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Sasidharan R, Brokate L, Eilers EJ, Müller C. Chemodiversity in flowers of Tanacetum vulgare has consequences on a florivorous beetle. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:1071-1082. [PMID: 37703504 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of plant individuals can vary, leading to high intraspecific chemodiversity. Diversity of floral chemistry may impact the responses of flower-feeding insects. Tanacetum vulgare plants vary significantly in their leaf terpenoid composition, forming distinct chemotypes. We investigated the composition of terpenoids and nutrients of flower heads and pollen in plants belonging to three chemotypes - dominated either by β-thujone (BThu), artemisia ketone (Keto) or a mixture of (Z)-myroxide, santolina triene, and artemisyl acetate (Myrox) - using different analytical platforms. We tested the effects of these differences on preferences, weight gain and performance of adults of the shining flower beetle, Olibrus aeneus. The terpenoid composition and diversity of flower heads and pollen significantly differed among individuals belonging to the above chemotypes, while total concentrations of pollen terpenoids, sugars, amino acids, and lipids did not differ. Beetles preferred BThu over the Myrox chemotype in both olfactory and contact choice assays, while the Keto chemotype was marginally repellent according to olfactory assays. The beetles gained the least weight within 48 h and their initial mortality was highest when feeding exclusively on floral tissues of the Myrox chemotype. Short-term weight gain and long-term performance were highest when feeding on the BThu chemotype. In conclusion, the beetles showed chemotype-specific responses towards different T. vulgare chemotypes, which may be attributed to the terpenoid composition in flower heads and pollen rather than to differences in nutrient profiles. Both richness and overall diversity are important factors when determining chemodiversity of individual plants and their consequences on interacting insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sasidharan
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - L Brokate
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - E J Eilers
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- CTL GmbH Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - C Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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2
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Buchkowski RW, Benedek K, Bálint J, Molnár A, Felföldi T, Fazakas C, Schmitz OJ, Balog A. Plant chemical variation mediates soil bacterial community composition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6088. [PMID: 37055463 PMCID: PMC10102019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An important challenge in the study of ecosystem function is resolving how plant antiherbivore chemical defence expression may influence plant-associated microbes, and nutrient release. We report on a factorial experiment that explores a mechanism underlying this interplay using individuals of the perennial plant Tansy that vary genotypically in the chemical content of their antiherbivore defenses (chemotypes). We assessed to what extent soil and its associated microbial community versus chemotype-specific litter determined the composition of the soil microbial community. Microbial diversity profiles revealed sporadic effects of chemotype litter and soil combinations. Soil source and litter type both explained the microbial communities decomposing the litter with soil source having a more important effect. Some microbial taxa are related to particular chemotypes, and thus intra-specific chemical variation of a single plant chemotype can shape the litter microbial community. But we found that ultimately the effect of fresh litter inputs from a chemotype appeared to act secondary as a filter on the composition of the microbial community, with the primary factor being the existing microbial community in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Buchkowski
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
- Atlantic Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, 1350 Regent Street, Fredericton, NB, E3C 2G6, Canada.
| | - Klára Benedek
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoara Str. 1C, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - János Bálint
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoara Str. 1C, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Attila Molnár
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Ferenc Rákóczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian College for Higher Education, 6, Berehove, Zakarpattia Oblast, 990201, Ukraine
- Department of Biology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Live Science, Páter Károly Str. 1, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Tamás Felföldi
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Stny. 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Csaba Fazakas
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoara Str. 1C, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Oswald J Schmitz
- School of the Environment, Yale University, 370 Prospect Str., New-Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoara Str. 1C, Targu Mures, Romania.
