosted rats' stress responses when BPA was introduced. Thus, by shielding mammals from oxidative stress, CoQ10 aids in the growth and development of the animals. BPA is extremely hazardous to humans and can persist in tissues. Human reproductive functions are a worry due to human exposure to BPA, especially for occupational workers who are typically exposed to higher doses of BPA. As a result, in order to reduce the health risks, BPA usage must be minimized across a diverse range of industries, and improper plastic container handling must be prohibited. By giving CoQ10 to patients, BPA's harmful effects on reproductive structures and functions may be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refaat A Eid
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O. 641, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Alsaleem Mohammed Abadi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Attalla F El-Kott
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology, College of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Samir A Zaki
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Histology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman M Abd-Ella
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.,Department of Biology, College of Science and Art, Al-Baha University, Al-Mandaq, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Alagal RI, AlFaris NA, Alshammari GM, ALTamimi JZ, AlMousa LA, Yahya MA. Kaempferol attenuates doxorubicin-mediated nephropathy in rats by activating SIRT1 signaling. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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9
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Al-Qahtani WH, Alshammari GM, Ajarem JS, Al-Zahrani AY, Alzuwaydi A, Eid R, Yahya MA. Isoliquiritigenin prevents Doxorubicin-induced hepatic damage in rats by upregulating and activating SIRT1. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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10
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Yang YF, Yang W, Liao ZY, Wu YX, Fan Z, Guo A, Yu J, Chen QN, Wu JH, Zhou J, Xiao Q. MICU3 regulates mitochondrial Ca 2+-dependent antioxidant response in skeletal muscle aging. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1115. [PMID: 34845191 PMCID: PMC8630021 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, termed sarcopenia, could impair the quality of life in the elderly. The mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle aging are intricate and largely unknown. However, more and more evidence demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis also play an important role in skeletal muscle aging. Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU)-mediated mitochondrial calcium affects skeletal muscle mass and function by affecting mitochondrial function. During aging, we observed downregulated expression of mitochondrial calcium uptake family member3 (MICU3) in skeletal muscle, a regulator of MCU, which resulted in a significant reduction in mitochondrial calcium uptake. However, the role of MICU3 in skeletal muscle aging remains poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the effect of MICU3 on the skeletal muscle of aged mice and senescent C2C12 cells induced by d-gal. Downregulation of MICU3 was associated with decreased myogenesis but increased oxidative stress and apoptosis. Reconstitution of MICU3 enhanced antioxidants, prevented the accumulation of mitochondrial ROS, decreased apoptosis, and increased myogenesis. These findings indicate that MICU3 might promote mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis and function, attenuate oxidative stress and apoptosis, and restore skeletal muscle mass and function. Therefore, MICU3 may be a potential therapeutic target in skeletal muscle aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wu Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Yin Liao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong-Xin Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Fan
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Province People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ai Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiu-Nan Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang-Hao Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Clinic, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Maiese K. Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Gaining Insight through Circadian Clock Gene Pathways. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1002. [PMID: 34356626 PMCID: PMC8301848 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders affect fifteen percent of the world's population and pose a significant financial burden to all nations. Cognitive impairment is the seventh leading cause of death throughout the globe. Given the enormous challenges to treat cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, and the inability to markedly limit disease progression, circadian clock gene pathways offer an exciting strategy to address cognitive loss. Alterations in circadian clock genes can result in age-related motor deficits, affect treatment regimens with neurodegenerative disorders, and lead to the onset and progression of dementia. Interestingly, circadian pathways hold an intricate relationship with autophagy, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), the silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1), mammalian forkhead transcription factors (FoxOs), and the trophic factor erythropoietin. Autophagy induction is necessary to maintain circadian rhythm homeostasis and limit cortical neurodegenerative disease, but requires a fine balance in biological activity to foster proper circadian clock gene regulation that is intimately dependent upon mTOR, SIRT1, FoxOs, and growth factor expression. Circadian rhythm mechanisms offer innovative prospects for the development of new avenues to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of cognitive loss and forge ahead with new therapeutics for dementia that can offer effective clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New York, NY 10022, USA
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