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Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Alginate Films Containing Tansy ( Tanacetum vulgare L.) Essential Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020260. [PMID: 36679141 PMCID: PMC9866307 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) is a common plant used in folk medicine for digestive problems, fevers, and migraines; against parasites; and as an insect repellent. The active substances in essential oil are responsible for its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Thus, tansy essential oil (TO) was added to alginate films to fabricate materials with antioxidant and antibacterial properties for food packaging. Sodium alginate films with glycerol and TO were tested in terms of structure, mechanical, thermal, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. The structure of the films was examined using SEM and an ATR-FTIR spectrophotometer. The addition of TO to the alginate film significantly changed the films' microstructure, making them rougher and porous. A low-intensity band at 1739 cm-1, indicative of the presence of TO, appeared in all spectra of alginate films with TO. Moreover, the studies revealed that essential oil acted as a plasticizer, slightly reducing tensile strength from about 7 MPa to 5 MPa and increasing elongation at break from 52% to 56% for the sample with 2% TO. The alginate films enriched in TO exhibited antioxidant properties (280 μmol Trolox/100 g of the sample with 2% TO) and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Korpinen RI, Välimaa AL, Liimatainen J, Kunnas S. Essential Oils and Supercritical CO 2 Extracts of Arctic Angelica ( Angelica archangelica L.), Marsh Labrador Tea ( Rhododendron tomentosum) and Common Tansy ( Tanacetum vulgare)-Chemical Compositions and Antimicrobial Activities. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237121. [PMID: 34885703 PMCID: PMC8658896 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, arctic Finnish Angelica (Angelica archangelica L.), marsh Labrador tea (Rhododendron tomentosum, syn. Ledum palustre) and common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) have been used as medicinal herbs in folklore medicine. However, these underutilised plants are a source of, e.g., oil-based compounds, which could benefit many modern applications implemented by the green chemistry extraction methods, as well. We extracted Angelica, marsh Labrador tea and common tansy by non-toxic and recyclable extraction methods, i.e., hydrodistillation and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction; characterised the essential oils (EOs) and scCO2 extracts by combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and in addition, analysed the antimicrobial properties. As expected for Angelica root and common tansy inflorescence, the scCO2 extraction method produced less amount of volatile compounds compared to hydrodistillation. On the other hand, more coumarins, alkanes, fatty alcohols and fatty acids were obtained. Additionally, sesquiterpenoids palustrol and ledol were predominant compounds in both marsh Labrador tea EO and scCO2 extract. According to our results, however, all the EOs and scCO2 extracts showed broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities against the selected microbes, but the effects were extract-specific. The strongest and broadest antimicrobial activities were performed by marsh Labrador tea scCO2 extract, which showed extremely strong effect on Staphylococcusaureus subsp. aureus and strong effect on Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risto I. Korpinen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Tietotie 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland; (R.I.K.); (J.L.)
- Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Välimaa
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Paavo Havaksentie 3, 90570 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Jaana Liimatainen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Tietotie 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland; (R.I.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Susan Kunnas
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Ounasjoentie 6, 96200 Rovaniemi, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-295325299
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Eilers EJ, Kleine S, Eckert S, Waldherr S, Müller C. Flower Production, Headspace Volatiles, Pollen Nutrients, and Florivory in Tanacetum vulgare Chemotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:611877. [PMID: 33552105 PMCID: PMC7855176 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.611877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Floral volatiles and reward traits are major drivers for the behavior of mutualistic as well as antagonistic flower visitors, i.e., pollinators and florivores. These floral traits differ tremendously between species, but intraspecific differences and their consequences on organism interactions remain largely unknown. Floral volatile compounds, such as terpenoids, function as cues to advertise rewards to pollinators, but should at the same time also repel florivores. The reward composition, e.g., protein and lipid contents in pollen, differs between individuals of distinct plant families. Whether the nutritional value of rewards within the same plant species is linked to their chemotypes, which differ in their pattern of specialized metabolites, has yet not been investigated. In the present study, we compared Tanacetum vulgare plants of five terpenoid chemotypes with regard to flower production, floral headspace volatiles, pollen macronutrient and terpenoid content, and floral attractiveness to florivorous beetles. Our analyses revealed remarkable differences between the chemotypes in the amount and diameter of flower heads, duration of bloom period, and pollen nutritional quality. The floral headspace composition of pollen-producing mature flowers, but not of premature flowers, was correlated to that of pollen and leaves in the same plant individual. For two chemotypes, florivorous beetles discriminated between the scent of mature and premature flower heads and preferred the latter. In semi-field experiments, the abundance of florivorous beetles and flower tissue miners differed between T. vulgare chemotypes. Moreover, the scent environment affected the choice and beetles were more abundant in homogenous plots composed of one single chemotype than in plots with different neighboring chemotypes. In conclusion, flower production, floral metabolic composition and pollen quality varied to a remarkable extend within the species T. vulgare, and the attractiveness of floral scent differed also intra-individually with floral ontogeny. We found evidence for a trade-off between pollen lipid content and pollen amount on a per-plant-level. Our study highlights that chemotypes which are more susceptible to florivory are less attacked when they grow in the neighborhood of other chemotypes and thus gain a benefit from high overall chemodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Kleine
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Silvia Eckert
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Biodiversity Research/Systematic Botany, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Simon Waldherr
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Clancy MV, Haberer G, Jud W, Niederbacher B, Niederbacher S, Senft M, Zytynska SE, Weisser WW, Schnitzler JP. Under fire-simultaneous volatilome and transcriptome analysis unravels fine-scale responses of tansy chemotypes to dual herbivore attack. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:551. [PMID: 33297957 PMCID: PMC7724791 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tansy plants (Tanacetum vulgare L.) are known for their high intraspecific chemical variation, especially of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from the terpenoid compound group. These VOCs are closely involved in plant-insect interactions and, when profiled, can be used to classify plants into groups known as chemotypes. Tansy chemotypes have been shown to influence plant-aphid interactions, however, to date no information is available on the response of different tansy chemotypes to simultaneous herbivory by more than one insect species. RESULTS Using a multi-cuvette system, we investigated the responses of five tansy chemotypes to feeding by sucking and/or chewing herbivores (aphids and caterpillars; Metopeurum fuscoviride Stroyan and Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval). Herbivory by caterpillars following aphid infestation led to a plant chemotype-specific change in the patterns of terpenoids stored in trichome hairs and in VOC emissions. The transcriptomic analysis of a plant chemotype represents the first de novo assembly of a transcriptome in tansy and demonstrates priming effects of aphids on a subsequent herbivory. Overall, we show that the five chemotypes do not react in the same way to the two herbivores. As expected, we found that caterpillar feeding increased VOC emissions, however, a priori aphid infestation only led to a further increase in VOC emissions for some chemotypes. CONCLUSIONS We were able to show that different chemotypes respond to the double herbivore attack in different ways, and that pre-treatment with aphids had a priming effect on plants when they were subsequently exposed to a chewing herbivore. If neighbouring chemotypes in a field population react differently to herbivory/dual herbivory, this could possibly have effects from the individual level to the group level. Individuals of some chemotypes may respond more efficiently to herbivory stress than others, and in a group environment these "louder" chemotypes may affect the local insect community, including the natural enemies of herbivores, and other neighbouring plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Clancy
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE Lab), Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Georg Haberer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Werner Jud
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bishu Niederbacher
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simon Niederbacher
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Senft
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Sharon E Zytynska
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Ecology, University of Liverpool, Evolution and Behaviour, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Loxdale HD, Balog A, Biron DG. Aphids in focus: unravelling their complex ecology and evolution using genetic and molecular approaches. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aphids are renowned plant parasites of agriculture, horticulture and forestry, causing direct physical damage by sucking phloem and especially by transmission of plant pathogenic viruses. The huge yield loss they cause amounts to hundreds of millions of dollars globally, and because of this damage and the intense efforts expended on control, some 20 species are now resistant to pesticides worldwide. Aphids represent an ancient, mainly northern temperate group, although some species occur in the tropics, often as obligate asexual lineages or even asexual ‘species’. However, besides their notoriety as enemies of plant growers, aphids are also extremely interesting scientifically, especially at the molecular and genetic levels. They reproduce mainly asexually, one female producing 10–90 offspring in 7–10 days and therefore, theoretically, could produce billions of offspring in one growing season in the absence of mortality factors (i.e. climate/weather and antagonists). In this overview, we provide examples of what molecular and genetic studies of aphids have revealed concerning a range of topics, especially fine-grained ecological processes. Aphids, despite their apparently limited behavioural repertoire, are in fact masters (or, perhaps more accurately, mistresses) of adaptation and evolutionary flexibility and continue to flourish in a variety of ecosystems, including the agro-ecosystem, regardless of our best efforts to combat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Loxdale
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, the Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff, UK
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Tirgu-Mureș/Corunca, Romania
| | - David G Biron
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR CNRS, Campus Universitaire des Cézeaux, Aubiere Cedex, France
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Mehrparvar M, Rajaei A, Rokni M, Balog A, Loxdale HD. 'Bottom-up' effects in a tritrophic plant-aphid-parasitoid system: Why being the perfect host can have its disadvantages. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 109:831-839. [PMID: 30968801 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study the host plant genotype effect on cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)(Hemiptera: Aphididae) preference and performance, the effect of aphid genotype on parasitoids performance, as well as the indirect effects of plant genotypes on aphid parasitoid performance, were tested using different population samples of the aphid and its primary endoparasitoid wasp, Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Experiments were run as fully-factorial randomized block design in a greenhouse. Accordingly, host plant cultivar had significant effects on the total number of aphids and aphid-load whilst the fitness of the aphid genotypes were also influenced by plant cultivar. The effect of parasitism on cabbage aphids was significantly different between plant cultivars. Overall, the results revealed that cabbage aphid is under different selective pressures arising from both higher (parasitoid) and lower (host plant cultivar) trophic levels. The host plant cultivar had a significant effect on both aphid fitness and parasitism rate on particular aphid genotypes. This indicates that host-plant-adapted aphid species can create much context-dependency in the nature and strength of 'fitness benefits parasitism', which may in turn alter the costs and benefits of host specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mehrparvar
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - A Rajaei
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - M Rokni
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - A Balog
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Corunca/Sighisoara Str. 1C. Tirgu-Mures, Romania
| | - H D Loxdale
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AX, UK
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Loxdale HD, Balog A, Harvey JA. Generalism in Nature…The Great Misnomer: Aphids and Wasp Parasitoids as Examples. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10100314. [PMID: 31554276 PMCID: PMC6835564 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the present article we discuss why, in our view, the term ‘generalism’ to define the dietary breadth of a species is a misnomer and should be revised by entomologists/ecologists with the more exact title relating to the animal in question’s level of phagy—mono-, oligo, or polyphagy. We discard generalism as a concept because of the indisputable fact that all living organisms fill a unique ecological niche, and that entry and exit from such niches are the acknowledged routes and mechanisms driving ecological divergence and ultimately speciation. The term specialist is probably still useful and we support its continuing usage simply because all species and lower levels of evolutionary diverge are indeed specialists to a large degree. Using aphids and parasitoid wasps as examples, we provide evidence from the literature that even some apparently highly polyphagous agricultural aphid pest species and their wasp parasitoids are probably not as polyphagous as formerly assumed. We suggest that the shifting of plant hosts by herbivorous insects like aphids, whilst having positive benefits in reducing competition, and reducing antagonists by moving the target organism into ‘enemy free space’, produces trade-offs in survival, involving relaxed selection in the case of the manicured agro-ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Loxdale
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoara Str. 1C., 540485 Tirgu-Mures, Romania.
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Jakobs R, Müller C. Volatile, stored and phloem exudate-located compounds represent different appearance levels affecting aphid niche choice. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 159:1-10. [PMID: 30530039 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific and intra-individual differences in emitted volatile compounds and in surface and phloem sap-related metabolites do not only affect host plant choice of monophagous aphids but may also guide them to the plant part that provides their ideal niche by maximising their fitness. However, little is known about the variation at these different plant appearance levels. We investigated the preferences of the monophagous aphid species Macrosiphoniella tancetaria and Uroleucon tanaceti for different plant parts (inflorescence stems, young and old leaves) of Tanacetum vulgare plants from two chemotypes, testing their reactions towards volatile, surface and phloem sap-related cues. Furthermore, we studied the variation in leaf glandular trichome density as well as in the composition of volatile, stored and phloem exudate-located specialised (secondary) plant compounds from the different plant parts of these chemotypes. Aphid species showed differences in their preferences. Aphids of M. tanacetaria had to assess the entire plant to choose the stem, whereas U. tanaceti only needed volatile cues to locate the old leaves, which are the plant parts representing their respective niches. Volatiles and stored metabolites varied in their composition and concentration between chemotypes. Stored metabolites additionally differed among plant parts, which was reflected in distinct trichome densities. The composition of phloem exudate-located specialised compounds mostly varied among plant parts. These pronounced differences in plant chemistry on multiple levels provide distinct perception levels for aphids probably driving their niche choice. This study demonstrates the importance to consider these multiple levels to elucidate plant-herbivore interactions with high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Jakobs
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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11
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Benedek K, Mara G, Mehrparvar M, Bálint J, Loxdale HD, Balog A. Near-regular distribution of adult crimson tansy aphids,Uroleucon tanaceti(L.), increases aposematic signal honesty on different tansy plant chemotypes. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klára Benedek
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
| | - Gyöngyvér Mara
- Department of Biological Engineering, Faculty of Economics, Socio-Human Sciences and Engineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
| | - Mohsen Mehrparvar
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - János Bálint
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
| | - Hugh D Loxdale
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff, UK
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
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12
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Mehrparvar M, Zytynska SE, Balog A, Weisser WW. Coexistence through mutualist-dependent reversal of competitive hierarchies. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1247-1259. [PMID: 29375795 PMCID: PMC5773332 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that allow for the coexistence of two competing species that share a trophic level can be broadly divided into those that prevent competitive exclusion of one species within a local area, and those that allow for coexistence only at a regional level. While the presence of aphid‐tending ants can change the distribution of aphids among host plants, the role of mutualistic ants has not been fully explored to understand coexistence of multiple aphid species in a community. The tansy plant (Tanacetum vulgare) hosts three common and specialized aphid species, with only one being tended by ants. Often, these aphids species will not coexist on the same plant but will coexist across multiple plant hosts in a field. In this study, we aim to understand how interactions with mutualistic ants and predators affect the coexistence of multiple species of aphid herbivores on tansy. We show that the presence of ants drives community assembly at the level of individual plant, that is, the local community, by favoring one ant‐tended species, Metopeurum fuscoviride, while preying on the untended Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria and, to a lesser extent, Uroleucon tanaceti. Competitive hierarchies without ants were very different from those with ants. At the regional level, multiple tansy plants provide a habitat across which all aphid species can coexist at the larger spatial scale, while being competitively excluded at the local scale. In this case, ant mutualist‐dependent reversal of the competitive hierarchy can drive community dynamics in a plant–aphid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mehrparvar
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Centre for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Freising Germany.,Present address: Department of Biodiversity Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences Graduate University of Advanced Technology Kerman Iran
| | - Sharon E Zytynska
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Centre for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Department of Horticulture Faculty of Technical and Human Science Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania Tirgu-Mures Romania
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Centre for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
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Loxdale HD, Balog A. Aphid specialism as an example of ecological-evolutionary divergence. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:642-657. [PMID: 28836372 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Debate still continues around the definition of generalism and specialism in nature. To some, generalism is equated solely with polyphagy, but this cannot be readily divorced from other essential biological factors, such as morphology, behaviour, genetics, biochemistry, chemistry and ecology, including chemical ecology. Viewed in this light, and accepting that when living organisms evolve to fill new ecological-evolutionary niches, this is the primal act of specialisation, then perhaps all living organisms are specialist in the broadest sense. To illustrate the levels of specialisation that may be found in a group of animals, we here provide an overview of those displayed by a subfamily of hemipteran insects, the Aphididae, which comprises some 1600 species/subspecies in Europe alone and whose members are specialised in a variety of lifestyle traits. These include life cycle, host adaptation, dispersal and migration, associations with bacterial symbionts (in turn related to host adaptation and resistance to hymenopterous wasp parasitoids), mutualisms with ants, and resistance to insecticides. As with polyphagy, these traits cannot easily be separated from one another, but rather, are interconnected, often highly so, which makes the Aphididae a fascinating animal group to study, providing an informative, perhaps unique, model to illustrate the complexities of defining generalism versus specialism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Loxdale
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, U.K
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Department of Horticulture, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, 540485, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
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Refuges and host shift pathways of host-specialized aphids Aphis gossypii. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2008. [PMID: 28515483 PMCID: PMC5435715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphagous cotton-melon aphid populations usually comprise cotton- and cucurbit-specialized biotypes. Host-specialized aphids are prone to food shortages. Cucumber, the favourite food of cucurbit-specialized aphids, is usually absent during autumn and winter in Nanjing, China. Therefore, suboptimal host plants act as refuges and govern the population dynamics of this aphid. The species, growth stages and leaf ages of host plants that cotton- and cucurbit-specialized aphids potentially could use were explored in this study. Cotton-specialized aphids were found to use wild chrysanthemum, potato, zucchini, pumpkin and flowering cucumber besides cotton, whilst cucurbit-specialized aphids were able to utilize potato, zucchini, pumpkin and mature cotton besides cucumber. The population dynamics and genotype frequencies of aphids on hibiscus, cotton, zucchini, cucumber and pumpkin showed that cotton-melon aphids on cucumber could transfer onto mature cotton. Aphids on zucchini shared microsatellite genotypes with aphids on cotton and cucumber. The predominant genotype of aphids on cotton was found on hibiscus, but the predominant genotype on cucumber was not found on hibiscus. Host-specialized aphids clearly have refuges during food shortages. Hibiscus is an overwintering host for cotton-specialized aphids but not for cucurbit-aphids. Removing refuges or managing aphids on refuges could potentially be an effective method to control cotton-melon aphids.
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Clancy MV, Zytynska SE, Senft M, Weisser WW, Schnitzler JP. Chemotypic variation in terpenes emitted from storage pools influences early aphid colonisation on tansy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38087. [PMID: 27892539 PMCID: PMC5125103 DOI: 10.1038/srep38087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tansy plants (Tanacetum vulgare L.) exhibit high chemical variation, particularly in mono- and sesquiterpenes that are stored in specialised glands on the plant surface. In the present work we investigated the effects of terpene chemotypes on Metopeurum fuscoviride, an aphid species specialised on tansy, and their tending ants, at the field scale. Previous studies have chemotyped tansy by assessing dominant compounds; here we propose a method of chemotyping using all volatile compounds that are likely emitted from the storage glands. The analysis is based on two extraction methods: GC-MS analysis of leaf hexane extracts and SBSE analysis of headspace emissions. In an initial screening we identified the subset of compounds present in both chemical patterns, labelled as ‘compounds likely emitted from storage’. In a large field survey we could show that the putative chemotypic emission pattern from storage pools significantly affected the early aphid colonisation of tansy. Moreover, the statistical analyses revealed that minor compounds exerted a stronger influence on aphid and tending-ant presence than dominant compounds. Overall we demonstrated that within the enormous chemotypic variation of terpenes in tansy plants, chemical signatures of volatile terpenes can be related to the occurrence of insects on individual plants in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Clancy
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sharon E Zytynska
- Technische Universität München, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Matthias Senft
- Technische Universität München, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Technische Universität München, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Neuherberg, Germany
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Loxdale HD, Harvey JA. The ‘generalism’ debate: misinterpreting the term in the empirical literature focusing on dietary breadth in insects. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D. Loxdale
- School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; The Sir Martin Evans Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX UK
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology; Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
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Bucharova A, Michalski S, Hermann JM, Heveling K, Durka W, Hölzel N, Kollmann J, Bossdorf O. Genetic differentiation and regional adaptation among seed origins used for grassland restoration: lessons from a multispecies transplant experiment. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bucharova
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology; Institute of Evolution & Ecology; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 5 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Stefan Michalski
- Department of Community Ecology (BZF); Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Julia-Maria Hermann
- Restoration Ecology; Department of Ecology & Ecosystem Management; Technical University Munich; Emil-Ramann-Str. 6 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Karola Heveling
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group; Institute of Landscape Ecology; University of Münster; Heisenbergstr. 2 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Walter Durka
- Department of Community Ecology (BZF); Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4 06120 Halle Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group; Institute of Landscape Ecology; University of Münster; Heisenbergstr. 2 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Johannes Kollmann
- Restoration Ecology; Department of Ecology & Ecosystem Management; Technical University Munich; Emil-Ramann-Str. 6 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Oliver Bossdorf
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology; Institute of Evolution & Ecology; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 5 72076 Tübingen Germany
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18
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Intraspecific differences in plant chemotype determine the structure of arthropod food webs. Oecologia 2015; 180:797-807. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D. Loxdale
- School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; The Sir Martin Evans Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX UK
| | - Belinda J. Davis
- School of Plant Biology; University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority; Fraser Avenue West Perth Western Australia 6005 Australia
| | - Robert A. Davis
- School of Natural Sciences; Edith Cowan University; 270 Joondalup Drive Joondalup Western Australia 6027 Australia
- School of Animal Biology; University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
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